CEFR Level
to comfort someone at a time of grief or disappointment
"She tried to console him after his loss."
to combine into a single, more effective or coherent whole
"The company plans to consolidate its offices into one building."
A speech sound produced by blocking air flow, or a letter representing such a sound.
"The word 'cat' has two consonants and one vowel."
A secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful.
"The police uncovered a conspiracy to overthrow the government."
Noun: A member of a constituency or an essential part of something. Adjective: Being a necessary part of a whole.
"The senator met with his constituents to discuss local issues."
Components or elements used to create something.
"Proteins and vitamins are essential constituents of a healthy diet."
To make up, form, or establish something.
"These documents constitute the legal agreement between the two parties."
The system of fundamental principles according to which a nation or organization is governed.
"The constitution guarantees freedom of speech."
relating to the constitution of a country or to the principles of a system
"The law was declared unconstitutional by the court."
to limit or restrict someone or something; to force or compel
"The new regulations constrain businesses from polluting the environment."
a limitation or restriction
"Time is the biggest constraint in completing the project."
to build or form something by putting parts together
"They plan to construct a new bridge over the river."
a meeting with an expert or professional to seek advice
"The doctor scheduled a consultation with the patient."
The act of using up resources, goods, or energy; also refers to the eating or drinking of something.
"The consumption of electricity increases during the summer."
To make something impure, dirty, or harmful by contact with a poisonous or polluting substance.
"The river was contaminated by industrial waste."
The process of making something less pure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance.
"Contamination of air leads to health issues."
to think deeply and carefully about something; to consider thoughtfully
"She sat quietly to contemplate her future plans."
belonging to the same time period; modern
"She enjoys contemporary art exhibitions."
to strive or compete for something; to assert earnestly
"Athletes from around the world contend for the championship."
Feeling or expressing happiness and satisfaction.
"She was contented with her simple life."
verb: to compete or challenge; noun: a competition or dispute
"She decided to contest the election against the incumbent."
Depending on or relating to the circumstances that form the setting for an event or statement.
"Understanding the contextual meaning of a word is crucial for effective communication."
in a continuous and uninterrupted way
"The rain has been falling continually for hours."
the action of carrying something on over time; extension
"The continuation of the series was announced after the finale."
the state of being continuous or connected; consistency over time
"Maintaining continuity in leadership is essential for organizational stability."
without interruption; in an unbroken sequence
"The machine operates continuously for 24 hours."
The process of becoming smaller; a decrease in size or quantity.
"The economic contraction resulted in a rise in unemployment."
a person or company that agrees to provide materials or labor to perform a service or do a job
"The contractor completed the building project on time."
to say or show the opposite of something that has been said or believed
"His actions contradict his words."
a statement or situation that is opposed to another, inconsistency
"Her actions are in clear contradiction to her words."
mutually opposed or inconsistent; expressing the opposite of something else
"His statements were contradictory and caused confusion."
opposite in nature, direction, or meaning
"Her views are contrary to mine."
a person who gives something to help achieve a result
"He was a regular contributor to the local newspaper."
a person or device that manages, directs, or regulates something
"The game controller made it easy to play the video game."
causing disagreement or discussion because people hold different opinions
"The new law is highly controversial."
A prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion.
"The new policy sparked a major controversy."
based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed
"He prefers conventional medicine over alternative treatments."
Traditional farming method using synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and modern technology.
"Conventional farming increases crop production using fertilizers."
to engage in spoken exchange of ideas or talk
"They often converse about literature and art."
in an opposite or contrary manner
"He is rich, conversely, his brother struggles financially."
the act or process of changing from one form to another
"The conversion of the old factory into apartments took two years."
a device or person that changes something from one form, system, or use to another; a tool that converts data, energy, or materials
"The engineer used a converter to change AC power into DC power."
able to be changed into a different form or use; also a car with a roof that can be folded down
"She drove her new convertible along the coastal road."
to communicate or make known; to transport or carry
"He tried to convey his feelings through a letter."
to find someone guilty of a crime in a court of law
"The court convicted him of theft."
a firmly held belief or opinion; the act of being found guilty of a crime
"Her conviction in the cause inspired everyone around her."
having the ability to make someone believe that something is true or real
"Her argument was very convincing."
willing to work or act together with others for a common purpose
"She was very cooperative during the interview process."
to organize people or things so that they work together effectively
"We need to coordinate our efforts to finish the project on time."
