CEFR Level
a person or thing competing with another for the same goal or superiority in the same field
"The two companies are fierce rivals in the smartphone market."
competition for the same objective or for superiority in the same field; the state of being rivals
"The rivalry between the two teams made the match exciting."
to walk or travel without a specific destination; to wander
"Wild animals roam freely in the forest."
Meat cooked by dry heat in an oven or over an open fire
"The Sunday roast was perfectly cooked and very tender."
meat cooked by dry heat in an oven or over fire
"The roasted meat was perfectly seasoned and tender."
a person who steals property from others, often using force or threat
"The robber was caught after a quick police chase."
the crime of stealing from someone or somewhere using force or threat
"The police are investigating the robbery at the local store."
strong and healthy; able to withstand or overcome adverse conditions
"The company needs a robust strategy to survive in tough markets."
full of rocks; unsteady; difficult
"The rocky path made hiking difficult for the tourists."
moving in gentle undulations; moving forward by turning over and over
"They drove through the rolling hills of the countryside."
a cylindrical tool used for rolling out dough or pastry
"Roll the dough flat with a rolling pin."
a person who is new to an activity or organization; a beginner
"The rookie policeman made a few mistakes on his first day."
spacious; having a lot of room
"The apartment is very roomy with spacious bedrooms."
A male domestic chicken, especially one that crows.
"The rooster crowed at dawn, waking up the whole village."
deeply established; firmly fixed
"His beliefs are deeply rooted in tradition."
to turn around a central point or axis
"The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours."
the action of rotating or turning something around a center or axis
"The rotation of the earth around the sun causes seasons."
decayed; spoiled; bad
"The apple is rotten and should be thrown away."
as part of a regular procedure; habitually
"The staff routinely checks the equipment for safety."
Members of a royal family or payment made to the owner of a patent, copyright, or natural resource.
"The author receives a royalty for every book sold."
the quality of being impolite, discourteous, or offensive in behavior or speech
"His rudeness shocked everyone at the dinner party."
to destroy or severely damage something so that it no longer works or is of no use.
"Heavy rain ruined the wedding decorations."
an official decision made by a judge or authority.
"The court’s ruling favored the defendant."
to make a continuous deep, resonant sound
"Thunder rumbled in the distance."
a currently circulating story or report of uncertain or doubtful truth.
"There’s a rumor that the company will merge next year."
a currently circulating story or report of uncertain or doubtful truth; gossip
"There's a rumour that the company will close next month."
in a poor condition; worn out or neglected
"They live in a run-down house at the edge of town."
to move or act with great speed or urgency
"She had to rush to the meeting to make it on time."
reddish-brown coating formed on iron or steel by oxidation; corrosion
"The old car was covered in rust after years of neglect."
affected by rust; out of practice; impaired by lack of recent practice
"My piano skills are rusty after not playing for years."
Having or showing no pity or compassion for others.
"The ruthless leader crushed all opposition."
Fierce and merciless rivalry or contest, without pity or compassion.
"Ruthless competition for power leads to societal issues."
To deliberately destroy, damage, or obstruct something, especially for political or military advantage.
"The rebels tried to sabotage the railway lines."
a large bag made of strong material for holding things
"He carried a sack of rice on his shoulder."
connected with God or a religion and considered holy or deserving respect
"The temple is a sacred place for the community."
A seat fastened on the back of a horse for riding; to burden someone with a responsibility.
"He saddled the horse before going for a ride."
To protect from harm or damage; a measure taken to ensure safety.
"Laws exist to safeguard the rights of children."
to greet with respect; to honor
"The soldiers saluted their commanding officer."
A place of safety, refuge, or protection; a sacred place.
"The forest is a sanctuary for endangered animals."
covered with sand; containing sand; having the texture of sand
"The sandy beach stretched for miles along the coast."
The systems and practices for maintaining hygiene and public health, especially through clean water and sewage disposal.
"Improving sanitation can reduce the spread of diseases."
The use of irony to mock or convey contempt.
"His sarcasm often made people laugh but sometimes offended them."
Using irony or mockery to convey contempt or humor.
"She made a sarcastic remark about his cooking."
An artificial body placed in orbit around the earth or another planet to collect information or for communication.
"The weather satellite provided real-time images of the storm."
The use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize people's stupidity or vices.
"The play was a brilliant satire on modern politics."
fierce, violent, or uncontrolled; cruel or brutal
"The storm brought savage winds that tore branches from the trees."
a wind musical instrument with a curved metal body and a single reed mouthpiece
"The jazz musician played a beautiful solo on his saxophone."
