CEFR Level
fully developed and ready to eat; mature; ready for action or use
"The bananas are ripe and ready to eat."
to become or make something ready to eat or fully developed
"The bananas ripened quickly in the warm weather."
Something that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or condition
"Water pollution is a significant risk factor for health."
Involving the possibility of danger, harm, or loss
"Investing in that startup is risky but could bring high rewards."
a set of fixed actions and sometimes words performed regularly, especially as part of a ceremony or religion
"Morning coffee has become a daily ritual for him."
a person or thing competing with another for the same goal or superiority in the same field
"The two companies are fierce rivals in the smartphone market."
competition for the same objective or for superiority in the same field; the state of being rivals
"The rivalry between the two teams made the match exciting."
to walk or travel without a specific destination; to wander
"Wild animals roam freely in the forest."
Meat cooked by dry heat in an oven or over an open fire
"The Sunday roast was perfectly cooked and very tender."
meat cooked by dry heat in an oven or over fire
"The roasted meat was perfectly seasoned and tender."
a person who steals property from others, often using force or threat
"The robber was caught after a quick police chase."
the crime of stealing from someone or somewhere using force or threat
"The police are investigating the robbery at the local store."
strong and healthy; able to withstand or overcome adverse conditions
"The company needs a robust strategy to survive in tough markets."
full of rocks; unsteady; difficult
"The rocky path made hiking difficult for the tourists."
a thin straight bar, especially of metal or wood
"He used an iron rod to support the structure."
moving in gentle undulations; moving forward by turning over and over
"They drove through the rolling hills of the countryside."
a cylindrical tool used for rolling out dough or pastry
"Roll the dough flat with a rolling pin."
a person who is new to an activity or organization; a beginner
"The rookie policeman made a few mistakes on his first day."
spacious; having a lot of room
"The apartment is very roomy with spacious bedrooms."
A male domestic chicken, especially one that crows.
"The rooster crowed at dawn, waking up the whole village."
deeply established; firmly fixed
"His beliefs are deeply rooted in tradition."
to decay or decompose; to become corrupt
"The fruit will rot if left in the sun."
to turn around a central point or axis
"The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours."
the action of rotating or turning something around a center or axis
"The rotation of the earth around the sun causes seasons."
decayed; spoiled; bad
"The apple is rotten and should be thrown away."
as part of a regular procedure; habitually
"The staff routinely checks the equipment for safety."
Members of a royal family or payment made to the owner of a patent, copyright, or natural resource.
"The author receives a royalty for every book sold."
the quality of being impolite, discourteous, or offensive in behavior or speech
"His rudeness shocked everyone at the dinner party."
to destroy or severely damage something so that it no longer works or is of no use.
"Heavy rain ruined the wedding decorations."
an official decision made by a judge or authority.
"The court’s ruling favored the defendant."
to make a continuous deep, resonant sound
"Thunder rumbled in the distance."
a currently circulating story or report of uncertain or doubtful truth.
"There’s a rumor that the company will merge next year."
a currently circulating story or report of uncertain or doubtful truth; gossip
"There's a rumour that the company will close next month."
in a poor condition; worn out or neglected
"They live in a run-down house at the edge of town."
to move or act with great speed or urgency
"She had to rush to the meeting to make it on time."
reddish-brown coating formed on iron or steel by oxidation; corrosion
"The old car was covered in rust after years of neglect."
affected by rust; out of practice; impaired by lack of recent practice
"My piano skills are rusty after not playing for years."
Having or showing no pity or compassion for others.
"The ruthless leader crushed all opposition."
Fierce and merciless rivalry or contest, without pity or compassion.
"Ruthless competition for power leads to societal issues."
