CEFR Level
to begin or start something
"The ceremony will commence at noon."
to praise formally or officially
"The teacher commended the students for their hard work."
deserving praise or approval
"Her dedication to the project was truly commendable."
An expression of opinions or explanations about an event, situation, or text.
"The professor's commentary on the novel was insightful."
a person who reports and discusses events, especially on TV or radio
"The commentator described the football match in detail."
the activity of buying and selling goods and services
"International commerce has expanded significantly in recent years."
An instruction, command, or duty given to a person or group; also a fee paid to an agent or employee for a transaction.
"The artist received a commission to paint a portrait."
an official in charge of a particular department or area
"The police commissioner addressed the media about the incident."
Raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought and sold.
"The price of commodities fluctuates due to market demand."
a raw material or primary product that can be bought and sold
"Oil is the most traded commodity in the world."
ordinary or unremarkable; something that is usual or commonly found
"Smartphones have become commonplace in modern life."
Shared by all members of a community; for common use.
"The villagers worked together in the communal garden."
a person who supports or believes in the principles of communism
"The communist ideology aims for a classless society."
Verb: to travel regularly between home and work; Noun: the journey to and from work.
"He commutes two hours every day to reach his office."
Regular travel to and from workplace, daily journey for work.
"He spends two hours commuting to work every day."
Adjective: closely and neatly packed together; Noun: a small case or agreement; Verb: to pack closely together.
"The car is small and compact, perfect for city driving."
Able to be likened to something else in size, amount, or quality.
"The two products are comparable in quality but differ in price."
Measured or considered by comparison; relative.
"She lives in comparative comfort after moving to the city."
A separate section or space within a larger structure, such as a train or a container.
"He kept his passport in a small compartment of his bag."
an instrument for finding direction with a magnetic needle pointing to magnetic north
"The hiker used a compass to find the right direction."
Sympathetic concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others.
"The nurse treated the patients with great compassion."
feeling or showing sympathy and concern for others who are suffering
"The compassionate nurse took extra time to comfort the worried patients."
Able to exist or work together without conflict; harmonious.
"This software is compatible with both Windows and Mac systems."
To force or drive someone to do something.
"The law compels citizens to pay taxes."
Evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerful way.
"She gave a compelling speech about climate change."
To give something, typically money, in recognition of loss, suffering, or work done.
"The company compensated the worker for his injury."
to have been given something, typically money, as a recompense for loss, suffering, or work done
"The workers were compensated for their overtime hours."
something, typically money, given to make up for loss, injury, or work done
"She received financial compensation for the accident."
the ability to do something successfully or efficiently
"Her competence as a manager impressed the board."
having the necessary ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully
"He is a competent driver who rarely makes mistakes."
The quality of being as good as or better than others of a comparable nature; the ability to compete successfully.
"Competitiveness is vital for economic sustainability."
to collect information or material and put it together in a list, report, or book
"She compiled the research data into a detailed report."
something that completes or goes well with something; to add something that enhances or improves
"The scarf complements her outfit perfectly."
combining in such a way as to enhance or emphasize the qualities of each other
"The two partners have complementary skills."
the action or process of finishing something
"The completion of the project will take another few weeks."
the natural color, texture, and appearance of a person's skin, especially on the face
"Her fair complexion glowed beautifully in the morning sunlight."
the state or quality of being intricate or complicated
"The complexity of the problem surprised the engineers."
The act of obeying a rule, law, or request.
"The company improved its compliance with environmental regulations."
To make something more difficult or confusing.
"The new rules will only complicate the process."
A problem or difficulty that makes a situation harder to deal with.
"His illness led to serious complications after surgery."
expressing praise or admiration; given or supplied free of charge as a courtesy
"The hotel offers complimentary breakfast for all guests."
to act in accordance with a rule, request, or law
"All companies must comply with safety regulations."
a part or element of a larger whole, especially a machine or system
"The engine is the most important component of the car."
to create or write something, especially music, poetry, or a letter
"She likes to compose songs in her free time."
calm and in control of oneself; made up of or formed from
"He remained composed even under pressure."
decayed organic matter used as fertilizer
"The gardener added compost to enrich the soil."
The controlled decomposition of organic matter to produce fertilizer.
"Composting reduces waste and enhances soil fertility."
a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; an enclosed area with buildings
"The scientist studied the chemical compound in the lab."
to understand or grasp the meaning of something
"It is difficult to comprehend the scale of the disaster."
the ability to understand something
"Good reading comprehension is essential for academic success."
