CEFR Level
the state of being first in importance or authority
"The primacy of education cannot be denied."
Relating to the earliest stage of development; essential or fundamental.
"Fear is one of the most primal emotions humans experience."
A member of the group of animals including humans, apes, and monkeys.
"Humans are classified as primates."
A basic introductory book or a substance used to prepare a surface for painting.
"He read a primer on programming before starting his course."
Relating to the earliest ages in history; ancient and primitive.
"The explorers ventured into the primeval forest untouched by humans."
Existing at or from the beginning of time; fundamental and original.
"Scientists study the primordial soup from which life emerged."
acting in accordance with moral or ethical standards
"He is a principled leader who always puts honesty first."
The action or process of deciding the relative importance or urgency of things.
"Effective prioritization ensures resources are used efficiently."
In its original condition; unspoiled, clean, and fresh.
"The hikers were amazed by the pristine beauty of the untouched forest."
the process of transferring ownership of a business, industry, or service from the public sector to the private sector
"The privatization of the public transportation system has led to better efficiency."
having access to secret or private knowledge
"She was privy to the confidential discussions."
Leadership that takes initiative and anticipates problems before they occur, rather than reacting to events.
"Proactive leadership ensures timely decisions."
Actively planning and setting aside money in advance to prepare for future financial needs
"Proactive saving ensures financial stability in old age."
Based on probability; involving chance or statistical likelihood.
"The model follows a probabilistic approach to predictions."
the official proving of a will in a court of law
"The family had to go through probate after his death."
Live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts.
"Yogurt is a natural source of probiotics that aid digestion."
Live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host, especially for digestive health.
"Probiotics improve digestion and enhance gut health."
Relating to an established or official way of doing something; concerned with procedure.
"The committee followed the procedural rules strictly."
money obtained from an event, activity, or sale
"The proceeds from the charity event were donated to the orphanage."
The consistency and steadiness of biological or functional processes
"Cold air ensures process stability in plants."
an official public announcement made by a person in authority
"The king issued a proclamation declaring the new law."
to delay doing something, often unnecessarily or habitually
"He tends to procrastinate instead of finishing his assignments on time."
the act of delaying or postponing something
"Procrastination often leads to unnecessary stress before deadlines."
a person who supervises students during an examination
"The proctor reminded students to keep their phones switched off."
to obtain something, especially with effort or difficulty
"They managed to procure enough supplies for the expedition."
the process of obtaining goods or services, often for business or government
"The company focuses on the efficient procurement of raw materials."
to poke or push someone or something with a finger, foot, or pointed object
"She prodded him in the arm to get his attention."
spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant
"The prodigal son returned home after wasting his inheritance."
remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree
"The team made a prodigious effort to complete the project on time."
a person, especially a young one, with exceptional talents or abilities
"Mozart was a child prodigy in music."
showing disrespect or contempt for sacred things; irreverent or vulgar
"His jokes were considered too profane for the ceremony."
to declare or claim openly; to state one's belief
"He professes his love for classical music."
to offer something for acceptance; to present
"She proffered her hand as a sign of friendship."
The degree to which a business or activity yields profit or financial gain.
"Increasing sales and reducing costs boosted profitability."
a person who makes excessive profits, especially unfairly or illegally
"The government punished war profiteers."
A deep, meaningful, and significant action or program designed to create change.
"A profound initiative can create sustainable changes."
existing or given in large amounts; abundant
"He offered profuse thanks for their timely help."
A descendant or offspring; children or future generations.
"The scientist was proud of the intellectual achievements of his progeny."
A forecast of the likely outcome of a disease or situation.
"The doctor gave a positive prognosis for the patient's recovery."
Too high or expensive to be affordable; serving to prevent or discourage action.
"The cost of the medication is prohibitive for many families."
An object fired, thrown, or propelled, especially from a weapon.
"The soldier dodged the incoming projectile."
Relating to the working class, especially those who do not own property.
"The movement was rooted in proletarian struggles."
To increase rapidly in number or spread quickly.
"Social media has allowed misinformation to proliferate."
A rapid increase or spread of something, especially in number or amount.
"The proliferation of smartphones has changed the way we communicate."
producing many works, results, or offspring; highly productive
"She is a prolific writer who publishes several books a year."
an introduction to a book, play, or event
"The novel begins with a short prologue set in the past."
A leisurely walk or stroll, especially in a public place for pleasure or display.
"They went for a promenade along the seaside."
The state of being important, famous, or easily noticed.
"Her work gained prominence after the award."
Having or showing a casual and unselective approach, often used to describe indiscriminate sexual relationships.
"The novel depicts a character with a promiscuous lifestyle."
to read written material and mark any errors
"She proofread the report before submission."
