CEFR Level
An economic system aimed at eliminating waste and the continual use of resources through reuse, sharing, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling.
"Adopting a circular economy can reduce waste."
to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area
"Air circulated freely in the open hall."
the movement of something (like blood, air, or information) through a system or area.
"The circulation of blood is essential for a healthy body."
the distance around the edge of a circle
"The teacher asked us to calculate the circumference of the circle."
To refer to or quote a source as evidence or justification.
"She cited several studies to support her argument."
relating to a city, town, or the duties of its citizens
"The mayor encouraged people to take part in civic activities."
a person not in the armed forces or police
"The area was evacuated to protect the civilians."
The action of making a statement or situation less confused and more clearly comprehensible.
"The manager requested clarification on the project details."
To make something clear and easier to understand.
"The teacher tried to clarify the difficult concept for the students."
the quality of being clear, easy to understand, or transparent
"The teacher's clarity helped the students understand the complex topic."
to come into conflict or collision with something or someone.
"The two cars clashed in the intersection."
the action or process of classifying something into groups based on shared characteristics.
"The classification of animals helps in understanding their biology."
arranged into categories; officially secret or restricted
"The report contains classified information and cannot be shared publicly."
to arrange or organize into categories or groups
"The librarian classified the books by subject."
sharp curved nail on the foot of an animal or bird
"The cat extended its sharp claws to climb the tree."
a natural material made of fine earth that becomes hard when baked, used for making pottery
"The artist molded the wet clay into a beautiful vase."
official permission or authorization; the removal of something unwanted; the distance between two objects
"The pilot received clearance to land the plane."
The process of adjusting to current or expected climate change and its effects.
"Climate adaptation ensures resilience to change."
The atmospheric or weather patterns of a particular region.
"Specific climatic conditions are required for snowfall."
the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; the highest or most intense point in a process
"The movie reached its climax during the final battle scene."
to hold on tightly to someone or something
"The child clung to his mother in fear."
Related to the observation and treatment of patients rather than theoretical study.
"The doctor conducted a clinical examination."
a loose outer garment; to cover, hide, or disguise
"The spy cloaked his identity with a false name."
in the direction that clock hands move; in a circular direction from left to right
"Turn the valve clockwise to tighten it."
a small room or enclosed space used for storing clothes or other things
"She keeps her winter coats in the closet near the door."
the action or process of closing something, or the sense of finality or resolution.
"The closure of the company left many employees without jobs."
to put clothes on; to dress; to provide with clothing
"She clothed the baby in warm garments."
aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, used as a spice
"She added a few cloves to the mulled wine for extra flavor."
awkward in movement or lacking skill
"He is so clumsy that he drops things all the time."
a group of similar things or people positioned close together
"The grapes grew in a tight cluster."
the state of existing together at the same time or in the same place; peaceful cohabitation
"The peaceful co-existence of different cultures makes this city unique."
a black or dark brown rock used as fuel, formed from decomposed plant matter
"The factory still uses coal as its main source of energy."
a temporary alliance of distinct parties, persons, or states for joint action
"Several parties formed a coalition to pass the new law."
Rough in texture or manner; not smooth or refined.
"The fabric felt coarse to the touch."
A thin layer or covering spread over a surface.
"The cake had a thick coating of chocolate."
a venomous snake with a hood that can be spread when threatened
"The cobra raised its hood and hissed at the intruder."
a powerful and addictive illegal drug made from coca leaves
"He was arrested for possessing cocaine."
an adult male chicken
"The cock crowed loudly at dawn to wake everyone up."
a flat brown insect that is commonly found in kitchens and other warm places
"A cockroach ran across the kitchen floor quickly."
A large marine fish with white flesh, commonly used for food
"The fisherman caught a large cod fish in the North Atlantic."
related to the process of knowing, learning, and understanding
"The study focused on the cognitive development of children."
Logical and consistent; making sense.
"Her speech was clear and coherent."
To occur at the same time or to be in agreement.
"The meeting coincided with her birthday."
A remarkable or surprising occurrence of events at the same time by chance.
"It was pure coincidence that we met at the airport."
To work jointly with others, especially on an intellectual or creative project.
"The two companies decided to collaborate on a new project."
the action of working together with others to produce or achieve something
"The project was a result of close collaboration between two companies."
A piece of art made by sticking various materials such as photographs or paper onto a surface.
"She created a collage using old magazine pictures."
to fall down or inward suddenly; to break down completely
"The old building collapsed after the earthquake."
the part of a shirt, coat, or dress that goes around the neck
"He adjusted his shirt collar before entering the meeting."
done by people acting as a group
"The decision was made by collective agreement."
