B1 noun kəˈpæs.ə.ti

capacity

Meaning

The maximum amount that something can contain or produce; the ability or power to do or understand something.

Example

The cable has the capacity to handle vast data traffic.

C1 verb /ɡoʊd/

goad

Meaning

to provoke, annoy, or urge someone to take action

Example

He tried to goad his opponent into making a mistake.

C1 noun /ˈbærɪstər/

barrister

Meaning

A type of lawyer in certain legal systems who specializes in courtroom advocacy and litigation.

Example

The barrister argued the case passionately before the judge.

C1 noun ˈdʒen.ə.saɪd

genocide

Meaning

The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Example

The allegations of genocide raised global concerns.

A2 noun /ˈsɪnəmə/

cinema

Meaning

a place where films are shown to the public; the art or industry of making and showing films

Example

We went to the cinema to watch a new movie.

C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæʃənd/

impassioned

Meaning

Filled with or showing great emotion.

Example

She gave an impassioned speech about human rights.

B1 noun /tæks/

tax

Meaning

a compulsory contribution to state revenue, typically levied on income or sales

Example

The government increased the tax rate on luxury goods.

C2 adjective /ˌlækəˈdeɪzɪkəl/

lackadaisical

Meaning

lacking enthusiasm, energy, or determination; careless or lazy

Example

His lackadaisical attitude toward work annoyed his boss.

C2 adjective /ɪkˈsɛpʃənəbl/

exceptionable

Meaning

Open to objection; causing disapproval.

Example

His rude remarks were considered exceptionable by everyone present.

C2 verb /dɪˈbɔːtʃ/

debauch

Meaning

to corrupt morally; to lead into excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures

Example

The novel shows how wealth can debauch a person's character.

B2 noun /bædʒ/

badge

Meaning

A small emblem or sign worn to show membership, authority, or achievement.

Example

The police officer showed his badge to identify himself.

B2 noun /ˈlɛtɪs/

lettuce

Meaning

a leafy green vegetable commonly used in salads and sandwiches

Example

She added fresh lettuce to the sandwich.

C1 adjective /ˈpruː.dənt/

Prudent

Meaning

wise; careful; cautious;

Example

It's prudent to save money for the future.

C1 verb /ˌaʊtˈstrɛtʃ/

outstretch

Meaning

To extend or stretch something outward.

Example

He outstretched his hand to help her up.

C1 noun ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs.nəs

conscientiousness

Meaning

The quality of wishing to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly; diligence.

Example

Her conscientiousness in work led to a well-organized project.

A2 adjective ˈkʌmftəbəl

comfortable

Meaning

Giving a feeling of physical ease and relaxation; free from hardship or unpleasant conditions.

Example

Urban planning aims to make cities more comfortable.

C1 verb /tʃæsˈtaɪz/

chastise

Meaning

to criticize or punish severely

Example

The teacher chastised the student for being late.

C2 verb /lʌɡˈʒʊrieɪt/

luxuriate

Meaning

to enjoy something in a self-indulgent way; to take pleasure in great comfort

Example

She luxuriated in the warm bubble bath after a long day.

C2 adjective ɪnˈdɒm.ɪ.tə.bəl

indomitable

Meaning

Impossible to subdue or defeat.

Example

Her indomitable spirit helped her overcome adversity.

C2 noun /ˈɔːrzmən/

Oarsman

Meaning

a person who rows a boat, especially as a member of a racing crew

Example

The experienced oarsman rowed the boat across the river.

B2 noun /hʊd/

Hood

Meaning

the expandable neck region of certain snakes like cobras; a covering for the head

Example

The cobra spread its hood when it felt threatened.

B2 adjective aɪˈkɒnɪk

iconic

Meaning

Very famous or popular, especially being considered to represent particular opinions or a particular time.

Example

The line "It was the best of times..." is iconic.

C2 noun, verb /ˌpæm.fləˈtɪər/

pamphleteer

Meaning

a person who writes or distributes pamphlets, often to promote a political or social cause

Example

In the 18th century, many pamphleteers influenced public opinion.

C2 adjective /ɪnˈsɛptɪv/

inceptive

Meaning

Relating to or marking the beginning or initial stage of something.

Example

The inceptive phase of the project was marked by enthusiastic planning.

B2 adverb /ˈɜːrdʒəntli/

urgently

Meaning

in a way that requires immediate attention or action

Example

The patient urgently needs medical attention.

C2 adjective /ˈmɔːkɪʃ/

mawkish

Meaning

excessively sentimental, often to the point of being sickly

Example

The movie was criticized for its mawkish sentimentality.

C1 noun /ˌtrænsˈpɪəreɪʃən/

transpiration

Meaning

The process by which plants lose water through their leaves, which plays a crucial role in plant cooling, nutrient transport, and the water cycle.

Example

Transpiration plays a key role in the water cycle and plant growth.

B1 noun rəʊlz

Roles

Meaning

A person's or thing's function in a particular situation.

Example

Defined roles improve team performance.

A1 noun /hoʊˈtɛl/

hotel

Meaning

A building where people pay to stay and sleep, usually for short periods.

Example

We stayed at a hotel near the beach.

B1 noun /ˈleɪ.bəl/

Label

Meaning

a small piece of paper or material attached to something to identify or describe it

Example

Please read the label carefully before taking any medication.

B1 noun; gerund /ˈnɪtɪŋ/

knitting

Meaning

the craft or activity of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn with needles; the act of forming something closely or firmly together

Example

She spends her evenings knitting scarves for her family.

C1 noun

Peck

C2 noun /ˈspæŋɡəl/

spangle

Meaning

A small shiny piece of metal or plastic used for decoration on clothes.

Example

Her dress was covered with silver spangles that glittered in the light.

C2 noun /θrɔːl/

thrall

Meaning

The state of being in someone's power or under strong influence; slavery or bondage.

Example

He was in thrall to the powerful leader.

B1 adverb /ˈθæŋkfəli/

thankfully

Meaning

used to express relief or gratitude

Example

Thankfully, she arrived just in time for the meeting.

A2 adjective /dɪˈlɪʃəs/

delicious

Meaning

having a very pleasant taste or smell

Example

The cake was so delicious that everyone asked for a second slice.

C2 adjective /ʌnˈmɪtɪɡeɪtɪd/

unmitigated

Meaning

absolute; not lessened or moderated

Example

The meeting was an unmitigated disaster.

B2 adjective /ˈtaɪərləs/

tireless

Meaning

Showing great effort or energy without becoming tired.

Example

She worked tirelessly to complete the project on time.

B2 noun /ˌɪm.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/

Imitation

Meaning

the action of using someone or something as a model; a copy of something original

Example

His imitation of the famous actor was so good that everyone burst into laughter.

C1 adjective ˌæd.vɚˈser.i.əl

adversarial

Meaning

Involving or characterized by conflict or opposition.

Example

The two companies have an adversarial relationship in the market.

B2 adjective /ˈsɛksi/

sexy

Meaning

sexually attractive or exciting

Example

She wore a sexy red dress to the party.

B2 verb /ɪnˈteɪl/

entail

Meaning

to involve something as a necessary or inevitable part or consequence

Example

The job will entail a lot of travel across the country.

B2 adjective /ˈnoʊtɪsəbl/

noticeable

Meaning

Easily seen, observed, or recognized.

Example

There was a noticeable improvement in her performance.

C1 noun /ɪˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/

elaboration

Meaning

the process of adding more detail or expanding on something

Example

The teacher appreciated the student's elaboration of the topic.

C2 noun /ˌkəʊ.əˈles.əns/

coalescence

Meaning

The process of coming together to form one mass or whole.

Example

The coalescence of different cultures creates diversity.

C1 noun /kənˈtɪnjuəm/

continuum

Meaning

A continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other, but the extremes are quite distinct.

Example

Life and death are often seen as part of the same continuum.

A1 noun /klɑːs/

class

Meaning

a group of students taught together or a category of people or things with shared characteristics

Example

Our class meets every morning at nine.

C1 noun /wɪm/

whim

Meaning

a sudden or unpredictable idea, desire, or decision

Example

She bought the dress on a whim.

B2 adjective /ʌnˌkənˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/

Unconditional

Meaning

not subject to any conditions; complete and absolute

Example

She offered her unconditional support to her friend in need.

C1 adjective dɪsˈfʌŋkʃənl

dysfunctional

Meaning

Not operating normally or properly.

Example

The dysfunctional system led to numerous delays and errors.

A1 adjective ˈdɪfɪkəlt

difficult

Meaning

Needing much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand; hard.

Example

Managing urban challenges has become increasingly difficult.

B2 verb /rɪˈzaɪd/

reside

Meaning

to live or dwell in a particular place

Example

They reside in a large house near the river.

A1 noun /ˈpeɪ.pər/

paper

Meaning

A material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substances, used for writing or printing on.

Example

The student submitted his research paper on artificial intelligence.

C2 adjective /pɔːrˈtɛntəs/

portentous

Meaning

Giving a sign or warning that something, often bad or serious, is going to happen; or overly solemn and pompous.

Example

His portentous tone made everyone nervous about the news.

C1 adjective /ˌtræn.senˈdɛn.təl/

transcendental

Meaning

relating to the spiritual or non-physical realm; surpassing ordinary experience

Example

Meditation can lead to transcendental experiences.

C1 noun ˌrɛk.əˈlɛk.ʃən

Recollection

Meaning

Remembering past events or information

Example

His recollection of childhood memories was vivid.

B2 noun ˌkɒm.prɪˈhɛn.ʃən

comprehension

Meaning

The ability to understand something; understanding or grasp of knowledge.

Example

Reading improves vocabulary and comprehension skills.

C2 adjective /bɪˈwɪtʃɪŋ/

bewitching

Meaning

charming, enchanting, or captivating in a magical or irresistible way

Example

She wore a bewitching smile that captivated everyone in the room.

B2 adverb /ˈaʊtraɪt/

Outright

Meaning

completely; directly; without reservation or concealment

Example

She rejected the proposal outright.

B2 noun /prəˈtɛstər/

protester

Meaning

a person who takes part in a protest or demonstration

Example

The protester spoke passionately about the cause.

C1 adjective /sɪər/

Sear

Meaning

withered; dried up; burned or scorched

Example

The sear leaves fell from the trees in autumn.

A1 verb /tiːtʃ/

teach

Meaning

to give knowledge or instruction to someone; to show how to do something

Example

She teaches English at the local school.

C1 verb /ɪɡˈzuːd/

exude

Meaning

to display a quality strongly and openly; to release a liquid or smell slowly

Example

He exudes confidence whenever he speaks in public.

C2 noun /dɪsˈkwaɪɪtjuːd/

disquietude

Meaning

A state of uneasiness, anxiety, or restlessness.

Example

His constant pacing showed his inner disquietude.

B2 adverb /sɪˈvɪərli/

severely

Meaning

to a great degree; very seriously or harshly

Example

The patient was severely injured in the accident.

C2 verb /ˈsɪbəleɪt/

sibilate

Meaning

To pronounce with a hissing sound.

Example

The actor sibilated his lines for dramatic effect.

B1 noun /ˈɛldər/

elder

Meaning

a person who is older or has higher rank; an older person in a family or community

Example

We should always respect our elders.

A2 noun /ˌen.təˈteɪn.mənt/

Entertainment

Meaning

the action of providing or being provided with amusement or enjoyment

Example

The concert provided excellent entertainment for the entire family.

B1 noun ˈsaɪləns

silence

Meaning

Complete absence of sound; quietness.

Example

Silence filled the air near the graves.

B2 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrfɪkt/

imperfect

Meaning

Not perfect; having faults or flaws.

Example

The painting was beautiful despite being imperfect.

B1 noun ˌdemənˈstreɪʃənz

demonstrations

Meaning

The action or process of showing the existence or truth of something by giving proof or evidence.

Example

Demonstrations occurred on March 11.

C2 adjective /səˈdʒɛstəbəl/

suggestible

Meaning

easily influenced by the suggestions of others

Example

Children are highly suggestible and may believe what they are told.

B2 adjective /dɪˈstrʌktɪv/

Destructive

Meaning

causing damage; harmful

Example

The hurricane was highly destructive to coastal areas.

C1 noun /ˌtɛknɪˈkæləti/

technicality

Meaning

A small detail of law, rule, or procedure; a minor point that affects an outcome.

Example

The case was dismissed on a technicality.

C2 noun /ˌviːələnsɛloʊ/

violoncello

Meaning

The full name of the cello, a large string instrument played with a bow and held between the knees.

Example

He practiced the violoncello for hours each day.

B1 adjective /ˈriː.zən.ə.bəl/

Reasonable

Meaning

fair and sensible; not too expensive; logical and practical

Example

The hotel offers reasonable prices for quality accommodation.

C2 adjective /ˈɔːrnəri/

ornery

Meaning

bad-tempered and combative; stubborn

Example

The ornery old man refused to leave his chair.

C1 noun/verb /ɡrʌdʒ/

grudge

Meaning

A persistent feeling of ill will or resentment from a past insult or injury.

Example

She still holds a grudge against him for what happened years ago.

C2 noun /ˈhɑːdɪhʊd/

hardihood

Meaning

Courage, boldness, or daring behavior; also physical robustness.

Example

The mountaineer's hardihood impressed the entire team.

C1 noun /ˈɪmɪdʒəri/

imagery

Meaning

visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work

Example

The poet's use of imagery brought the scene to life.

A2 noun/verb /kənˈsɜːrn/

concern

Meaning

to relate to or affect; a matter of worry or interest

Example

Environmental issues concern all of us.

A1 adjective, adverb, pronoun /mʌtʃ/

much

Meaning

a large amount or degree of something

Example

She doesn’t have much time to finish the project.

C1 adjective /ˈhɑːrtˌrɛndɪŋ/

heartrending

Meaning

Causing great sadness or distress; very moving emotionally.

Example

The documentary showed heartrending scenes of war victims.

C2 noun /ˌmɛtəfɪˈzɪʃən/

metaphysician

Meaning

A person who studies or is an expert in metaphysics.

Example

The metaphysician debated the essence of reality with his peers.

C1 adjective /ˈæŋ.ɡjə.lər/

Angular

Meaning

having sharp corners or edges; relating to angles

Example

The building has an angular design with sharp corners.

B2 adjective /ˌkaɪnd ˈhɑːrtɪd/

kind-hearted

Meaning

Having a kind and generous nature; showing compassion and care for others.

Example

She is known as a kind-hearted teacher who always helps her students.

B2 noun ˌkɒn.fɪ.den.ʃiˈæl.ɪ.ti

confidentiality

Meaning

The state of keeping or being kept secret or private

Example

Confidentiality is crucial in data security.

B2 noun /ˈmærəθən/

marathon

Meaning

a long-distance running race, typically 42.195 kilometers (26.2 miles)

Example

She completed the marathon in under four hours.

C1 noun ˌdaɪvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən

diversification

Meaning

The practice of spreading investments across various assets or sectors to reduce risk.

Example

Diversification helps to reduce investment risk.

B2 noun /ˈrɔɪəlti/

royalty

Meaning

Members of a royal family or payment made to the owner of a patent, copyright, or natural resource.

Example

The author receives a royalty for every book sold.

C1 verb /bɪˈsiːdʒ/

besiege

Meaning

to surround a place with armed forces to capture it; to overwhelm with requests or attention

Example

The city was besieged by enemy troops.

B1 noun /tɜːm/

term

Meaning

a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept

Example

The term 'machine learning' is commonly used in technology.

B2 adjective /fræŋk/

Frank

Meaning

honest; open; straightforward; candid

Example

She gave me a frank opinion about my presentation.

C1 adjective /əˈvɜːrs/

averse

Meaning

having a strong dislike of or opposition to something

Example

He was averse to taking unnecessary risks.

B2 verb /ˈdɛzɪɡneɪt/

designate

Meaning

to officially assign, appoint, or indicate something or someone

Example

The committee will designate a new chairperson next week.

B1 verb /floʊt/

float

Meaning

to rest or move on the surface of a liquid or in the air without sinking

Example

The boat began to float gently down the river.

B2 noun /ˈlɒdʒɪk/

logic

Meaning

Reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity.

Example

Her argument was based on sound logic.

C1 adverb /ˌʌnkənˈvɛnʃənəli/

unconventionally

Meaning

in a way that is not based on or conforming to accepted standards or norms

Example

She dresses unconventionally, mixing bold colors and patterns that surprise everyone.

C2 adjective /kəˈrʌp.tə.bəl/

corruptible

Meaning

able to be morally or ethically corrupted

Example

He was known to be corruptible and often accepted bribes.

B2 noun /ˌsuːvəˈnɪər/

Souvenir

Meaning

a thing that is kept as a reminder of a person, place, or event; a memento

Example

I bought a small souvenir from the gift shop.

C2 noun /tɪlθ/

tilth

Meaning

The physical condition of soil in relation to its suitability for planting crops.

Example

The farmer checked the soil's tilth before planting the seeds.

C1 adjective /ˈfrɛn.zid/

frenzied

Meaning

Wildly excited or uncontrolled

Example

The frenzied crowd cheered as the band took the stage.

A2 noun /pəˈluː.ʃən/

pollution

Meaning

The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.

Example

Industrial pollution harms marine life.

A2 noun /dɪˈsɪʒənz/

decisions

Meaning

A conclusion or resolution reached after consideration; the action or process of deciding something.

Example

Making the right decisions in time was key to the project's success.

C1 verb /dɪˈbeɪs/

debase

Meaning

to reduce the quality, value, or dignity of something

Example

Corruption can debase the values of a society.

A1 verb /teɪk/

take

Meaning

to get possession of; to carry or bring with oneself

Example

Please take this book to the library.

C1 noun ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪk ˈstræt.ə.dʒi

systematic strategy

Meaning

A methodical and organized plan or approach to achieve specific objectives.

Example

A systematic strategy was employed to achieve objectives.

C1 adjective /ˈskænti/

Scanty

Meaning

small in size or amount; insufficient; barely adequate

Example

The refugee camp had scanty food supplies.

C1 adjective /məˈroʊs/

morose

Meaning

sullen, gloomy, or ill-tempered

Example

He became morose after losing his job.

A2 adjective /ˈbroʊkən/

Broken

Meaning

damaged; not working; fractured

Example

The broken window needs to be replaced immediately.

C2 adjective /trænzˈæl.paɪn/

transalpine

Meaning

situated beyond or across the Alps, especially from the viewpoint of Italy

Example

The Romans referred to France as Transalpine Gaul.

C1 noun /noʊz rɪŋ/

Nose ring

Meaning

a piece of jewelry worn through a piercing in the nose

Example

She got a small gold nose ring for her birthday.

C1 verb /kənˈtraɪv/

contrive

Meaning

to plan or devise cleverly or skillfully

Example

She contrived a clever plan to surprise her friends.

B2 noun ˈpeɪtriəˌtɪzəm

patriotism

Meaning

The quality of being patriotic; devotion to and vigorous support for one's country.

Example

Victory Day reflects the patriotism of the entire nation.

C1 noun /brɒŋˈkaɪtɪs/

bronchitis

Meaning

inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs

Example

The doctor diagnosed him with acute bronchitis.

C1 adjective /ˈæʃən/

ashen

Meaning

Very pale in appearance, often due to shock, fear, or illness.

Example

His face turned ashen when he heard the terrible news.

C1 noun /ˈneb.jʊ.lə/

nebula

Meaning

A cloud of gas and dust in outer space, sometimes visible in the night sky.

Example

The Orion Nebula is one of the brightest in the sky.

C1 verb /ˈkæp.saɪz/

capsize

Meaning

to overturn in the water

Example

The small fishing boat capsized during the storm.

C1 noun /kəˈθɑːrsɪs/

catharsis

Meaning

The process of releasing strong emotions, providing relief.

Example

Writing in her diary was a form of catharsis for her.

B2 adjective /ˈvɪv.ɪd/

Vivid

Meaning

producing powerful feelings or strong, clear images in the mind; bright and intense

Example

She has vivid memories of her childhood in the countryside.

C1 noun /trænsˈfɜːrər/

transferrer

Meaning

A person who transfers something, such as property, rights, or responsibilities, to another.

Example

The transferrer is responsible for ensuring the property is legally passed on.