CEFR Level
Combining social and political factors.
"Sociopolitical factors often influence public policy decisions."
a soft, silver-white chemical element that is highly reactive and found in salt.
"Sodium is an essential element for maintaining fluid balance in the body."
The application of operations, practices, and treatments to protect soil and enhance its performance.
"Proper soil management improves long-term agricultural productivity."
dirty or stained; not clean
"His clothes were soiled after playing in the mud."
Comfort or consolation in a time of distress or sadness
"She found solace in music after the loss of her father."
To join metal parts together by melting and putting a filler metal into the joint
"He soldered the broken wires back together."
the state or quality of being serious and dignified
"The ceremony was conducted with great solemnity."
to ask for or try to obtain something from someone
"The charity is soliciting donations for flood victims."
To make something firm, strong, or more certain.
"The company solidified its position in the market."
a speech in which a character talks to themselves, often used in drama to reveal inner thoughts
"Hamlet's soliloquy is one of the most famous passages in Shakespearean drama."
the two times in the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator (summer and winter solstice)
"People celebrate the summer solstice with festivals and rituals."
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
"The solubility of salt in water is high."
able to be dissolved, especially in water
"Sugar is soluble in water."
The possession of assets in excess of liabilities; ability to pay debts.
"The company's solvency determines its financial health."
a liquid that dissolves other substances; also means able to pay debts
"Acetone is a common solvent used in laboratories."
Dark or dull in color or tone; gloomy or serious.
"The funeral had a somber atmosphere."
A musical composition for one or more instruments, typically in several movements.
"She performed a beautiful Beethoven sonata on the piano."
Relating to or involving sound waves or speed of sound.
"The jet created a loud boom when it broke the sonic barrier."
A poem of 14 lines using formal rhyme schemes, often about love.
"Shakespeare wrote many famous sonnets about love and beauty."
Deep, full, and rich in sound.
"The actor's sonorous voice filled the entire theater."
to make something more complex or refined; to educate or develop in taste and manners
"Traveling abroad helped sophisticate his worldview."
the quality of being refined, cultured, or complex
"Her sophistication impressed everyone at the party."
the highest female or boy’s singing voice
"She sang beautifully in the soprano range during the concert."
the use of magical powers, especially through spells and enchantments
"The villagers believed the illness was caused by sorcery."
involving immoral or dishonorable actions; dirty or unpleasant
"The newspaper exposed the politician's sordid past."
impervious to sound; preventing sound from entering or leaving
"The recording studio has sound-proof walls."
a supreme ruler such as a king; possessing supreme or ultimate power
"The sovereign made a new decree."
Supreme power or authority; the authority of a state to govern itself.
"The country declared its sovereignty after years of colonial rule."
A learning technique that involves reviewing information at increasing intervals to improve long-term retention.
"Spaced repetition helps in long-term memory retention."
Using or giving only a little of something; economical.
"She is sparing in her use of words."
thinly scattered or distributed; not dense or abundant
"Vegetation was sparse in the desert."
showing simplicity and lack of luxury; austere
"He lived in a spartan room with just a bed and a chair."
a short, petty quarrel or argument
"They had a brief spat about who should do the dishes."
a large number of things occurring in quick succession
"There has been a spate of robberies in the city."
relating to space or the position, area, and size of things
"The scientist studied the spatial arrangement of stars."
to produce or generate, often in large numbers
"The video game has spawned many sequels."
to lead or initiate an action, project, or movement
"She spearheaded the campaign for environmental awareness."
money in the form of coins rather than notes or credit
"The transaction was made in specie."
A very small spot, mark, or particle.
"There was a tiny speck of dust on the glass table."
A ghost or spirit; something that causes fear or dread.
"The specter of war still haunts the region."
Relating to a ghost or specter; ghostly. Also relating to a spectrum.
"The old mansion had a spectral atmosphere at night."
A person who forms theories without evidence, or invests in assets hoping for profit.
"The real estate speculator bought land hoping its value would rise."
completely fascinated and unable to move or think about anything else; enchanted
"The children sat spellbound as the magician performed his tricks."
Long, thin, and weak-looking
"The spindly tree bent under the weight of the snow."
lacking courage or determination; weak-willed
"He was too spineless to stand up for his beliefs."
An unmarried woman, often one who is older and considered unlikely to marry
"The novel featured a kind-hearted spinster who cared for the village children."
covered with or full of spines; having sharp points
"The spiny cactus stood tall in the desert."
a tall, pointed structure on top of a building, especially a church
"The church spire could be seen from miles away."
to join two pieces of rope, film, or other material by weaving or attaching them together
"The technician spliced the two wires to restore the connection."
A rigid device used to support and immobilize a broken or injured body part.
"The doctor applied a splint to stabilize the patient's broken arm."
