CEFR Level
a hard, dense wood from various trees; also the tree itself that produces small flowers
"The ironwood tree blooms with tiny white flowers."
the quality of shining brightly; the intensity of light falling on a surface
"The irradiance of the sun at noon was overwhelming."
to shine light on something; to expose to radiation; to illuminate or brighten
"The scientist used a lamp to irradiate the sample."
not able to be eradicated; impossible to destroy or remove completely
"The love of a mother for her child is irradicable."
impossible to make compatible or bring into harmony; unable to resolve differences
"The couple separated due to irreconcilable differences."
impossible to reduce or simplify further
"The fraction 3/7 is irreducible."
Impossible to refute, deny, or break
"The lawyer presented irrefragable evidence that proved his client’s innocence."
Not to be broken, violated, or infringed
"The constitution guarantees certain irrefrangible rights to every citizen."
Indifferent or hostile to religion
"Some people in the community consider him irreligious because he never attends religious services."
Impossible to cure, repair, or remedy.
"The damage to the ancient manuscript was irremediable."
Beyond criticism; faultless.
"The judge was known for his irreproachable integrity."
uncertain or indecisive; lacking determination
"He stood irresolute at the crossroads, unsure which path to take."
impossible to recover or regain
"The documents were lost in an irretrievable way after the fire."
a lack of respect for people or things that are generally taken seriously
"His jokes about religion showed irreverence to the sacred traditions."
Showing a lack of respect for things that are generally taken seriously.
"His irreverential humor often shocked traditional audiences."
A liquid used for irrigation, especially in medical or agricultural contexts.
"The doctor used a sterile irrigant during the procedure."
the quality or state of causing irritation; legal or formal invalidation
"The constant noise became an irritancy to the neighbors."
a sudden and violent entry or invasion
"The irruption of protesters surprised the authorities."
A very small island.
"The fishermen rested on a tiny islet before continuing their journey."
A line on a weather map connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure.
"The meteorologist explained how isobars indicate wind speed and direction."
Occurring at equal time intervals; in unison or synchrony.
"The pendulum swings are isochronous, repeating at equal intervals."
Having or maintaining equal or constant temperature.
"The experiment was conducted under isothermal conditions."
A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas, often with water on either side.
"The Panama Canal cuts through the Isthmus of Panama."
Traveling from place to place, especially for work or duty.
"The itinerant teacher moved from village to village to educate children."
To travel from place to place, usually for the purpose of work or preaching.
"The missionary itinerated throughout the region to spread the message."
a tropical flowering shrub with clusters of small bright red, orange, or yellow flowers
"The bright red ixora bushes lined the pathway to the tropical garden."
To talk quickly and excitedly but with little sense.
"The children jabbered happily after the show."
a small gray and black bird of the crow family, known for its intelligence
"The jackdaw collected shiny objects for its nest."
unrefined sugar made from sugarcane or palm sap; a traditional sweetener
"My grandmother uses jaggery instead of white sugar in her recipes."
The side post or surface of a doorway, window, or fireplace.
"The carpenter carefully measured the width of the door jamb."
A practical joke or humorous remark.
"He enjoyed a harmless jape with his friends."
Affected by or displaying prejudice, envy, or bitterness; also refers to having a yellowish discoloration of the skin due to jaundice.
"She gave a jaundiced view of the project after her proposal was rejected."
A short journey or excursion, usually taken for pleasure.
"They went on a weekend jaunt to the countryside."
Having a lively, cheerful, and self-confident manner or appearance.
"He walked into the room with a jaunty step."
To make rude and mocking remarks, typically in a loud voice.
"The crowd began to jeer at the losing team."
Naive, simplistic, and superficial; also dull or uninteresting.
"The professor dismissed the essay as jejune and lacking depth."
A long, mournful complaint or lamentation; a list of woes.
"The politician's speech turned into a jeremiad against corruption."
a climbing shrub with fragrant white or yellow flowers
"The jasmine flowers filled the garden with their sweet fragrance."
a professional joker or fool at a medieval court; someone who jokes a lot
"The court jester entertained the king with witty remarks and amusing tricks."
joking or teasing in a playful manner
"He was only jesting when he said he would quit his job."
Unwanted material or goods thrown overboard from a ship and washed ashore.
"The beach was littered with jetsam after the storm."
to make an insulting remark; to be in agreement or harmony with
"His actions did not jibe with his words."
surprised or astonished; confused or puzzled
"I'll be jiggered if I know what happened here."
a person who strongly supports warlike or aggressive foreign policy; an extreme nationalist
"The leader was criticized as a reckless jingo."
extreme patriotism expressed in aggressive foreign policy
"The politician's speech was filled with jingoism."
a person who supports jingoism; an extreme nationalist with aggressive foreign policies
"He was labeled a jingoist for his extreme views."
playful or humorous in speech or behavior
"The professor’s jocose remarks kept the class entertained."
fond of or characterized by joking; humorous
"His jocular nature made him popular among colleagues."
cheerful and lighthearted
"They walked together in a jocund mood after the celebration."
