CEFR Level
the act of treating someone cruelly or unfairly because of their religion, race, or beliefs
"The persecution of minorities has been condemned worldwide."
a native or inhabitant of Iran; the language spoken in Iran (Farsi)
"The Persian language has a rich literary history."
having a pleasant appearance and manner; attractive and friendly
"The new teacher is very personable and easy to talk to."
Customizing services or products according to user preferences.
"Online stores use personalization to improve customer experience."
To represent or embody a quality, idea, or concept in human form.
"She personifies kindness and generosity."
The process of sweating.
"Heavy exercise causes perspiration."
To give out sweat through the pores of the skin as a result of heat, physical exertion, or stress.
"He began to perspire after running for 10 minutes."
capable of being convinced or influenced to do something
"She was easily persuadable when it came to trying new foods."
The quality of being able to persuade someone to do or believe something.
"His persuasiveness helped secure the deal."
attractively lively or cheeky in manner or style
"She gave a pert reply that made everyone laugh."
to relate or have reference to something
"The rules pertain to all students in the school."
Relevant or applicable to a particular matter.
"She asked a pertinent question during the meeting."
To disturb or unsettle greatly in mind.
"The sudden noise perturbed the students during the exam."
feeling anxious, unsettled, or disturbed
"He looked perturbed after hearing the bad news."
to read something carefully and thoroughly; sometimes used to mean to browse casually
"She sat down to peruse the contract before signing it."
to spread through and be present in every part of something
"The smell of fresh flowers pervaded the entire room."
spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people
"The pervasive influence of technology is seen in every aspect of life."
showing a deliberate desire to behave in a way that is unreasonable, contrary, or unacceptable
"He took a perverse pleasure in upsetting his colleagues."
The act of distorting or corrupting the original meaning, purpose, or state of something.
"The regime’s censorship was seen as a perversion of free speech."
A deliberate and obstinate desire to behave in an unreasonable or unacceptable way.
"Out of sheer perversity, he refused to follow the simple instructions."
Chemical remnants left over from pesticides used on crops or in soil.
"Excess pesticide-residue in food can be harmful to health."
A heavy tool with a rounded end used for crushing or grinding substances in a mortar.
"She used a pestle to grind the spices."
to make someone so frightened that they are unable to move or think; to turn into stone
"The loud noise petrified the little child."
an undergarment worn by women under a dress or skirt
"She wore a white petticoat under her dress."
Childishly sulky or bad-tempered.
"The child became petulant when denied more candy."
A gradual reduction and eventual elimination of something.
"A phase-out of fossil fuels was agreed upon."
showing concern for the welfare of others; generous and charitable
"She is known for her philanthropic activities in the city."
a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by donating money to good causes
"The philanthropist donated millions to build schools in rural areas."
the desire to promote the welfare of others, often expressed by the generous donation of money to good causes
"Philanthropy has helped improve healthcare in many developing countries."
relating to a symphony orchestra or its music
"The philharmonic orchestra performed a stunning rendition of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony."
a mythical bird that is reborn from its ashes; symbol of immortality or renewal
"The legend says the phoenix rises from its ashes every 500 years."
relating to the sounds of speech or pronunciation
"The teacher taught the students the phonetic spelling of difficult words."
relating to speech sounds or their production; connected to phonics
"Children learn phonic rules to read new words accurately."
The measure of how effectively plants convert light energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis, directly affecting plant growth and crop yield.
"Improving photosynthetic efficiency can increase crop yields."
relating to the functions and processes of living organisms
"The study focused on the physiological responses to stress."
the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms in a living system
"She is majoring in human physiology at the university."
the form, size, and development of a person's body
"He has an athletic physique due to years of training."
a tool with a heavy metal head and long handle used for breaking up hard ground or rock
"The miner used a pick-axe to break through the rocky surface."
done or made in separate stages rather than all at once
"The construction of the new building was carried out piecemeal over several years."
the quality of being religious or showing reverence for God
"Her piety was evident in the way she prayed every morning."
a natural or artificial substance used to give color to something
"The artist mixed different pigments to create the perfect shade of blue."
The natural coloring of animal or plant tissue.
"Excessive rubbing can cause pigmentation issues."
to steal things of small value or in small quantities
"The employee was caught pilfering office supplies."
the theft of small amounts or items, especially from one's workplace
"The company installed cameras to prevent pilferage."
to rob or plunder a place, especially during war
"The invading army pillaged the village and took all valuables."
a gripping tool with two arms used for holding or pulling objects
"He used pincers to remove the hot nail from the wood."
a tool used for gripping or squeezing objects
"Use the pinchers to remove the hot coal safely."
the highest point or peak of something, especially of success or achievement
"Winning the Nobel Prize was the pinnacle of her career."
A groundbreaking or innovative undertaking that leads the way in a particular field.
"Artemis is a pioneering mission in space exploration."
