CEFR Level
a gentle or loving touch
"The mother's gentle caress calmed the crying baby."
A picture or description that exaggerates certain features for comic or satirical effect.
"The magazine published a caricature of the politician."
The killing of a large number of people; great destruction and bloodshed.
"The battlefield was a scene of unimaginable carnage."
Feeding on the flesh of other animals; meat-eating.
"Lions are carnivorous animals that hunt in groups."
to complain or find fault continually, often about trivial matters
"She tends to carp about the smallest inconveniences."
A firm, flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body such as joints, ear, and nose.
"The doctor explained that the injury damaged the cartilage in his knee."
A person who makes maps.
"The cartographer carefully drew the map of the new territory."
The science or practice of drawing maps.
"She studied cartography at university to learn how to design maps."
A container holding a substance or device, such as ink for printers or bullets for firearms.
"The printer stopped working because the ink cartridge was empty."
A small waterfall or a process that occurs in stages, one after another.
"Water cascaded down the rocky slope."
a cover or shell that protects or encloses something
"The mechanic removed the engine casing to examine the internal parts."
A social class system often based on hereditary or occupation.
"The caste system influenced many aspects of traditional society."
Relating to or denoting a violent natural event or upheaval.
"The war had cataclysmic effects on the nation's economy."
Something that speeds up or causes an event or change without being changed itself.
"The speech was the catalyst for widespread protests."
To cause or accelerate a reaction or change.
"The new law catalyzed reforms across the sector."
A device for launching objects at high speed; to hurl or launch something suddenly.
"The invention catapulted him to international fame."
A medical condition causing clouding of the eye's lens; also a large waterfall.
"The old man suffered from cataracts in both eyes."
Absolute and without exception; expressed clearly and directly.
"She gave a categorical denial of the allegations."
Completely and absolutely denied or disproved.
"The claims were categorically refuted by officials."
The process of releasing strong emotions, providing relief.
"Writing in her diary was a form of catharsis for her."
Providing psychological relief through open expression of emotions; also refers to a medicine that causes cleansing of the bowels.
"Crying can be a cathartic experience."
A meeting of members of a political party to select candidates or decide policy.
"The party held a caucus to nominate their candidate for president."
A large metal pot used for cooking over an open fire; also a situation of intense activity or strong emotions.
"The witch stirred the cauldron filled with strange ingredients."
relating to or acting as a cause
"There is a causal link between smoking and cancer."
able to burn or corrode by chemical action; severely sarcastic
"Her caustic remarks hurt his feelings."
serving as a warning; intended to prevent problems or mistakes by giving advice or examples
"The report offers a cautionary message about unchecked spending."
showing a lack of proper concern; dismissive or offhand
"He had a cavalier attitude toward safety regulations."
soldiers who fight on horseback; the part of an army formerly composed of troops on horseback
"The cavalry charged across the field with great speed."
a warning or condition to be considered before taking action
"The proposal was accepted with one caveat."
a large cave or chamber in a cave
"The explorers entered a dark cavern beneath the mountain."
continuing without pause or interruption; endless
"The ceaseless rain lasted for three days."
to give up power, territory, or rights to another
"The country ceded territory after losing the war."
relating to the sky, stars, or heavens
"The telescope revealed many celestial bodies in the night sky."
abstaining from marriage and sexual relations; a person who does so
"He chose to remain celibate for religious reasons."
A grave that is constructed with cement for permanence.
"The cemented grave of the martyrs was seen near the river."
to express severe disapproval, often formally; strong criticism or disapproval
"The senator was censured for his unethical behavior."
The hundredth anniversary of a significant event; relating to a period of 100 years.
"The school celebrated its centenary with a grand event."
A metric unit of capacity equal to one hundredth of a liter.
"The recipe calls for 20 centiliters of milk."
The concentration of control and decision-making power in a central authority.
"Excessive centralization can slow down decision-making."
A machine that spins substances at high speed to separate different components.
"The lab technician used a centrifuge to separate the blood cells from the plasma."
relating to the brain or intellect; intellectual rather than emotional
"He is known for his cerebral approach to problem-solving."
relating to or used in a ceremony or formal occasion
"The president wore a ceremonial robe during the inauguration."
The fact or process of ending or being brought to an end.
"There was a temporary cessation of hostilities."
Latin for 'the rest' or 'others'; commonly used in the phrase 'et cetera' meaning 'and so on'.
"We need to buy pens, paper, notebooks, et cetera."
an informal word for champion or winner.
"He is the new champ of the boxing tournament."
A senior state or legal official, or the head of a university.
"The chancellor delivered an inspiring speech at the graduation ceremony."
An older person who accompanies and supervises young people in social situations.
"The teacher acted as a chaperon during the school dance."
A member of the clergy attached to a private chapel, institution, hospital, or military unit.
"The army chaplain offered prayers before the battle."
To burn or scorch something so that it becomes blackened.
"The cook accidentally charred the steak."
an absurd pretense or act intended to deceive; also a word-guessing game
"The trial was nothing more than a political charade."