CEFR Level
To spread or transmit an idea, belief, or information widely; also to reproduce in plants or animals.
"Scientists work to propagate the species in captivity."
The action of spreading and promoting an idea, theory, etc.
"The propagation of ideas through social media is rapid."
To drive or push something forward.
"The engine propels the boat through the water."
A substance that drives or pushes something forward, especially fuel in rockets or engines.
"The rocket uses a liquid propellant to launch into space."
A mechanical device with blades that rotates to drive a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle forward.
"The airplane’s propeller cut through the air with great speed."
a natural tendency or inclination to behave in a particular way
"She has a propensity to trust people too easily."
a prediction or message about the future, often believed to be divinely inspired
"The prophecy foretold the rise of a great leader."
to state or predict that something will happen in the future, especially as if divinely inspired
"The monk prophesied that peace would return to the land."
accurately predicting or describing what will happen in the future
"His prophetic words came true after many years."
a person who advocates for or supports a particular idea, cause, or plan
"She is a strong proponent of renewable energy."
Corresponding in size, degree, or intensity; balanced in relation.
"The punishment should be proportionate to the crime."
Conformity to accepted standards of behavior or morality.
"He always behaved with the utmost propriety in public."
The action of driving or pushing something forward.
"The ship uses nuclear energy for propulsion."
ordinary, dull, or lacking imagination
"The teacher’s explanation was accurate but rather prosaic."
a person who searches for mineral deposits, especially gold
"The prospector spent years in the mountains searching for gold."
a printed document that advertises or describes a school, business, or investment offering
"The university sent out a prospectus to attract new students."
lying stretched out on the ground with one's face downward, often as a sign of submission or exhaustion
"He lay prostrate on the ground after the long battle."
A trade policy that restricts imports to safeguard domestic industries through trade restriction, economic nationalism, or isolationism.
"The government imposed protectionism to safeguard local businesses."
a person who is guided and supported by an older and more experienced person
"The young artist was the protege of a famous painter."
a member of the Christian church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation
"Martin Luther was a key figure in the Protestant Reformation."
To prolong or extend in time or duration.
"Negotiations were protracted for several months."
Lasting for a long time or longer than expected.
"The negotiation turned into a protracted process."
To stick out or extend beyond a surface.
"A nail was protruding from the wooden board."
Something that sticks out or projects from a surface.
"The protrusion on the wall made it difficult to move the furniture."
The origin or source of something.
"The museum verified the provenance of the ancient manuscript."
a short, commonly known saying that expresses a truth or piece of advice
"The proverb 'A stitch in time saves nine' teaches the value of prompt action."
the protective care of God or nature as a spiritual power; foresight or prudence
"They believed their survival was due to divine providence."
relating to a province or the regions outside the capital city; often suggesting narrow-mindedness
"His views were criticized as being too provincial for modern society."
a condition or stipulation attached to an agreement
"He accepted the job offer with the proviso that he could work remotely twice a week."
An action or statement that is intended to make someone angry or to cause a reaction.
"His rude comment was a clear provocation."
Intended to make people angry, excited, or interested.
"She wore a provocative dress to the party."
causing anger or strong reaction; irritating; stimulating
"His provoking comments made everyone angry."
Great skill or ability in a particular activity or field.
"The soldier was admired for his bravery and prowess in battle."
To move around quietly and secretly, especially while hunting or searching.
"The cat prowled around the garden at night."
A person authorized to act on behalf of another; a substitute.
"She voted by proxy at the meeting."
The quality of being cautious, wise, and exercising good judgment.
"She invested her money with great prudence."
acting with or showing care and thought for the future
"It is always prudent to save some money for emergencies."
to look closely into something; to try to find out private information
"She tried to pry into her neighbor’s private life."
a fictitious name used by an author instead of their real name
"Mark Twain was the pseudonym of Samuel Clemens."
the human soul, mind, or spirit
"The novel explores the depths of the human psyche."
Relating to or affected by psychopathy; showing chronic mental disorder with abnormal or violent behavior.
"The film portrayed a psychopathic killer with no sense of empathy."
A severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are impaired, leading to a loss of contact with reality.
"The patient was diagnosed with psychosis after experiencing hallucinations."
Relating to a physical illness or condition caused or aggravated by mental factors such as stress.
"Her stomach pain was diagnosed as psychosomatic, linked to stress."
The treatment of mental disorder by psychological rather than medical means.
"She attended weekly psychotherapy sessions to cope with her anxiety."
An extinct flying reptile of the Jurassic period, with a long slender head and wings formed by a membrane stretching along the body.
"The museum displayed a fossil of a giant pterodactyl."
relating to the lungs
"The patient suffered from a serious pulmonary infection."
a raised platform in a church from which the preacher delivers a sermon
"The pastor stood at the pulpit to address the congregation."
to expand and contract rhythmically; to throb or beat
"The neon lights pulsated with a steady rhythm."
To strike repeatedly with the fists; to beat or hit forcefully.
"The boxer pummeled his opponent in the final round."
A humorous use of words that suggests different meanings or words that sound alike.
"He made a clever pun about the bakery's bread rising."
