CEFR Level
A set of beliefs or principles held and taught by a religious, political, or other group.
"The church follows a strict doctrine on moral values."
suspicious; questionable; unreliable; risky or dangerous
"That deal sounds dodgy to me."
showing stubborn determination and persistence
"She succeeded through dogged determination."
A principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true.
"The religious leader strictly adhered to traditional dogma."
Inclined to lay down principles as undeniably true, without consideration of evidence or others’ opinions.
"Her dogmatic approach left little room for debate."
to tame an animal for use by humans; to adapt something for domestic use
"Humans domesticated dogs thousands of years ago."
The process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or for farm produce.
"Domestication of animals has been crucial for human survival."
A person's legal residence or permanent home.
"He declared Canada as his legal domicile."
the exercise of control or influence over someone or something
"The empire sought domination over its neighbors."
To draw or scribble absentmindedly, often while thinking about something else.
"She doodled flowers in the corner of her notebook during class."
the last day of the world's existence; a time of catastrophic destruction
"The preacher spoke about doomsday and the importance of preparing spiritually."
A person whose job is to guard or manage the entrance of a building or room.
"The doorkeeper checked everyone’s passes before they entered the hall."
Inactive or in a state of rest; temporarily not active or growing.
"The volcano has been dormant for centuries."
A collection of documents about a particular person, event, or subject.
"The lawyer presented a dossier of evidence to the court."
to show excessive love or fondness for someone or something
"She tends to dote on her grandchildren."
relentlessly severe, stern, or gloomy in manner or appearance
"His dour expression made the meeting uncomfortable."
to pour liquid over; to extinguish a fire or light
"Firefighters doused the flames with water."
feeling sad, dejected, or with lowered eyes
"He looked downcast after hearing the bad news."
to make something seem less important than it really is
"The company tried to downplay the risks of the new product."
A sudden and heavy fall of rain.
"We got caught in a sudden downpour on our way home."
Property or money brought by a bride to her husband at marriage.
"The dowry tradition is still followed in some cultures."
Dull, lacking brightness or interest; monotonous.
"The room looked drab with its gray walls and dim lighting."
Extremely harsh and severe, especially laws or rules.
"The new regulations were criticized as draconian."
a person who writes plays
"Shakespeare is one of the greatest dramatists in history."
to present a story in a dramatic way, or to exaggerate something
"The novel was dramatized into a popular TV series."
a current of cool air in a room or another confined space; also a portion of liquid, especially beer, served from a barrel or cask
"She closed the window to keep out the cold draught."
dull, bleak, and lifeless; depressing
"The long, dreary winter made everyone feel gloomy."
to make someone or something completely wet
"The sudden rain drenched the players on the field."
A person who makes or alters women's clothing professionally.
"The dressmaker crafted a beautiful gown for the bride."
to let liquid flow slowly in drops or to move a ball skillfully with repeated small kicks or bounces
"The baby dribbled milk on his shirt."
to rain lightly with very small drops
"It began to drizzle just as we left the house."
to bend or hang downward; to become weak or tired
"The flowers began to droop in the heat."
Able to survive and grow despite limited water availability or drought conditions.
"Drought-resistant crops can survive in arid conditions."
Feeling sleepy or half-asleep.
"The warm room made him feel drowsy."
Hard, menial, or dull work.
"She wanted to escape the drudgery of her daily routine."
dried chili peppers used as spice for adding heat to food
"The recipe calls for two dry chillies to make it spicy."
fish that has been preserved by drying in the sun or by other dehydration methods
"Dry fish is a popular preserved food in many coastal regions."
to give a name or label to something; to add a soundtrack to a film or recording
"The movie was dubbed into several languages for international release."
Hesitating or doubting; not to be relied upon.
"She gave him a dubious look after hearing his excuse."
a musical performance by two singers or instrumentalists
"They sang a beautiful duet together on stage."
in accordance with what is required or appropriate; at the proper time
"The documents were duly signed and submitted."
A hill or ridge of sand formed by the wind, usually found in deserts or near beaches.
"The children played on the sand dune by the beach."
A house or apartment divided into two separate residences.
"They live in a duplex near the city center."
the ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage; lasting quality
"The durability of the new smartphone impressed customers with its resistance."
threats, violence, or pressure used to force someone to do something
"She signed the contract under duress."
a large spiky tropical fruit known for its strong smell and creamy custard-like flesh
"Durian is known as the king of fruits in Southeast Asia despite its pungent odor."
the period of the day when daylight is fading; twilight
"They walked along the beach during dusk, watching the sunset."
Willingly obedient and responsible in performing one's duty.
"She is a dutiful daughter who always takes care of her parents."
To gradually decrease in size, amount, or strength.
"Their savings began to dwindle after months of unemployment."
