inherence
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C2 noun /ɪnˈhɪərəns/

inherence

Meaning
The state of being an essential or permanent part of something.
Example
The inherence of risk is part of every business venture.
C1 noun /səbˈmɜːrdʒəns/

submergence

Meaning
the act or process of being submerged or going underwater
Example
The submergence of coastal areas is a major concern due to rising sea levels.
A2 noun ˈbræntʃɪz

Branches

Meaning
A part of a tree that grows out from the trunk or from a bough.
Example
Family tree branches show the relationship between family members.
A2 noun (plural) /ˈnuːdəlz/

noodles

Meaning
long, thin strips of dough made from flour, water, or eggs, cooked and eaten as food
Example
She cooked noodles with vegetables for dinner.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.dʒəˈnjuː.ɪ.ti/

ingenuity

Meaning
The quality of being clever, original, and inventive.
Example
His ingenuity led to groundbreaking innovations.
C1 noun səˈlɪnɪti ɪnˈtruːʒən

salinity intrusion

Meaning
The movement of salt water into freshwater areas, typically affecting coastal regions.
Example
Salinity intrusion affects coastal regions.
C1 adjective /ˈnɒnʃələnt/

nonchalant

Meaning
Appearing calm, casual, and unconcerned.
Example
He gave a nonchalant shrug and walked away.
C2 verb /ˈræm.ɪ.faɪ/

ramify

Meaning
to spread or branch out into divisions or subdivisions.
Example
The river ramifies into several smaller streams.
C1 noun /fɪkˈseɪ.ʃən/

fixation

Meaning
An obsessive interest in or feeling about someone or something.
Example
His fixation on perfectionism delayed project completion.
B1 adjective ˈpræktɪkəl

practical

Meaning
Concerned with actual use rather than theory; realistic and sensible.
Example
A practical approach is needed for solving complex problems.
B2 noun /ˈɡaɪd.laɪn/

guideline

Meaning
a rule, instruction, or principle that provides direction
Example
The company issued new guidelines for employee safety.
B2 adverb /ˈsoʊlli/

solely

Meaning
only; not involving anyone or anything else
Example
He is solely responsible for the decision.
B2 noun /ˈsikwəl/

Sequel

Meaning
a published, broadcast, or recorded work that continues the story or develops the theme of an earlier one; something that takes place after or as a result of an earlier event
Example
The movie sequel was even more successful than the original.
B2 verb /əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt/

originate

Meaning
to come into existence; to begin; to create or produce
Example
The tradition originated in ancient times.
B1 noun ˌɔː.ɡən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃənz

organizations

Meaning
Organized groups of people with a particular purpose
Example
Organizations play a key role in policymaking.
C2 adjective /ˌɪɡ.nəˈmɪn.i.əs/

ignominious

Meaning
Marked by shame, disgrace, or humiliation.
Example
The team suffered an ignominious defeat in the finals.
C1 adverb /ˈnæroʊli/

Narrowly

Meaning
by a small margin; barely; in a limited way
Example
She narrowly escaped the accident.
C1 noun /ˈdiːviəns/

deviance

Meaning
Behavior that differs from accepted social or moral standards.
Example
The book studies deviance in urban youth culture.
C1 verb /ˈkrɪstəlaɪz/

crystallize

Meaning
to form crystals; to make an idea or plan clear and definite
Example
Her vague thoughts began to crystallize into a solid plan.
C1 noun /ˌtrænsˈpɪəreɪʃən/

transpiration

Meaning
The process by which plants lose water through their leaves, which plays a crucial role in plant cooling, nutrient transport, and the water cycle.
Example
Transpiration plays a key role in the water cycle and plant growth.
A2 noun /waɪn/

wine

Meaning
an alcoholic drink made from fermented grapes or other fruits
Example
They served a glass of red wine at the dinner.
C2 noun ˌɛr.jʊˈdɪʃ.ən

erudition

Meaning
The quality of having or showing great knowledge or learning; scholarship.
Example
His erudition in history impressed the entire audience.
B2 adjective /ɪˈlɪt.ər.ət/

Illiterate

Meaning
unable to read or write; lacking education
Example
The program aims to help illiterate adults learn to read and write.
C1 adjective /ˈlɔː.ləs/

Lawless

Meaning
without law; anarchic; unruly; criminal
Example
The frontier town was known for its lawless behavior and chaos.
B1 noun /raɪs ˈkʊkər/

Rice cooker

Meaning
an electric appliance designed to cook rice automatically
Example
The rice cooker automatically switches off when the rice is perfectly cooked.
C1 adjective /ˈlɔː.də.bəl/

laudable

Meaning
Deserving praise and admiration.
Example
Her efforts to help the poor are truly laudable.
C2 noun /əˈklɪvɪti/

acclivity

Meaning
An upward slope or incline on the ground.
Example
The hikers struggled as they climbed the steep acclivity.
C1 adjective /ˈfænsiːd/

fancied

Meaning
imagined, desired, or believed without evidence
Example
He is a fancied suitor in the eyes of the young lady.
C1 noun /ˈnjʊə.rəʊ.trænsˌmɪt.ərs/

neurotransmitters

Meaning
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across nerve synapses, affecting mood, behavior, and cognitive functions.
Example
Serotonin and dopamine are key neurotransmitters affecting mood.
C2 adjective /ˈdɪlətɔːri/

dilatory

Meaning
Tending to cause delay; slow to act.
Example
The committee was criticized for its dilatory response to the crisis.
B2 noun /iːz/

Ease

Meaning
absence of difficulty or effort; comfort and relaxation
Example
After years of practice, she played the piano with great ease.
C2 adjective ˌeə.rəʊˈstæt.ɪk

aerostatic

Meaning
Relating to or involving gases (especially air) in equilibrium and the equilibrium of balloons or aircraft under the influence of such gases.
Example
Aerostatic designs ensure stability at high altitudes.
C2 noun /ˌrækənˈtɜːr/

Raconteur

Meaning
a person who tells anecdotes in a skillful and amusing way
Example
The old man was a gifted raconteur who entertained everyone with his stories.
B1 noun /ˈsʌb.mə.riːn/

Sub-marine

Meaning
a warship with a streamlined hull designed to operate completely submerged in the sea
Example
The submarine dived deep into the ocean to avoid detection.
B2 noun /fiːst/

Feast

Meaning
a large meal, typically one in celebration of something; an annual religious celebration
Example
The wedding feast included traditional dishes from both families' cultures.
B1 noun /ɪˈskeɪp/

Escape

Meaning
an act of breaking free from confinement or control; a way out
Example
The prisoner's escape from the jail shocked the authorities.
C1 adjective /priˈɛmptɪv/

preemptive

Meaning
Serving or intended to prevent something by taking action first.
Example
The government took preemptive measures to control inflation.
C1 adjective /ˈtɛmpərəl/

temporal

Meaning
Relating to worldly affairs or to time rather than spiritual matters.
Example
The monk gave up his temporal possessions to live a simple life.
C1 adjective /ˈpæs.ə.bəl/

passable

Meaning
good enough to be accepted, though not excellent
Example
The road is barely passable after the storm.
C2 noun /ˌviːələnsɛloʊ/

violoncello

Meaning
The full name of the cello, a large string instrument played with a bow and held between the knees.
Example
He practiced the violoncello for hours each day.
B2 noun /ˌɛdɪˈtɔːriəl/

editorial

Meaning
A newspaper article expressing the opinion of the editor or publisher.
Example
The newspaper published an editorial criticizing government policy.
C2 noun /ˈdrʌmɪt/

Drumet

Meaning
a small drum used in military or marching bands
Example
The drummer played a steady beat on the drumet during the parade.
B2 noun /ˈpriː.tɛns/ or /prɪˈtɛns/

pretense

Meaning
A false appearance or claim; an act of pretending.
Example
His kindness was only a pretense to gain trust.
C2 adjective /ˈfæləbl/

fallible

Meaning
capable of making mistakes or being wrong
Example
Even experts are fallible and can make errors.
C1 verb /hjuːˈmɪlieɪt/

humiliate

Meaning
to make someone feel ashamed or foolish by injuring their dignity
Example
He was humiliated by his public failure.
B2 noun /fɪst/

Fist

Meaning
a person's hand when the fingers are bent in toward the palm and held there tightly
Example
He raised his fist in victory after winning the championship match.
C1 noun /oʊˈmɪʃ.ən/

Omission

Meaning
the action of excluding or leaving out someone or something; a failure to include
Example
The omission of his name from the list was intentional.
C2 verb /əbˈtruːd/

obtrude

Meaning
to force oneself or one's ideas into a situation uninvited or inappropriately
Example
He didn’t want to obtrude into their private conversation.
B2 noun /ˈhændlɪŋ/

handling

Meaning
the act of managing or dealing with something or someone
Example
His handling of the situation was impressive.
C2 noun /ˈdʒɪŋɡoʊ/

jingo

Meaning
a person who strongly supports warlike or aggressive foreign policy; an extreme nationalist
Example
The leader was criticized as a reckless jingo.
B2 noun /ˈfoʊ.bi.ə/

Phobia

Meaning
an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something
Example
She has a phobia of spiders.
C1 noun /væt/

vat

Meaning
A large container used for holding liquids such as dye or wine.
Example
The workers filled the vat with freshly pressed grape juice.
C1 noun /ˈɪd.i.əm/

idiom

Meaning
A group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words.
Example
The idiom 'break the ice' means to start a conversation in a friendly way.
C1 verb /ˈkwɪvər/

quiver

Meaning
To tremble or shake with slight but rapid motion.
Example
Her lips began to quiver as she tried not to cry.
B2 adjective /ʌnˌkənˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/

Unconditional

Meaning
not subject to any conditions; complete and absolute
Example
She offered her unconditional support to her friend in need.
B1 noun /pɑrˈtɪs.ə.pənt/

Participant

Meaning
a person who takes part in something; someone who participates in an activity or event
Example
Every participant in the marathon received a medal.
C2 adjective /ˈmeɪndʒi/

mangy

Meaning
in poor condition, shabby, dirty, or affected by mange
Example
The stray dog looked mangy and weak.
B2 adjective /ˌbaɪˈlɪŋɡwəl/

bilingual

Meaning
Able to speak two languages fluently.
Example
She grew up in a bilingual household speaking both English and Spanish.
A2 noun /dʒiˈɒɡrəfi/

geography

Meaning
the study of the Earth’s physical features, climates, populations, and the relationships between people and their environments
Example
She studies geography to understand how landscapes and human societies interact.
C2 noun /ˈkɒn.kɔːd/

concord

Meaning
Agreement or harmony between people or groups.
Example
The leaders worked towards international concord.
A2 noun /ˈsɪŋ.ər/

Singer

Meaning
a person who sings, especially as a job or profession
Example
The singer performed beautifully at the concert last night.
C2 noun /ˈtrɛsəl/

trestle

Meaning
a frame or support consisting of a horizontal beam held up by two pairs of sloping legs, used especially for supporting a bridge or table
Example
The workers built a wooden trestle to support the temporary bridge.
B2 adverb /hɛns/

hence

Meaning
for this reason; as a result
Example
She was the best candidate, hence she was chosen for the job.
B2 noun /ˌpɜːrsəˈnel/

personnel

Meaning
People employed in an organization or engaged in an organized undertaking such as military service.
Example
The company is hiring more personnel for its new branch.
A1 noun /hoʊm/

home

Meaning
the place where one lives, especially with family; a residence
Example
She finally returned home after a long journey.
A1 noun /ˈpɪk.tʃər/

Picture

Meaning
a visual representation such as a painting, drawing, or photograph
Example
There is a beautiful picture hanging on the wall.
A2 verb; adjective /broʊk/

broke

Meaning
past tense of break; having no money or being financially poor
Example
I broke my phone last night and now I’m completely broke.
B2 verb /ˈsʌməraɪz/

summarize

Meaning
To give a brief statement of the main points of something
Example
She summarized the report in just a few minutes.
B2 noun, verb /ˌɪnkənˈviːniəns/

inconvenience

Meaning
trouble or difficulty caused to someone; to cause trouble or difficulty to someone
Example
We apologize for any inconvenience caused by the delay.
C1 verb /ˈdɛnɪˌɡreɪt/

denigrate

Meaning
to criticize unfairly; to belittle or disparage someone or something
Example
He was quick to denigrate the achievements of his colleagues.
C1 noun /məˈrɑːl/

Morale

Meaning
the confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or group
Example
The team's morale improved after the victory.
A1 interjection /hɑː/

ha

Meaning
used to express amusement, surprise, or triumph
Example
Ha! I knew you couldn’t resist joining us.
A2 noun /ˈɪʃ.uːz/

issues

Meaning
Important topics or problems for debate or discussion.
Example
Health issues from pollution are increasing.
B2 noun /əˈpɒstrəfi/

apostrophe

Meaning
A punctuation mark (') used to indicate possession or the omission of letters or numbers.
Example
You need an apostrophe in the word 'children’s'.
B2 adjective /mæɡˈnɪfɪsənt/

magnificent

Meaning
extremely beautiful, impressive, or splendid
Example
The view from the mountain was truly magnificent.
C2 adjective /dɪˈsɛnʃənt/

dissentient

Meaning
Expressing or holding opinions that are opposed to the majority or official view.
Example
Only a few dissentient voices were heard during the debate.
C2 noun /kəˌmɒd.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

commodification

Meaning
The transformation of goods, services, ideas, or social relations into market commodities.
Example
The commodification of education has increased tuition costs.
A2 verb /kənˈfjuːz/

confuse

Meaning
To make someone unable to think clearly; to bewilder.
Example
The complex instructions confused the students.
C2 noun /ˈhæknɪ/

hackney

Meaning
a horse kept for ordinary riding or hire; also used for something overused or trite
Example
The old hackney was still pulling the carriage.
C2 noun /ˌɪnkənˈɡruːəti/

incongruity

Meaning
The state of being inconsistent or out of place.
Example
The incongruity of his cheerful mood during the funeral shocked everyone.
B2 noun ˈæk.tɪv rɪˈkɔːl

Active recall

Meaning
A learning technique that involves actively trying to retrieve information from memory rather than passively reviewing material.
Example
Active recall improves long-term memory and retention.
B2 noun /ˈfɔːr.hed/

Forehead

Meaning
the part of the face above the eyebrows and below the hairline
Example
He wiped the sweat from his forehead.
C2 verb /əˈbreɪd/

abrade

Meaning
to scrape or wear away the surface by friction or erosion
Example
The rough cloth can easily abrade the skin.
C2 noun /ˌvɪvɪˈsɛkʃən/

vivisection

Meaning
the practice of performing operations on live animals for scientific research
Example
Vivisection has long been a controversial topic among scientists and animal rights activists.
A2 /ˈmaɪ.krəˌfoʊn/

microphone

Meaning
A device that converts sound into an electrical signal, typically used to amplify or record voices or music.
Example
She spoke into the microphone during the presentation.
C2 noun /ˈfʊl.krəm/

fulcrum

Meaning
The point or support on which a lever pivots; a central or essential point of activity or support.
Example
The teacher became the fulcrum of change in the school.
C1 adjective /ˌhæpi ɡoʊ ˈlʌki/

happy-go-lucky

Meaning
cheerfully unconcerned about the future; carefree
Example
She has a happy-go-lucky attitude and never worries about tomorrow.
B2 adjective /ˈkeər.friː/

Carefree

Meaning
free from anxiety or responsibility; lighthearted; worry-free
Example
She lived a carefree life, traveling the world without any worries.
B1 noun /nɛt/

net

Meaning
a piece of material made of threads or ropes woven together, used to catch or hold things
Example
The fisherman cast his net into the sea.
B1 noun /ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/

composition

Meaning
the act of creating a piece of writing, music, or art; the way parts are arranged
Example
Her composition won first prize in the contest.
C2 noun /ˈhaɪdrə/

hydra

Meaning
a many-headed serpent in Greek mythology; a problem that seems to grow worse when attempts are made to solve it
Example
Corruption is like a hydra, hard to defeat completely.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒɡ.nɪ.zənt/

cognizant

Meaning
Having knowledge or being aware of something.
Example
He was cognizant of the risks before starting the project.
C2 verb /kəˈmɪz.ə.reɪt/

commiserate

Meaning
To express sympathy or compassion for someone's misfortune.
Example
She called her friend to commiserate after his loss.
B2 adjective /ˈsel.jə.lər/

Cellular

Meaning
relating to cells; consisting of cells; relating to mobile phone technology
Example
Cellular technology has revolutionized communication.
C1 noun /rɪˈsaɪtər/

reciter

Meaning
a person who recites or repeats something aloud from memory, especially poetry, prayers, or formal texts
Example
The reciter delivered the poem with clarity and emotion.
B1 noun, verb /bʌz/

buzz

Meaning
to make a low continuous humming sound; a feeling of excitement or interest
Example
I could hear the phone buzz during the meeting.
B1 noun /rɪˈsep.ʃən/

Reception

Meaning
the action of receiving something or someone; a formal social occasion held to welcome someone
Example
The wedding reception was held at a beautiful hotel.
A1 noun/verb /bæŋk/

bank

Meaning
an institution where money is kept and managed; or to tilt in movement (like an airplane or riverbank)
Example
She deposited the money in the bank.
B1 verb /pɔːr/

pour

Meaning
to flow or cause to flow in a steady stream; to rain heavily
Example
Please pour the water into the glass carefully.
B1 noun /wɪtʃ/

Witch

Meaning
a woman thought to have magic powers, especially evil ones; a practitioner of witchcraft
Example
The old witch cast a spell on the prince.
C1 adjective /ˈraʊ.di/

Rowdy

Meaning
disorderly; unruly; noisy and disruptive
Example
The rowdy children were making too much noise.
C1 noun /bɑːrˈbeəriən/

Barbarian

Meaning
a person from an uncivilized group; someone who is cruel or brutal
Example
The ancient Romans considered anyone outside their empire to be barbarians.
B2 verb /ˈbrɔːdən/

broaden

Meaning
to make wider or larger in scope; to expand ideas, experience, or understanding
Example
Travel can broaden your perspective on different cultures.
B2 noun /ˈpɑː.tɪ.klz/

particles

Meaning
Minute portions of matter.
Example
PM2.5 particles harm respiratory health.
C1 adjective ˈsɪŋ.krə.nəs

synchronous

Meaning
Existing or occurring at the same time.
Example
Synchronous learning involves live online classes.
C2 noun /aɪˈoʊtə/

iota

Meaning
An extremely small amount.
Example
He did not show an iota of fear.
B2 noun /ˌsuː.pərˈstɪʃ.ən/

Superstition

Meaning
a belief or practice considered irrational or supernatural
Example
Breaking a mirror brings seven years of bad luck is a common superstition.
B2 noun /ˈrɪŋkəl/

Wrinkle

Meaning
a small line or fold in something, especially fabric or skin; a crease
Example
She noticed a few wrinkles around her eyes.
C1 verb /ˈdɪs.ɪ.peɪt/

dissipate

Meaning
To disappear or cause to disappear gradually.
Example
The tension in the room slowly dissipated.
C2 noun /breɪ/

brae

Meaning
A hillside or slope, especially in Scotland.
Example
They climbed up the grassy brae to see the sunset.
C1 verb /ɡraɪp/

gripe

Meaning
to complain about something in an annoying way
Example
He is always griping about the weather.
C1 noun /ˈdɛdlɒk/

deadlock

Meaning
a situation in which progress is impossible because of disagreement
Example
Negotiations reached a deadlock after neither side agreed to compromise.
C1 adjective məˈdʒes.tɪk

Majestic

Meaning
Having impressive beauty, dignity, or grandeur; regal and stately in appearance.
Example
The majestic Himalayas stand tall against the sky.
A2 noun/verb/adjective /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ (noun), /səbˈdʒɛkt/ (verb)

subject

Meaning
noun: a topic or theme; verb: to cause to undergo; adjective: dependent or under authority
Example
The teacher introduced a new subject in class.
C1 noun /ˈbʊl.ək/

Bullock

Meaning
a young bull; a castrated bull used for farm work
Example
The farmer used a bullock to plow the field.
C2 adjective /beɪˈkoʊniən/

baconian

Meaning
Relating to the philosopher Francis Bacon or his method of scientific reasoning.
Example
The researcher followed a Baconian approach to observation and experimentation.
B2 verb /ɪnˈtɜːrprət/

interpret

Meaning
to explain the meaning of something; to translate orally
Example
She had to interpret the speech for the foreign guests.
B2 adverb /səˈfɪʃəntli/

sufficiently

Meaning
to an adequate degree or extent
Example
She studied sufficiently to pass the exam.
C1 noun /dɪsˈlɛksiə/

dyslexia

Meaning
A learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and decoding words.
Example
The teacher used special methods to help the student with dyslexia.
C1 noun /nɪl/

Nil

Meaning
nothing; zero; no amount
Example
His chances of winning were nil after the scandal.
C1 noun /ˈɡraʊnd kruː/

ground crew

Meaning
a team of people who maintain and service aircraft on the ground
Example
The ground crew prepared the plane for takeoff.