gratuitous
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C1 adjective /ɡrəˈtjuːɪtəs/

gratuitous

Meaning
Unnecessary, unwarranted, or given freely without reason or cause.
Example
The movie was criticized for its gratuitous violence.
A1 noun /ɡɜːrl/

girl

Meaning
a female child or young woman
Example
The girl was playing with her friends in the park.
B1 noun /ˈɡæsəˌliːn/

gasoline

Meaning
a liquid fuel made from petroleum, used mainly to power engines in vehicles
Example
The price of gasoline has increased significantly this month.
B2 noun /dʒɜːm/

germ

Meaning
a microscopic organism, especially one that causes disease
Example
Washing your hands helps prevent the spread of germs.
C2 noun /ɡəˈruːlɪti/

garrulity

Meaning
Excessive talkativeness, especially about trivial matters.
Example
His garrulity made it hard to focus during the meeting.
B2 noun /ˈɡlɔː.ri/

Glory

Meaning
magnificent beauty or splendor; praise, honor, and distinction; a state of absolute happiness
Example
The athlete basked in the glory of winning the Olympic gold medal.
B1 noun /ˈdʒɛntəlmən/

gentleman

Meaning
a man who is polite, courteous, and honorable
Example
He opened the door for her like a true gentleman.
C1 verb /ˈdʒenərəlaɪz/

generalize

Meaning
To make a broad statement by inferring from specific cases.
Example
It is wrong to generalize based on a few experiences.
C1 noun /ˈɡæloʊz/

gallows

Meaning
A structure used for hanging criminals who have been sentenced to death.
Example
The criminal was led to the gallows at dawn.
A1 noun /ˈɡrændˌfɑːðər/

grandfather

Meaning
the father of one's father or mother
Example
My grandfather tells us stories every evening.
B2 adjective /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/

gigantic

Meaning
Extremely large or huge in size, power, or extent.
Example
The company made a gigantic investment in technology.
C2 adjective /ˈdʒɜːrmɪnəl/

germinal

Meaning
Relating to the earliest stage of development.
Example
The idea was still in its germinal stage.
C2 verb /ɡɜːrd/

gird

Meaning
to encircle with a belt or band; to prepare for action
Example
The knight girded his sword before battle.
C2 verb /dʒaɪb/

gibe

Meaning
To make insulting or mocking remarks; to taunt.
Example
The fans gibed at the losing team.
C2 noun /ˈɡʌp.i fɪʃ/

Guppy fish

Meaning
a small colorful freshwater fish popular in aquariums, known for its vibrant colors and easy breeding
Example
The guppy fish is perfect for beginners who want to start an aquarium.
A1 noun /ˈɡɑːr.dən/

Garden

Meaning
a piece of ground, often near a house, used for growing flowers, fruit, or vegetables
Example
She spent her morning tending to the roses in her beautiful garden.
C1 noun /ˈdʒiː.nəs/

genus

Meaning
a category in biological classification ranking above species and below family
Example
The tiger belongs to the genus Panthera.
C1 verb /ˈɡɑːbəl/

gobble

Meaning
to eat something quickly and greedily
Example
The children gobbled their food in minutes.
B2 verb /ɡruːm/

groom

Meaning
to clean, brush, and care for the appearance of someone or something
Example
She spends hours grooming her dog every week.
C2 verb /ˈdʒɛn.juˌflɛkt/

genuflect

Meaning
to bend one or both knees as a sign of reverence or worship
Example
The worshippers genuflect before the altar.
B2 adjective /ˈɡræf.ɪk/

Graphic

Meaning
relating to visual design; vivid; clearly described;
Example
The graphic design was colorful and eye-catching.
A2 verb /ˈɡæðər/

gather

Meaning
to come together or collect in one place; to assemble
Example
People gather in the park for the festival.
C1 noun /ˌdʒerənˈtɑːlədʒi/

gerontology

Meaning
The scientific study of old age and the process of aging.
Example
She chose to specialize in gerontology after completing medical school.
C2 verb /næʃ/

gnash

Meaning
to grind or strike the teeth together, often in anger or frustration
Example
He began to gnash his teeth in rage.
C1 adjective /ˈdʒiː.ni.əl/

genial

Meaning
friendly, cheerful, and pleasant
Example
She greeted us with a genial smile.
A1 verb /ɡoʊ/

go

Meaning
to move or travel from one place to another
Example
I go to school every day.
C1 noun /ɡlɪtʃ/

glitch

Meaning
A sudden, usually temporary fault or malfunction in a system or device.
Example
The computer crashed due to a minor glitch in the software.
C1 verb /ˈɡrætɪfaɪ/

gratify

Meaning
to give pleasure or satisfaction to someone
Example
It gratified him to know his work was appreciated.
C1 noun ɡrɪt

grit

Meaning
Long-term determination and perseverance in the face of hardship and challenges.
Example
His grit and hard work led him to success.
C1 noun ˈdʒɛnɪsɪs

genesis

Meaning
The origin or mode of formation of something.
Example
The genesis of the internet changed the world forever.
C1 noun /ˈɡɑːr.lənd/

Garland

Meaning
a wreath of flowers and leaves, worn on the head or hung as decoration
Example
The bride wore a beautiful floral garland during the traditional ceremony.
B1 adjective /ˈɡɪvən/

given

Meaning
Specified or stated; already decided or certain.
Example
It is a given fact that hard work leads to success.
B2 adjective /ɡəʊl ɔːˈrɪəntɪd/

goal-oriented

Meaning
Focused on achieving specific objectives or targets; driven by clear aims.
Example
Being goal-oriented is crucial for achieving success.
A1 noun /ɡeɪm/

game

Meaning
An activity or sport played for amusement, competition, or skill.
Example
They played a football game in the afternoon.
A2 adverb /ˈdʒɛnərəli/

generally

Meaning
in most cases; usually; as a rule
Example
He generally arrives at work before 9 a.m.
B2 noun /ˈɡləʊ.bəl piːs/

global peace

Meaning
Worldwide harmony and absence of conflict between nations.
Example
Global peace requires collective efforts.
C1 verb /ˈɡɑː.nɪʃ/

garnish

Meaning
To decorate food with small items for added flavor or visual appeal.
Example
She garnished the dish with fresh coriander leaves.
C2 adjective /ˈɡɔːdi/

gaudy

Meaning
excessively showy or flashy, often in a tasteless way
Example
She wore a gaudy necklace that clashed with her elegant dress.
C2 verb /ˈdʒaɪreɪt/

gyrate

Meaning
to move or spin quickly in circles
Example
The dancer gyrated wildly to the rhythm of the drums.
A2 noun /ɡəʊlz/

goals

Meaning
Objectives or targets that someone aims to achieve.
Example
Achieving development goals requires cooperation.
C1 noun /ˌdʒɛr.iˈætrɪks/

geriatrics

Meaning
the branch of medicine dealing with the health and care of old people
Example
He specialized in geriatrics to care for the elderly.
B2 noun /ˈɡʌv.ən.əns/

governance

Meaning
The action or manner of governing and controlling a state or organization.
Example
Effective governance ensures sustainable development.
C1 adjective /ˈɡɪdi/

giddy

Meaning
Feeling dizzy or light-headed; also overly excited and frivolous.
Example
She felt giddy after spinning around so many times.
B1 noun, verb /ɡreɪd/

grade

Meaning
A level of quality, rank, or performance; to assign a score or mark to work or performance.
Example
The teacher graded all the papers by the weekend.
C1 verb /ɡɔːr/

gore

Meaning
to pierce with horns or tusks; spilled blood
Example
The bull gored the matador during the fight.
B2 noun ˈɡaɪd.laɪnz

guidelines

Meaning
Rules or instructions that are given by an official organization telling you how to do something
Example
Guidelines for AI usage are essential.
C1 noun /ɡəˈzet/

Gazette

Meaning
an official journal or newspaper, especially one published by an organization or government
Example
The promotion was officially announced in the government gazette last week.
C1 noun /ɡʌst/

Gust

Meaning
a sudden strong rush of wind; a sudden burst or outburst of feeling
Example
A powerful gust of wind knocked over the outdoor umbrellas at the cafe.
C2 adjective /ɡɑːrˈɡæntʃuən/

gargantuan

Meaning
Extremely large; enormous.
Example
They served a gargantuan meal at the feast.
B1 adverb /ˈɡlæd.li/

Gladly

Meaning
willingly and with pleasure
Example
I would gladly help you with your homework.
B2 adverb /ˈdʒɛnjʊɪnli/

genuinely

Meaning
in a truthful and sincere way
Example
She genuinely cares about the environment.
C1 verb, noun /ˈɡrɪməs/

grimace

Meaning
to make an ugly, twisted expression on one's face, usually in disgust or pain
Example
He grimaced when he tasted the sour fruit.
B2 noun /ˈɡæm.blər/

Gambler

Meaning
a person who gambles regularly, typically someone who cannot resist the urge to gamble
Example
The experienced gambler knew when to fold his cards and when to bet big.
C2 adjective /ˈɡɑːrbəld/

garbled

Meaning
Describes speech or text that is distorted or unclear.
Example
The radio broadcast was full of garbled messages.
C1 verb /ɡliːn/

glean

Meaning
to collect or gather slowly and bit by bit, especially information or crops left after harvest
Example
The journalist gleaned facts from several sources.
C1 noun /ˈɡreɪvstoʊn/

gravestone

Meaning
A stone that marks a grave, usually inscribed with the name of the deceased.
Example
The gravestone had her name carved beautifully.
C2 noun /ˈɡrændɪləkwəns/

grandiloquence

Meaning
Pompous or extravagant language, style, or manner, often intended to impress
Example
The politician’s speech was full of empty grandiloquence.
B1 noun /ˈɡroʊ.sər/

Grocer

Meaning
a person who sells food and household goods in a shop
Example
The grocer has fresh vegetables and fruits in his store.
C2 noun /næt/

Gnat

Meaning
a small flying insect that bites people and animals
Example
The gnat buzzed around my head while I was reading.
C1 noun /ɡʌl/

Gull

Meaning
a seabird with webbed feet, long wings, and usually white and gray feathers
Example
The gull swooped down to grab the fish from the water.
B1 noun /ˌɡrædʒ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/

graduation

Meaning
the act of receiving a degree or diploma after completing a course of study
Example
Her parents attended her graduation ceremony with pride.
C1 noun /ˈɡrɪd.əl/

Griddle

Meaning
a flat heating surface for cooking food, typically made of metal
Example
She cooked pancakes on the hot griddle.
C2 verb /ˈdʒɛriˌmændər/

gerrymander

Meaning
to manipulate the boundaries of an electoral constituency to favor one party or class
Example
The ruling party was accused of trying to gerrymander the districts to secure more seats.
C2 verb /ˈdʒɪb.ər/

gibber

Meaning
To speak rapidly and unintelligibly, typically through fear or shock.
Example
The frightened man began to gibber when he saw the ghost.
C1 noun /ɡaɪz/

guise

Meaning
An external form, appearance, or manner of presentation, often hiding the true nature
Example
He approached in the guise of a friend.
A1 verb /ɡes/

guess

Meaning
to give an answer or opinion without complete knowledge; to estimate
Example
Can you guess the answer?
C1 noun dʒəˈnɛt.ɪk ˌmɒd.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

genetic modification

Meaning
The process of altering the genetic code of plants or animals.
Example
Genetic modification enhances crop resistance to pests and diseases.
C1 noun /ˈɡæm.ət/

gamut

Meaning
The complete range or scope of something.
Example
Her emotions ran the gamut from joy to sorrow in just a few minutes.
C2 noun /ˈɡlʌtəni/

gluttony

Meaning
Excessive eating or drinking; overindulgence in food or drink.
Example
His gluttony during the festival left him feeling sick.
C1 noun /ɡeɪdʒ/

Gauge

Meaning
an instrument for measuring the magnitude, amount, or contents of something
Example
The pressure gauge showed the tank was full.
C2 noun /ˈɡræfaɪt/

graphite

Meaning
a soft, black form of carbon used in pencils and as a lubricant
Example
The artist sketched the portrait using a graphite pencil.
B1 noun ɡlæns

glance

Meaning
A quick or brief look.
Example
He glanced at the river and felt calm.
C1 noun /ˈɡrɪd.lɒk/

gridlock

Meaning
Complete traffic jam or standstill condition where vehicles cannot move.
Example
A major accident led to gridlock in the city center.
C1 noun /ˈɡlɒs.ər.i/

Glossary

Meaning
an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with explanations; a brief dictionary
Example
The textbook includes a helpful glossary at the end to define technical terms.
C2 noun /ˌdʒiːniˈælədʒɪst/

genealogist

Meaning
A person who studies or traces the history of families and their lineages.
Example
The genealogist uncovered records dating back to the 18th century.
C1 verb /ˈdʒɜːrmɪneɪt/

germinate

Meaning
To begin to grow or develop, especially referring to a seed.
Example
The seeds germinate quickly in moist soil.
C2 adjective /ɡrʌf/

gruff

Meaning
Rough or stern in manner, speech, or voice.
Example
Despite his gruff manner, he was very kind-hearted.
A2 noun /ɡəˈrɪl.ə/

Gorilla

Meaning
a large powerful ape found in the forests of central Africa
Example
The gorilla beat its chest to show dominance.
B2 noun /dʒiːn/

gene

Meaning
A unit of heredity in living organisms, transferred from parent to offspring, determining traits.
Example
Eye color is influenced by genes inherited from parents.
C1 adjective ˌɡæs.troʊ.ɪnˈtes.tɪ.nəl

gastrointestinal

Meaning
Relating to the stomach and intestines.
Example
Spicy food can cause gastrointestinal issues.
C1 noun /ɡæsˈtrɒnəmi/

gastronomy

Meaning
The art or science of good eating and fine cuisine.
Example
Paris is famous for its rich tradition of gastronomy.
C2 noun /ˈɡæli/

galley

Meaning
A low, flat ship used in ancient times, often with sails and oars; also, a kitchen on a ship or aircraft.
Example
The galley was filled with the smell of freshly cooked food.
C2 noun /ɡiː/

Ghee

Meaning
clarified butter used in South Asian cooking
Example
She used ghee instead of butter for cooking the rice.
A2 verb /ɡriːt/

greet

Meaning
to welcome someone; to say hello
Example
She greeted her guests warmly at the door.
C2 noun /ˌɡæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

gasification

Meaning
The process of converting solid or liquid fuel into gas.
Example
Gasification is widely used to produce fuel gas from coal.
C2 noun /ˈdʒɪb.ər.ɪʃ/

gibberish

Meaning
Unintelligible or meaningless speech or writing.
Example
He was so nervous that his explanation sounded like gibberish.
A1 verb /ɡet/

get

Meaning
to obtain, receive, or acquire something
Example
I need to get some milk from the store.
A2 adjective, noun /ɡreɪ/

gray

Meaning
A color between black and white; also describes dull or gloomy situations.
Example
The sky turned gray before the storm.
A1 adjective (superlative) /ˈɡreɪ.tɪst/

greatest

Meaning
The highest degree of greatness; the most outstanding or important.
Example
He is considered one of the greatest leaders of all time.
B2 noun /ˈɡleɪʃər/

glacier

Meaning
a large mass of ice that moves slowly over land
Example
The glacier is slowly melting due to climate change.
C1 adjective /ˈɡæl.ənt/

gallant

Meaning
Brave, heroic, or chivalrous.
Example
The gallant firefighter saved the child from the burning building.
C2 noun /ɡriːn pəˈpaɪə/

Green Papaya

Meaning
unripe papaya fruit used as a vegetable in cooking, especially in Asian cuisine
Example
Green papaya salad is a popular dish in Thai cuisine.
B2 noun ˌɡloʊ.bəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

globalization

Meaning
The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
Example
Globalization has connected economies across the world.
B1 adverb /ˈɡreɪtli/

greatly

Meaning
to a large extent or degree; very much
Example
She was greatly admired by her students.
C1 noun /ɡæf/

gaffe

Meaning
An unintentional act or remark causing embarrassment; a blunder.
Example
The politician's gaffe quickly spread on social media.
C2 verb /ˈɡɑːrbəl/

garble

Meaning
To reproduce a message in a confused, distorted, or unclear way.
Example
The poor phone connection garbled his words.
C2 noun /ˌdʒiː.niˈæl.ə.ti/

geniality

Meaning
the quality of being friendly and cheerful
Example
His geniality made him popular among his colleagues.
C2 verb /ˈɡræn.jʊ.leɪt/

granulate

Meaning
To form or cause to form into grains or small particles.
Example
The sugar began to granulate as it cooled.
C2 noun /ɡaɪl/

guile

Meaning
Cleverness or cunning used to achieve a goal, often in a deceptive way
Example
He used guile to win the negotiation.
B1 noun /ˈdʒen.dər/

Gender

Meaning
either of the two sexes (male and female); the range of characteristics pertaining to masculinity and femininity
Example
The company promotes gender equality by ensuring equal opportunities for all employees.
C2 noun /ˌɡaɪnəˈkɒkrəsi/

gynecocracy

Meaning
a society or government ruled by women
Example
The ancient tribe was known for its gynecocracy, where women held all positions of power.
B2 verb, noun /ɡrɪn/

grin

Meaning
to smile broadly, often showing teeth
Example
She grinned happily at the good news.
C1 noun /ɡɔːrd/

Gourd

Meaning
a climbing plant with large fruits that have hard shells when dried
Example
The bottle gourd curry was delicious and nutritious.
B2 verb /ɡrænt/

grant

Meaning
to give or allow someone to have; to admit or agree
Example
The university granted him a scholarship.
B2 verb /ɡriːv/

grieve

Meaning
To feel or cause deep sorrow, especially due to someone's death.
Example
She continues to grieve the loss of her best friend.
C1 verb /ɡreɪt/

grate

Meaning
to shred food into small pieces using a grater; to irritate or annoy
Example
She grated the cheese for the pasta dish.
C1 noun ˈdʒen.ə.saɪd

genocide

Meaning
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
Example
The allegations of genocide raised global concerns.
C1 noun /dʒɛˈsteɪʃən/

gestation

Meaning
the process of carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and birth; the development of an idea or plan
Example
The gestation period of an elephant is nearly two years.
B2 noun /ˈɡeɪt.weɪ/

Gateway

Meaning
an entrance or opening that provides access to a place; a means of achieving a particular state or condition
Example
The ancient stone gateway served as the entrance to the magnificent palace.
C1 adjective /ɡroʊˈtɛsk/

grotesque

Meaning
comically or repulsively ugly or distorted
Example
The sculpture was so grotesque that it frightened the children.
B1 noun ɡreɪt wɔːl əv ˈtʃaɪ.nə

Great Wall of China

Meaning
A massive ancient fortification system in China, built to protect against invasions and considered one of the most famous landmarks in the world.
Example
The Great Wall of China is one of the most famous landmarks in the world.
B2 noun /ˈɡæl.ək.si/

Galaxy

Meaning
a system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction
Example
The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our solar system and Earth.
C1 verb /ˈɡlædən/

gladden

Meaning
to make someone happy or bring joy
Example
The news of her recovery gladdened everyone.
B2 adjective /ˈɡlɔːr.i.əs/

Glorious

Meaning
magnificent; famous; having great beauty or splendor
Example
The sunset was absolutely glorious.
C2 verb, noun /ˈɡoʊld.brɪk/

goldbrick

Meaning
to avoid work or duty; a person who shirks responsibility
Example
He was accused of goldbricking while the rest of the team worked hard.
C2 adjective /dʒɛnˈtiːl/

genteel

Meaning
Polite, refined, or respectable, often in an affected or exaggerated way
Example
She spoke in a genteel manner that impressed the guests.
B2 noun /ˈɡriːnhaʊs/

greenhouse

Meaning
a glass building used for growing plants, especially in cold climates
Example
The farmers built a large greenhouse to grow tomatoes in the winter.
C1 verb /ɡʌʃ/

gush

Meaning
to flow out suddenly and forcefully, or to express something enthusiastically
Example
Tears began to gush from her eyes.
C2 noun /ˈdʒɛntaɪl/

gentile

Meaning
A person who is not Jewish
Example
The synagogue welcomed both Jews and Gentiles.
B2 noun /ɡræm/

Gram

Meaning
chickpea; a leguminous plant and its edible seed
Example
She cooked gram curry for lunch today.
B1 noun /ˈɡɪvər/

giver

Meaning
a person who gives something
Example
She was always a generous giver to charity.