exploitative
All a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
All CEFR A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
Content locale
EN 英語 BN ベンガル語 HI ヒンディー語 ES スペイン語 FR フランス語 DE ドイツ語 RU ロシア語 ZH 中国語 JA 日本語
All Vocabulary Cards All Vocabularies
C1 adjective /ɪkˈsplɔɪtətɪv/

exploitative

搾取的な
Meaning
making use of a situation or people unfairly and unethically for one's own advantage
Example
The workers protested against the exploitative practices of the factory.
労働者たちは工場の搾取的な行動に抗議した。
C1 noun /dɪˈvaɪzər/

divisor

除数
Meaning
A number by which another number is divided.
Example
In the equation 12 ÷ 3, the number 3 is the divisor.
方程式12 ÷ 3では、数字3が除数です。
B2 noun /ˈkætəlɔːɡ/

catalog

カタログ
Meaning
a complete list of items, typically arranged systematically
Example
The library provides an online catalog of all available books.
図書館はすべての利用可能な本のオンラインカタログを提供しています。
C1 noun /ɪnˈdɪf.ər.əns/

Indifference

無関心; 無関心さ; アパシー
Meaning
lack of interest, concern, or sympathy; the state of not caring about something
Example
His indifference to his studies resulted in poor grades throughout the semester.
彼の学業に対する無関心さが、学期中ずっと悪い成績をもたらした。
C2 verb /ˈsʌli/

sully

汚す
Meaning
to damage the purity, integrity, or reputation of something
Example
The scandal sullied the politician’s reputation.
スキャンダルは政治家の評判を汚した。
B1 preposition /θruːˈaʊt/

throughout

通して
Meaning
in every part of a place or during the whole time of an event
Example
She worked throughout the night.
彼女は一晩中働き続けた。
C2 verb /səˈbɔːrn/

suborn

買収する
Meaning
to bribe or induce someone unlawfully to perform an act, especially to commit perjury
Example
The lawyer was accused of trying to suborn a witness.
弁護士は証人を買収しようとしたと非難された。
B1 noun /rɪsk/

Risk

リスク
Meaning
a situation involving exposure to danger; the possibility of something bad happening
Example
Taking this investment carries a high risk of losing money.
この投資には高いリスクが伴い、資金を失う可能性があります。
B2 noun /ˈpɛzənt/

peasant

農民
Meaning
a poor farmer or agricultural laborer who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation
Example
The peasant worked hard in the fields from dawn to dusk.
その農民は夜明けから日暮れまで畑で一生懸命働いていました。
C1 noun /fɔːrˈkloʊʒər/

foreclosure

差し押さえ
Meaning
The legal process by which a lender takes control of a property from a borrower who has failed to make payments.
Example
The family lost their home due to foreclosure after missing several mortgage payments.
その家族は複数回のモーゲージ支払いを逃したため、差し押さえで家を失いました。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtjuː.ɪ.tɪv/

intuitive

直感的
Meaning
Based on instinctive understanding rather than reasoning.
Example
The software has an intuitive design that makes it easy to use.
そのソフトウェアは直感的なデザインを持っており、使いやすいです。
C2 noun ˈvɜː.mɪ.kʌl.tʃər

vermiculture

バーミカルチャー
Meaning
The cultivation of earthworms, especially for use in composting organic waste.
Example
Vermiculture enriches soil with natural nutrients.
バーミカルチャーは土壌に自然な栄養素を提供します。
C2 verb /dɪˈnɒmɪˌneɪt/

denominate

命名する
Meaning
to give a name or designation to something
Example
The currency was denominated in dollars.
その通貨はドルで denominated されました。
B1 noun fəˈsɪl.ɪ.tiz

facilities

施設
Meaning
A place, amenity, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose.
Example
Facilities improve industrial productivity.
施設は産業の生産性を向上させます。
C1 adjective /ˈreɪ.si/

racy

刺激的
Meaning
Lively, entertaining, or slightly shocking (especially in a sexual way).
Example
The novel was full of racy dialogues.
その小説は刺激的な対話で満ちていた。
C1 adjective /frəˈnɛtɪk/

frenetic

狂乱の
Meaning
Fast and energetic in a wild or uncontrolled way.
Example
The stock market experienced frenetic trading after the announcement.
発表後、株式市場は狂乱の取引を経験しました。
C2 adjective /ˈbiːstiəl/

bestial

獣のような
Meaning
Relating to beasts; showing savagery, brutality, or lacking human sensibility.
Example
The prisoners were treated in a bestial manner.
囚人たちは獣のような扱いを受けた。
C1 adjective /ˈflaʊəri/

flowery

花のような / 飾られた
Meaning
Full of flowers or overly elaborate in style or language.
Example
She wrote a flowery letter filled with poetic phrases.
彼女は詩的なフレーズで満たされた花のような手紙を書いた。
B2 verb /ˈkærəktəraɪz/

characterize

Meaning
to describe or portray the distinctive features or qualities of someone or something
Example
The author characterizes the hero as brave and selfless.
A2 noun /ˈkʌpəl/

couple

カップル
Meaning
two people or things considered together; a pair
Example
They make a lovely couple and have been married for five years.
彼らは素敵なカップルで、5年間結婚しています。
B2 noun /ˈkwɔːtərˌbæk/

quarterback

クォーターバック
Meaning
the player who directs a team’s offense in American football
Example
The quarterback threw a perfect pass.
クォーターバックは完璧なパスを投げました。
C1 noun /ˌtæm.bəˈriːn/

Tambourine

タンバリン
Meaning
a small drum with metal discs around the edge that jingle when shaken or hit
Example
She shook the tambourine to the rhythm of the music.
彼女は音楽のリズムに合わせてタンバリンを振った。
B2 verb /əˈpoʊz/

oppose

反対する
Meaning
to disagree with or resist; to act against
Example
Many citizens oppose the new tax policy.
多くの市民が新しい税制政策に反対しています。
C2 adjective /ˌfæntæzməˈɡɒrɪkəl/

phantasmagorical

幻想的な
Meaning
Having a fantastic, dreamlike, or surreal appearance, often shifting or illusory.
Example
The movie created a phantasmagorical vision of another world.
映画はもう一つの世界の幻想的なビジョンを作り出しました。
C2 noun /ˈæpəˌθɛm/

apothegm

格言, 名言
Meaning
A short, witty, and instructive saying or maxim.
Example
His speech was filled with apothegms about life and success.
彼のスピーチは人生と成功に関する格言でいっぱいでした。
A2 noun /hoʊl/

Hole

穴; 穴ぼこ;
Meaning
a hollow place in a solid body or surface; an opening through something
Example
The dog dug a deep hole in the backyard to bury its favorite bone.
犬は裏庭に深い穴を掘って、お気に入りの骨を埋めました。
B1 adjective /ˈaʊtər/

outer

外部
Meaning
situated on or toward the outside; external
Example
The outer layer of the jacket is waterproof.
ジャケットの外側の層は防水です。
B1 noun /ˈjuːs.fəl.nəs/

Usefulness

有用性
Meaning
the quality of being useful; practical value or helpfulness
Example
The usefulness of this tool became apparent during the project.
このツールの有用性はプロジェクト中に明らかになりました。
A2 noun /ˈpɪloʊ/

Pillow

枕
Meaning
a soft cushion used to support the head while sleeping
Example
She rested her head on the soft pillow.
彼女は柔らかい枕の上に頭を置きました。
B1 verb /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/

engage

関わる
Meaning
To participate or become involved in; to attract or hold attention.
Example
The teacher tried to engage the students in the discussion.
教師は学生たちを討論に参加させようとしました。
A2 verb /pæs/

pass

Meaning
to move past or beyond something
Example
He passed the test with flying colors.
A2 adverb /ˈiːkwəli/

equally

平等に
Meaning
in an equal or fair way; to the same degree
Example
The prize money was equally divided among the winners.
賞金は受賞者の間で平等に分けられました。
A2 noun əˈlɪm.pɪk ɡeɪmz

Olympic Games

オリンピック競技大会
Meaning
The world's largest international sports competition held every four years, bringing together athletes from different countries to compete in various sports.
Example
The Olympic Games bring together the world's top athletes.
オリンピック競技大会は世界のトップアスリートを集めます。
A1 adverb /nɒt/

not

いいえ
Meaning
used to make a word or phrase negative
Example
I do not like spicy food.
私は辛い食べ物が好きではありません。
C1 verb /ɡloʊt/

gloat

自慢する
Meaning
To take pleasure in someone else's misfortune or to show smug satisfaction.
Example
He couldn't help but gloat over his rival's failure.
彼はライバルの失敗を自慢することをやめられなかった。
C2 noun /ˈlætɪs/

lattice

格子構造
Meaning
A structure of crossed strips arranged in a grid or crisscross pattern.
Example
The garden was decorated with a wooden lattice covered in vines.
庭は、蔦で覆われた木製の格子構造で飾られていました。
B1 noun ˈbreɪvəri

bravery

勇気
Meaning
Courageous behavior or character; the quality of being brave.
Example
The bravery of our soldiers is unforgettable.
私たちの兵士たちの勇気は忘れがたいものです。
B2 verb /ˈmɑːdɪfaɪ/

modify

変更する
Meaning
to change or alter something; to make partial changes
Example
We need to modify the plan to include more details.
計画を変更して、詳細を追加する必要があります。
C2 noun /ˈlɪniəmənt/

lineament

特徴
Meaning
A distinctive feature or characteristic, especially of the face.
Example
Her delicate lineaments revealed her noble birth.
彼女の繊細な特徴は彼女の高貴な誕生を明らかにしました。
B1 adjective /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/

significant

重要な
Meaning
Sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy.
Example
Social media has a significant impact on relationships.
ソーシャルメディアは人間関係に重要な影響を与えています。
C2 verb /əˈleɪ/

allay

和らげる
Meaning
to reduce the intensity of fear, worry, or pain; to calm
Example
The teacher tried to allay the students’ fears before the exam.
教師は試験前に生徒たちの恐怖を和らげようとしました。
A1 noun /keɪk/

Cake

ケーキ
Meaning
a sweet baked dessert made from flour, sugar, and other ingredients
Example
They ordered a chocolate cake for the birthday party.
彼らは誕生日パーティーのためにチョコレートケーキを注文しました。
C2 verb /ˈblʌstər/

bluster

大声で自慢する
Meaning
to speak loudly in an aggressive or threatening way, often without real power
Example
The manager blustered about firing people but did nothing.
マネージャーは人を解雇すると大声で言ったが、何もしなかった。
B1 adjective /ʌnˈwɒn.tɪd/

Unwanted

望まれない
Meaning
not desired or welcome; not wanted
Example
He felt like an unwanted guest at the meeting.
彼は会議で望まれない客のように感じた。
A1 noun /mɑːrtʃ/

March

行進
Meaning
An act of walking in a regular measured tread; a protest demonstration
Example
The soldiers performed a ceremonial march in front of the palace.
兵士たちは宮殿の前で式典的な行進を行いました。
B1 noun /kənˈteɪ.nər/

container

コンテナ
Meaning
A receptacle or box used for storage or transportation.
Example
Containers are essential for logistics.
コンテナは物流に不可欠です。
B1 verb /rɪˈviːl/

reveal

明らかにする
Meaning
to make known or show something that was hidden
Example
The investigation revealed the truth.
調査は真実を明らかにした。
B1 adverb /ˈdaʊnwədz/

Downwards

下向き
Meaning
towards a lower place or position; in a downward direction
Example
The ball rolled downwards along the slope.
ボールは坂を下向きに転がった。
C2 verb /əˈɡriːv/

aggrieve

傷つける
Meaning
to cause distress or make someone feel resentful
Example
She felt aggrieved by the unfair decision.
彼女は不公平な決定に心を痛めていた。
C2 verb /ˈɡʌzəl/

guzzle

がぶ飲みする
Meaning
to drink greedily or excessively
Example
He guzzled three cans of soda in a few minutes.
彼は数分で3缶のソーダを飲み干した。
C2 noun /skʌlˈdʌɡəri/

skulduggery

不正行為
Meaning
underhanded or dishonest behavior
Example
The politician was accused of financial skulduggery.
その政治家は金融詐欺で告発された。
B2 noun /ˈspəʊkswɪmən/

spokeswoman

広報女性
Meaning
a woman who speaks on behalf of a group or organization
Example
The spokeswoman for the company announced the new product.
その会社の広報女性は新製品を発表した。
C1 verb /daɪˈvɛst/

divest

Meaning
to strip away possessions, rights, or assets; to rid oneself of
Example
The company decided to divest its unprofitable division.
C2 verb /bɪˈtəʊkən/

betoken

示唆する
Meaning
to be a sign or indication of something
Example
Dark clouds betoken an approaching storm.
暗い雲は迫り来る嵐を示唆している。
C2 noun /ˌlɪk.wəˈfeɪ.ʃənt/

liquefacient

液体化剤
Meaning
a substance that causes something to become liquid
Example
The chemist explained how the liquefacient worked in the experiment.
化学者は、実験で液体化剤がどのように機能するかを説明しました。
B2 verb /ɪmˈbɛd/

embed

埋め込む
Meaning
to fix something firmly into a surrounding mass or context
Example
The journalist was embedded with the military unit.
ジャーナリストは軍事ユニットに埋め込まれていた。
B2 adjective /ˌʌndɪˈzaɪərəbl/

Undesirable

望ましくない; 有害な; 不快な
Meaning
not wanted or wished for; harmful or unpleasant
Example
The new policy had several undesirable consequences.
新しい政策は幾つか望ましくない結果を招いた。
A1 noun /ˈwiːkˌɛnd/

weekend

週末
Meaning
the end of the week, typically regarded as Saturday and Sunday
Example
They are planning a trip for the weekend.
彼らは週末に旅行の計画を立てています。
B2 verb /kənˈfrʌnt/

confront

立ち向かう
Meaning
to face someone or something directly, especially in a challenge or conflict
Example
She had to confront her fears before making the speech.
彼女はスピーチをする前に恐怖と向き合わなければならなかった。
C2 adjective /ˈdɛsɪkeɪtɪd/

desiccated

乾燥した
Meaning
completely dried, having had all moisture removed
Example
The museum displayed desiccated specimens of plants.
博物館は乾燥した植物標本を展示した。
A2 verb /teɪk ɒf/

take off

離陸する; 取り除く
Meaning
to remove something; to leave the ground and begin flying (airplane); to suddenly become successful or popular
Example
The airplane will take off in ten minutes.
飛行機は10分後に離陸します。
C1 adjective ˌkwɪn.tɪˈsen.ʃəl

quintessential

典型的または最も完璧な例
Meaning
representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class.
Example
The artist's work is the quintessential example of modernism.
アーティストの作品はモダニズムの典型的な例です。
B1 adverb /ˈlɪtərəli/

literally

文字通り
Meaning
in a literal manner or sense; exactly
Example
He was literally running for three hours without stopping.
彼は文字通り3時間休まずに走り続けていた。
C2 noun /fɪˈlɒl.ə.dʒi/

philology

書かれた歴史的な資料における言語の研究; 言語学
Meaning
the study of language in written historical sources; linguistics
Example
She devoted her career to philology, researching ancient manuscripts.
彼女はフィロロジーに自分のキャリアを捧げ、古代の写本を研究していました。
C1 noun /ˈiː.zi tʃeər/

Easy-chair

リクライニングチェア
Meaning
a comfortable chair with arms and a back that reclines
Example
He relaxed in his favorite easy-chair after work.
彼は仕事の後、お気に入りのイージーチェアでくつろいだ。
C2 noun /ˈheɪ.deɪ/

Hey day

絶頂期; 黄金時代; ピーク時
Meaning
the period of a person's or thing's greatest success, popularity, or vigor; prime time
Example
During her heyday as a singer, she performed in sold-out concerts around the world.
歌手としての絶頂期に、彼女は世界中で完売したコンサートに出演していました。
C1 noun /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/

hypothesis

Meaning
a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
Example
The scientist tested her hypothesis through multiple experiments.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.səˌbɔːr.dɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

insubordination

反抗
Meaning
Defiance of authority; refusal to obey orders.
Example
The soldier was punished for insubordination during the mission.
その兵士はミッション中の反抗で罰せられました。
B2 noun ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃənz

revolutions

革命
Meaning
Dramatic and wide-reaching changes in political, social, or economic systems, often involving the overthrow of a government or social order.
Example
Revolutions often lead to significant societal changes.
革命はしばしば社会的な変革をもたらす。
C2 noun /ˈrɛlɪkwɛri/

reliquary

聖遺物を保管する容器
Meaning
a container for holy relics
Example
The ancient reliquary was decorated with gold and precious stones.
古代のレリクエアリは金と貴重な石で飾られていました。
C2 adjective /ˌluː.mɪˈnɛs.ənt/

luminescent

発光する
Meaning
Emitting light without heat, glowing softly.
Example
The luminescent watch dial was visible in the dark.
その発光する時計のダイヤルは暗闇の中で見えました。
B1 adjective /ˈvaɪə.lənt/

Violent

暴力的な; 攻撃的な
Meaning
using or involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill; very forceful or powerful
Example
The violent storm caused significant damage to the coastal areas.
暴力的な嵐は沿岸地域に重大な損害を与えました。
C1 noun /mɑːrʃ/

Marsh

湿地
Meaning
An area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons or at high tide
Example
The endangered birds built their nests in the protected marsh.
絶滅危惧種の鳥は保護された湿地に巣を作った。
B2 noun /ˈet.ɪ.kət/

Etiquette

エチケット
Meaning
the customary code of polite behavior in society or among members of a particular profession
Example
Proper etiquette requires standing when a lady enters the room.
適切なエチケットは、女性が部屋に入るときに立ち上がることを求めます。
A2 adjective /ˈsuːpər/

super

スーパー
Meaning
excellent; very good
Example
She did a super job on the project.
彼女はプロジェクトで素晴らしい仕事をしました。
B2 noun /kənˌtɪn.juˈeɪ.ʃən/

continuation

継続
Meaning
the action of carrying something on over time; extension
Example
The continuation of the series was announced after the finale.
シリーズの継続は最終回後に発表されました。
B2 adjective /ˌærəˈmætɪk/

aromatic

香り高い
Meaning
Having a pleasant and distinctive smell.
Example
The chef used aromatic herbs to flavor the dish.
シェフは料理の味を引き立てるために香り高いハーブを使いました。
C2 adjective /dʒɪˈdʒuːn/

jejune

未熟 / 表面的 / 退屈
Meaning
Naive, simplistic, and superficial; also dull or uninteresting.
Example
The professor dismissed the essay as jejune and lacking depth.
教授はそのエッセイを未熟で深みがないとして却下した。
B2 adverb /kənˈsɪstəntli/

consistently

一貫して
Meaning
in a way that does not vary; regularly and dependably
Example
She has been performing consistently well in her studies.
彼女は学業で一貫して良い成績を収めています。
C1 verb /məˈlɛst/

molest

嫌がらせ / 性的虐待
Meaning
to assault or abuse someone, especially in a sexual or physical way
Example
The criminal was arrested for attempting to molest a child.
犯罪者は子供を誘惑しようとしたため逮捕されました。
C2 noun /ˈkɒntrəriz/

contraries

対立する物事
Meaning
things that are completely different or opposite to each other
Example
Freedom and slavery are contraries in every sense.
自由と奴隷制度はすべての点で対立しています。
B1 adjective /ˈtʃɪli/

chilly

寒い
Meaning
uncomfortably or unpleasantly cold
Example
It was a chilly morning in December.
12月の寒い朝でした。
C1 noun /ˈsɛtərə/

cetera

等々
Meaning
Latin for 'the rest' or 'others'; commonly used in the phrase 'et cetera' meaning 'and so on'.
Example
We need to buy pens, paper, notebooks, et cetera.
ペン、紙、ノートなどを買わなければなりません。
A2 adverb /ˈriː.sənt.li/

Recently

最近
Meaning
in the recent past; not long ago
Example
I recently moved to a new apartment.
私は最近新しいアパートに引っ越しました。
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɒs.tər/

Impostor

詐欺師; 偽者
Meaning
a person who pretends to be someone else in order to deceive others; a fraud
Example
The impostor convinced everyone he was a doctor until his fake credentials were discovered.
詐欺師は医者だとみんなを納得させましたが、彼の偽の資格が発覚するまでそれが続きました。
C1 noun, adjective /ˈpɑːrtɪzən/

partisan

党派の支持者
Meaning
A strong supporter of a party, cause, or person; showing biased allegiance.
Example
The debate quickly turned partisan, with each side defending their own agenda.
議論はすぐに党派的になり、各側は自分のアジェンダを擁護しました。
B1 noun /taɪl/

tile

タイル
Meaning
a flat piece of baked clay or other material used for covering roofs, floors, or walls
Example
The kitchen floor is covered with ceramic tiles.
キッチンの床はセラミックタイルで覆われています。
C2 adjective /ˌoʊpəˈlɛsənt/

opalescent

オパール色の
Meaning
showing or reflecting a milky, iridescent light like an opal
Example
The opalescent sky glowed with shades of pink and blue.
オパレッセントな空はピンクと青の色合いで輝いていた。
A2 verb /kɪl/

kill

殺す
Meaning
to cause the death of; to end life
Example
The hunter killed the deer.
ハンターは鹿を殺した。
B2 noun /ʌnˈkaɪndnəs/

unkindness

不親切
Meaning
lack of kindness; cruel or inconsiderate behavior
Example
His unkindness hurt her feelings deeply.
彼の不親切は彼女の気持ちを深く傷つけた。
B2 verb /ˈsʌmən/

summon

Meaning
To order someone to come or to gather courage or strength.
Example
The king summoned his advisors to the court.
A1 adjective /ˈlɪtl/

little

小さい
Meaning
Small in size, amount, or degree.
Example
He drank a little water before going to bed.
彼は寝る前に少し水を飲んだ。
B2 noun /ɪnˈtɛnsəti/

intensity

強度
Meaning
The quality of being extreme, strong, or forceful in degree.
Example
The intensity of the storm frightened the villagers.
嵐の強度は村人たちを驚かせた。
C2 verb /trænˈspoʊz/

transpose

転置する
Meaning
to change the order or position of something
Example
The editor transposed two paragraphs in the article.
編集者は記事で二つの段落を転置しました。
B2 noun /dɪˈvoʊ.ʃən/

Devotion

献身; 忠誠; 熱意
Meaning
love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person, activity, or cause
Example
Her devotion to helping others made her a beloved figure in the community.
他人を助けることへの献身が、彼女をコミュニティで愛される存在にしました。
C1 adjective ɪnˈdʒiː.ni.əs

ingenious

独創的
Meaning
Showing inventiveness and skill; clever, original, and inventive.
Example
His ingenious ideas transformed modern physics.
彼の独創的なアイデアは現代物理学を変えました。
C1 adjective /ˈtɛlˌteɪl/

telltale

明白な
Meaning
Revealing something that is usually hidden; giving away a secret or clue.
Example
The telltale signs of fatigue were visible on his face.
疲労の明白な兆候が彼の顔に現れていた。
B2 noun /sneɪl/

Snail

カタツムリ
Meaning
a small soft creature with a shell on its back that moves very slowly
Example
The snail left a shiny trail as it crawled across the leaf.
カタツムリは葉っぱを這っている間に輝く跡を残しました。
B1 noun /foʊk/

folk

人々
Meaning
people in general, often referring to a group or community
Example
Country folk often live a simple life.
田舎の人々はよくシンプルな生活をしています。
C2 noun /ˈkæθoʊd/

cathode

陰極
Meaning
The negative electrode in a device such as a battery or tube, where electrons enter.
Example
The cathode emits electrons in the tube.
カソードはチューブ内で電子を放出します。
B1 noun /ˈrezɪdənt/

Resident

住民
Meaning
a person who lives somewhere permanently or on a long-term basis; living in a particular place
Example
She has been a resident of this city for over ten years.
彼女はこの都市の住民で、10年以上住んでいます。
B2 adjective /dæmp/

damp

湿った
Meaning
slightly wet, often in an unpleasant way
Example
The room felt cold and damp after the rain.
雨の後、部屋は冷たくて湿っていると感じました。
A1 noun /tʃiːz/

Cheese

チーズ
Meaning
a food made from the pressed curds of milk; used for photography to make people smile
Example
She added grated cheese to the pasta for extra flavor.
彼女はパスタに追加の風味を加えるために細かくおろしたチーズを加えました。
B2 noun /ˌɔː.θɛnˈtɪs.ə.ti/

authenticity

真正性
Meaning
The quality of being authentic; genuineness or truthfulness.
Example
The authenticity of the document was verified.
文書の真正性が確認されました。
A1 noun ˈstjuː.dənt

student

学生
Meaning
A person who is studying at a school or university.
Example
Students participated actively in the protests.
学生たちは抗議活動に積極的に参加しました。
C2 adjective /ˈmɔːkɪʃ/

mawkish

過度に感傷的
Meaning
excessively sentimental, often to the point of being sickly
Example
The movie was criticized for its mawkish sentimentality.
その映画は過度に感傷的だとして批判されました。
C1 adjective /prɪˈzʌmp.tʃu.əs/

presumptuous

生意気な
Meaning
Overconfident, rude, or taking liberties without permission.
Example
It was presumptuous of him to make that decision without consulting others.
他が他の人と相談せずにその決定を下したのは生意気だった。
B2 adjective /ɪnˈkluːsɪv/

inclusive

包括的
Meaning
Including all the services, facilities, or items normally expected or required; not excluding any section of society or any party involved.
Example
Inclusive growth benefits all sections of society.
包括的な成長は、社会のすべての層に利益をもたらします。
B1 adjective /ˈsoʊ kɔːld/

so-called

Meaning
referred to as or known by a particular name or title, often misleadingly
Example
The so-called expert couldn't answer the question.
C1 verb /ˈɛkskəˌveɪt/

excavate

幸せ
Meaning
to dig out or remove earth carefully, often for building or archaeological purposes
Example
The workers excavated the site to prepare for construction.
彼女は賞を受け取ったとき、自分の幸せを隠すことができませんでした。
C2 adjective /rɪˈdaʊ.tə.bəl/

redoubtable

恐ろしい/尊敬すべき
Meaning
formidable, especially as an opponent; inspiring fear or respect
Example
She was a redoubtable leader who commanded respect from all.
彼女は全員から尊敬を集める恐ろしいリーダーだった。
C2 verb /ˌdɒmɪˈnɪə/

domineer

支配する
Meaning
to assert one's will over another in an arrogant way
Example
He tends to domineer over his younger colleagues.
彼は若い同僚に対して支配的な態度を取ることが多い。
C2 noun /pɪˈlɑːf/

Pillaw

ピラフ
Meaning
a dish of rice cooked in seasoned broth, often with meat and vegetables
Example
We enjoyed a delicious chicken pillaw for dinner.
私たちは夕食に美味しいチキンピラフを楽しみました。
B2 noun /məˈtʃʊrəti/

Maturity

成熟
Meaning
The state of being mature; full development physically or emotionally
Example
With age comes wisdom and emotional maturity.
年齢とともに知恵と感情的成熟が訪れる。
B2 noun /ˈprɛfəs/

preface

序文
Meaning
an introduction to a book, speech, or other written work
Example
The author explained his motivation in the preface.
著者は序文で自分の動機を説明しました。
C2 verb /bɪˈfɪt/

befit

ふさわしい
Meaning
to be suitable for; to be appropriate to
Example
Formal attire befits the seriousness of the occasion.
フォーマルな服装はその場の厳粛さにふさわしい。
C1 noun /ˈlaɪbəl/

libel

名誉毀損
Meaning
a published false statement that damages a person's reputation
Example
The newspaper was sued for libel after publishing false claims.
新聞は虚偽の主張を掲載した後、名誉毀損で訴えられました。
C1 adverb spɒnˈteɪnɪəsli

spontaneously

自発的に
Meaning
In a spontaneous way; naturally and without planning or external cause.
Example
Children learn spontaneously through peer interactions.
子供たちは仲間とのやり取りを通じて自然に学びます。
A2 noun /ˈsɪɡəˌrɛt/

cigarette

タバコ
Meaning
a small roll of finely cut tobacco wrapped in paper for smoking
Example
He lit a cigarette after dinner.
彼は夕食後にタバコを吸った。
A1 adverb /ˈmeɪbi/

maybe

たぶん
Meaning
used to express possibility or uncertainty
Example
Maybe we will go to the park tomorrow.
たぶん明日公園に行くでしょう。
C2 noun /tʃɜːrl/

churl

Meaning
A rude, boorish, or ill-mannered person.
Example
The waiter was such a churl that customers left unhappy.