Vocabulaires

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adjective C1
/ˈtʃɪə.ləs/
憂鬱な; 陰気な; 悲しい; 喜びのない (yuutsuna; ingina; kanashii; yorokobi no nai)

lacking happiness or comfort; gloomy; depressing; without cheer

"The old house looked cheerless and abandoned in the winter rain."

"古い家は冬の雨の中で寂しげで放置されているように見えました。" (Furui ie wa fuyu no ame no naka de sabishige de houchi sareteiru you ni miemashita.)
Chemise definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ʃəˈmiːz/
シェミーズ (shimizu)

a woman's loose-fitting undergarment or dress hanging straight from the shoulders

"The vintage chemise was made of delicate lace and silk."

"ヴィンテージのシェミーズは、繊細なレースとシルクで作られていました。" (Vintēji no shimizu wa, sensaina rēsu to shiruku de tsukurarete imashita.)
chequered definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
adjective C1
/ˈtʃɛkərd/
チェッカード (chekkādo)

Having a pattern of squares, or marked by varied and contrasting experiences or periods.

"He had a chequered career with both great successes and failures."

"彼は大きな成功と失敗を経験したチェッカードなキャリアを持っていた。" (Kare wa ōkina seikō to shippai o keiken shita chekādo na kyaria o motte ita.)
chide definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
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chide

verb C1
/tʃaɪd/

To scold or rebuke someone mildly.

"The teacher chided the students for being late."

China-ware definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˈtʃaɪ.nə.weər/
チャイナウェア (chaina wea)

dishes, plates, cups, and other tableware made of porcelain or fine ceramic

"The expensive china-ware was displayed in the cabinet."

"高価なチャイナウェアはキャビネットに展示されていました。" (Kōka na chaina wea wa kyabinetto ni tenji sarete imashita.)
Chisel definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun, verb C1
/ˈtʃɪzəl/
彫刻刀 (choukokutou)

A tool with a sharp edge used for cutting or shaping hard materials; or to cut or carve with such a tool.

"The sculptor chiseled the marble into a beautiful statue."

"彫刻家は大理石を美しい彫像に彫りました。" (Choukokusha wa daireki wo utsukushī chōzō ni horimashita.)
Chit definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/tʃɪt/
メモ、控え (memo, hikae)

a short note, typically a brief informal letter; a voucher for a sum owed

"She left a chit on the table asking him to call her back."

"彼女はテーブルにチットを置いて、彼に戻って電話するように頼んだ。" (Kanojo wa tēburu ni chitto o oite, kare ni modotte denwa suru yō ni tanonda.)
chivalrous definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
adjective C1
/ˈʃɪvəlrəs/
騎士道精神 (kishidō seishin)

Behaving in a courteous, gallant, and honorable way, especially toward women.

"He was chivalrous, always opening doors for others."

"彼は騎士道精神を持っており、常に他の人のためにドアを開けていました。" (Kare wa kishidō seishin o motte ori, jōni hoka no hito no tame ni doa o akete imashita.)
chivalry definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˈʃɪvəlri/
騎士道 (kishidou)

The medieval knightly system with its moral, social, and religious code; courteous behavior, especially toward women.

"The knight lived by the code of chivalry."

"騎士は騎士道の規範に従って生きていました。" (Kishi wa kishidō no kihon ni shitagatte ikite imashita.)
noun C1
/ˈkɒlərə/

An infectious disease of the small intestine causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.

"The village suffered an outbreak of cholera after the flood."

choral definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
adjective C1
/ˈkɔːrəl/
合唱に関連する (gasshou ni kanren suru)

Relating to, written for, or performed by a choir or chorus.

"The church hosted a choral performance on Sunday."

"教会は日曜日に合唱のパフォーマンスを開催しました。" (Kyoukai wa nichiyoubi ni gasshou no pafōmansu o kaisai shimashita.)
choreography definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˌkɔːriˈɒɡrəfi/
振付 (furiwake)

The art of designing and arranging dances and movements.

"The choreography of the ballet was breathtaking."

"バレエの振付は息を呑むほど素晴らしかった。" (Barei no furiwake wa iki o nomu hodo subarashikatta.)
christen definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
verb C1
/ˈkrɪsən/
洗礼名を付ける (senrei-mei o tsukeru)

to give a name to someone at baptism or to name something officially

"They christened the ship after the queen."

"彼らは船に女王の名前を付けました。" (Karera wa funa ni joō no namae o tsukemashita.)
chronicle definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun, verb C1
/ˈkrɒnɪkəl/
年代記 (nendaki)

A factual written account of important events in order of time; to record such events.

"The journalist chronicled the events of the war."

"ジャーナリストは戦争の出来事を記録しました。" (Jānarisuto wa sensō no dekigoto o kiroku shimashita.)
chronology definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/krəˈnɒlədʒi/

The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence.

"The chronology of the dynasty was carefully studied by historians."

Chuckle definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
verb C1
/ˈtʃʌkəl/
静かに笑う (shizukani warau)

To laugh quietly or to oneself.

"She chuckled at the joke her friend told."

"彼女は友達の冗談に静かに笑った。" (Kanojo wa tomodachi no joudan ni shizukani waratta.)
cipher definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˈsaɪfər/

A secret or disguised way of writing; a code.

"The spy sent a message written in cipher."

circadian rhythm definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
sɜːrˈkeɪdiən ˈrɪðəm
サーカディアンリズム (saakadeian rizumu)

The body's natural sleep-wake cycle that occurs within 24 hours

"Exposure to natural light regulates the circadian rhythm."

"自然光への暴露はサーカディアンリズムを調整します。" (Shizenkou e no bakuro wa saakadeian rizumu o chousei shimasu.)
circumvent definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
verb C1
/ˌsɜːrkəmˈvent/
回避する (kaihi suru)

to find a way around an obstacle; to avoid a rule or problem cleverly

"The company found a way to circumvent the new tax laws."

"その会社は新しい税法を回避する方法を見つけました。" (Sono kaisha wa atarashii zeihou wo kaihi suru houhou wo mitsukemashita.)
cistern definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˈsɪstərn/
貯水槽 (chosuisou)

A tank or container for storing water, usually for household use.

"The old house still had a cistern to collect rainwater."

"古い家にはまだ雨水を集めるための貯水槽がありました。" (Furui ie ni wa mada amemizu o atsumeru tame no chosuisou ga arimashita.)
citadel definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˈsɪtəˌdɛl/
要塞 (yōsai)

A fortress protecting or dominating a city.

"The ancient citadel stood guard over the town for centuries."

"古代の要塞は何世代にもわたり町を守っていた。" (Kodai no yōsai wa nan-sedai ni mo watari machi o mamotte ita.)
noun C1
/saɪˈteɪʃən/
引用 (in'yō)

a quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author

"The research paper included a citation from Shakespeare."

"研究論文にはシェイクスピアからの引用が含まれていました。" (Kenkyū ronbun ni wa Sheikusupia kara no in'yō ga fukumarete imashita.)
Citric Acid definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˈsɪtrɪk ˈæsɪd/
クエン酸 (kuensan)

a natural acid found in citrus fruits, used as a food preservative and flavoring agent

"Add a pinch of citric acid to preserve the color of the fruit jam."

"果物ジャムの色を保つためにクエン酸をひとつまみ加えてください。" (Kudamono jamu no iro o tamotsu tame ni kuensan o hitotsumami kuwaete kudasai.)
civics definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˈsɪvɪks/
公民 (koumin)

the study of the rights and duties of citizens and how government works

"Civics helps students understand their responsibilities as citizens."

"公民は市民としての責任を理解するのに役立つ。" (koumin wa shimin to shite no sekinin o rikai suru no ni yakudatsu)
civility definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/səˈvɪləti/
礼儀 (reigi)

Polite and courteous behavior.

"He treated his opponent with civility despite their differences."

"彼は彼の対戦相手に対して礼儀を持って接した、彼らの違いにもかかわらず。" (Kare wa kare no taisen aite ni taishite reigi o motte sesshita, karera no chigai ni mo kakawarazu.)
civilize definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
verb C1
/ˈsɪvɪlaɪz/
文明化する (bunmeika suru)

to bring a society or group to a more developed, organized, or socially acceptable state; to educate and refine behavior

"Education can help civilize communities by promoting shared values and respect."

"教育は共有された価値観と尊重を促進することで、地域社会を文明化する助けになります。" (Kyoiku wa kyoyu sareta kachikan to soncho o sokushin suru koto de, chiiki shakai o bunmeika suru tasuke ni narimasu)
adjective C1
/klæd/
服を着た / 覆われた (fuku o kita / owareta)

dressed or covered in a particular way

"The knight was clad in shining armor."

"騎士は輝く鎧を着ていた。" (Kishi wa kagayaku yoroi o kite ita.)
noun C1
/ˈkleɪmənt/
請求者 (seikyū-sha)

a person who makes a claim, especially in a legal or financial context

"The claimant filed for compensation after the accident."

"事故後、請求者は補償を申し立てました。" (Jiko go, seikyū-sha wa hoshō o mōshitatemashita.)
clamber definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
verb C1
/ˈklæmbər/
力を入れて登る (chikara o irete noboru)

to climb with effort or difficulty, often using both hands and feet

"The children clambered over the rocks to reach the cave."

"子供たちは洞窟に到達するために岩を登った。" (Kodomotachi wa dōkutsu ni tōtatsu suru tame ni iwa o nobotta.)
clamor definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˈklæmər/
騒音 (souon)

a loud and confused noise, especially of people shouting insistently

"The clamor of the protesting crowd filled the square."

"抗議する群衆の騒音が広場を埋め尽くした。" (Kougi suru gunshuu no souon ga hiroba wo umetsukushita.)
clan definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
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clan (クラン)

noun C1
/klæn/
一族 (ichizoku)

a large family group or a close-knit community with shared interests or ancestry

"The entire clan gathered to celebrate the festival."

"一族全員が祭りを祝うために集まりました。" (Ichizoku zen'in ga matsuri o iwau tame ni atsumarimashita.)
clandestine definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
adjective C1
/klænˈdɛstaɪn/

kept secret or done secretly, especially for illicit purposes

"They held a clandestine meeting late at night."

clasp definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
verb C1
/klæsp/
握る / 留め金 (nigiru / tomegane)

to grasp or hold tightly; also a device for fastening

"She clasped her hands together in prayer."

"彼女は祈りの中で手を合わせた。" (Kanojo wa inori no naka de te o awaseta.)
claustrophobia definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˌklɔːstrəˈfəʊbiə/

an extreme or irrational fear of being in confined spaces

"He avoids elevators because of his claustrophobia."

cleave definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
verb C1
/kliːv/
切り裂く / くっつく (kirisaku / kuttsuku)

to split or cut apart forcefully; to cling or adhere closely

"The axe can cleave the wood in two."

"斧は木を2つに切り裂くことができます。" (Ono wa ki o futatsu ni kirisaku koto ga dekimasu.)
Cleaver definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˈkliː.vər/
大きな包丁 (ookina hōchō)

a heavy knife with a broad blade used for chopping meat or vegetables

"The chef used a cleaver to chop the chicken bones."

"シェフはチキンの骨を切るために大きな包丁を使いました。" (Shefu wa chikin no hone o kiru tame ni ōkina hōchō o tsukaimashita.)
noun/adjective C1
/klɛft/
ひび (hibi)

a split or crack; a space or opening made by cleavage

"The goat disappeared into a cleft in the rocks."

"ヤギは岩のひびに消えました。" (Yagi wa iwa no hibi ni kiemashita.)
noun C1
/ˈklɛmənsi/
寛容 (kanyou)

mercy, leniency, or forgiveness shown towards someone

"The judge showed clemency and reduced his sentence."

"裁判官は寛容を示し、彼の判決を軽減しました。" (Saibankan wa kanyou o shimeshi, kare no hanketsu o keigen shimashita.)
cliche definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/kliːˈʃeɪ/
決まり文句 (kimarimonku)

An overused expression or idea that has lost its originality or impact.

"The speech was filled with old clichés that failed to inspire the audience."

"そのスピーチは古い決まり文句でいっぱいで、聴衆を感動させることができませんでした。" (Sono supīchi wa furui kimarimonku de ippai de, chōshū o kandō saseru koto ga dekimasen deshita.)
clientele definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˌklaɪənˈtɛl/
顧客層 (kokyakusou)

The group of customers who regularly patronize a business or service.

"The restaurant attracts an upscale clientele."

"そのレストランは上級の顧客層を引き付けている。" (Sono resutoran wa joukyuu no kokyakusou o hikitsukete iru.)
climactic definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
adjective C1
/klaɪˈmæktɪk/
クライマティック (kuraimatikku)

Relating to the most exciting or important moment of something.

"The film ended with a climactic battle scene."

"映画はクライマティックな戦闘シーンで終わった。" (Eiga wa kuraimatikku na sentou shi-n de owatta.)
climate regulation definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
ˈklaɪmət ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən
気候調整 (kikō chōsei)

The moderation of climate conditions through natural or artificial processes.

"Forests help in climate regulation by stabilizing local temperatures."

"森林は地域の温度を安定させることで気候調整に役立ちます。" (Shinrin wa chiiki no ondo o antei saseru koto de kikō chōsei ni yakudachimasu.)
climate-resilient definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
adjective C1
ˈklaɪ.mət rɪˈzɪl.i.ənt
気候に強い (kikou ni tsuyoi)

Able to cope with the adverse effects of climate change; sustainable and adaptable.

"Climate-resilient crops can survive extreme weather conditions."

"気候に強い作物は極端な天候にも耐えられます。" (kikou ni tsuyoi sakumotsu wa kyokutan na tenkou ni mo taeraremasu)
clinch definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
verb C1
/klɪntʃ/

To secure or settle something decisively; to grasp tightly.

"The team clinched the championship with a last-minute goal."

clique definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/kliːk/
クリーク (kuriiku)

a small, exclusive group of people

"The students formed a clique that excluded others."

"学生たちは他の人を排除したクリークを作った。" (Gakusei-tachi wa hoka no hito o haijo shita kuriiku o tsukutta.)
verb, noun C1
/klɑːɡ/
詰まる / 木靴 (tsumaru / kigurumi)

to block or become blocked; a type of heavy wooden shoe

"The sink was clogged with food waste."

"シンクは食べ物のゴミで詰まっていました。" (Shinku wa tabemono no gomi de tsumatte imashita.)
noun, verb C1
/klɒt/
血栓 (kessen)

a thick mass of coagulated liquid, especially blood; to form such a mass.

"The doctor removed a blood clot from the patient."

"医者は患者から血栓を取り除きました。" (Isha wa kanja kara kessen wo tori nokoshimashita.)
clout definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/klaʊt/
影響力 (eikyōryoku)

influence or power, especially in politics or business

"The businessman has a lot of political clout."

"そのビジネスマンは政治的な影響力を持っています。" (Sono bijinesuman wa seijiteki na eikyōryoku o motteimasu.)
Coachman definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
noun C1
/ˈkoʊtʃ.mən/
御者 (gyosha)

a person who drives a horse-drawn carriage or coach

"The coachman skillfully guided the horses through the busy streets."

"御者は熟練して馬を賑やかな通りを通り抜けさせました。" (Gyosha wa jukuren shite uma o nigiwaka na tōri o tōrinukemashita.)
coalesce definition card — visual illustration of the meaning
verb C1
/ˌkoʊəˈlɛs/
団結する (danketsu suru)

to come together to form one whole or unite into a single entity

"The two political parties decided to coalesce for the election."

"二つの政治的な政党は選挙のために団結することを決定しました。" (Futatsu no seijiteki na seitō wa senkyo no tame ni danketsu suru koto o kettei shimashita.)