Stomach
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A2 noun /ˈstʌmək/

Stomach

estomac
Meaning
the organ in the body where food is digested; the belly or abdomen
Example
My stomach hurts after eating too much.
Mon estomac me fait mal après avoir trop mangé.
B2 noun /ˈvæmpaɪər/

vampire

bonheur
Meaning
a mythical creature that sucks blood from the living; metaphorically, a person who exploits others
Example
In folklore, a vampire rises at night to drink human blood.
Elle n'a pas pu cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
B2 noun /ˈkɔːr.əs/

Chorus

chœur; une partie d'une chanson qui est répétée après chaque couplet
Meaning
a large organized group of singers; a part of a song that is repeated after each verse
Example
The school chorus performed beautifully at the annual concert.
Le chœur de l'école a chanté magnifiquement lors du concert annuel.
B2 noun /ˈswiː.pər/

Sweeper

balayeur
Meaning
a person whose job is to clean floors and streets by sweeping
Example
The sweeper cleaned the school corridor every morning.
Le balayeur nettoyait le couloir de l'école chaque matin.
C1 noun /ˌkɒn.əˈsɜːr/

connoisseur

connaisseur
Meaning
an expert judge in matters of taste, especially in food, art, or wine
Example
She is a true connoisseur of fine art.
Elle est une véritable connaisseuse de l'art.
A2 adjective /ˈɔː.dɪ.nər.i/

Ordinary

ordinaire; normal; pas spécial
Meaning
normal; usual; not special
Example
It was just an ordinary day at the office.
C'était juste un jour ordinaire au bureau.
B2 noun /ˈmʌð.ər.hʊd/

Motherhood

maternité
Meaning
the state of being a mother; the qualities of a mother
Example
She embraced the joys and challenges of motherhood.
Elle a embrassé les joies et les défis de la maternité.
B1 noun /ˈfɪkʃən/

fiction

fiction
Meaning
Literature created from the imagination, not presented as fact.
Example
She enjoys reading science fiction novels.
Elle aime lire des romans de science-fiction.
B2 noun /kəˈdɛt/

cadet

cadet
Meaning
A young trainee in the armed forces, police, or other organization.
Example
The cadet marched proudly in the parade.
Le cadet a défilé fièrement lors du défilé.
A2 noun /ˈkæb.ɪdʒ/

Cabbage

chou
Meaning
a cultivated plant eaten as a vegetable, having thick green or purple leaves surrounding a spherical heart
Example
She chopped the fresh cabbage to make coleslaw for dinner.
Elle a haché le chou frais pour faire de la salade de chou pour le dîner.
C2 noun /fækˈtoʊtəm/

factotum

homme à tout faire
Meaning
an employee who does many different types of work; a general servant
Example
He worked as a factotum, handling both clerical and maintenance duties.
Il travaillait comme un factotum, s'occupant à la fois des tâches administratives et de maintenance.
B2 noun /əˈlaɪnmənt/

alignment

alignement
Meaning
arrangement in a straight line or in proper position
Example
The alignment of the planets was perfect for the celestial event.
L'alignement des planètes était parfait pour l'événement céleste.
B2 noun /ˈaɪ.lɪd/

Eyelid

paupière
Meaning
either of the upper or lower folds of skin that cover the eye when closed
Example
Her eyelids felt heavy with sleep.
Ses paupières se sentaient lourdes de sommeil.
B1 noun /beɪkt miːt/

Baked meat

viande cuite
Meaning
meat that has been cooked in an oven using dry heat
Example
The baked meat was tender and flavorful.
La viande cuite au four était tendre et savoureuse.
A1 pronoun /hɪm/

him

lui
Meaning
Used to refer to a male person or animal already mentioned.
Example
I saw him at the park yesterday.
Je l'ai vu au parc hier.
C2 adverb /ʌnˈɜːrɪŋli/

unerringly

sans erreur
Meaning
Without making any mistakes; always accurate
Example
The archer aimed unerringly at the target.
L'archer a visé sans erreur la cible.
B2 adverb /ˈɑːɡjuːəbli/

arguably

sans doute
Meaning
used to say that a statement is open to argument or is considered true by many people
Example
She is arguably the most talented player on the team.
Elle est sans doute la joueuse la plus talentueuse de l’équipe.
C2 noun /ɪnˈfriːkwəns/

infrequence

infréquence
Meaning
The state of occurring rarely or at long intervals.
Example
The infrequence of their meetings made it hard to maintain close ties.
L'infréquence de leurs réunions rendait difficile le maintien de liens étroits.
B2 noun /ˌep.ɪˈdem.ɪk/

Epidemic

épidémie
Meaning
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community
Example
The flu epidemic affected thousands of people across the country.
L'épidémie de grippe a affecté des milliers de personnes à travers le pays.
C1 adjective /sliːk/

sleek

élégant et brillant
Meaning
smooth, shiny, and stylish
Example
She drove a sleek black sports car.
Elle a conduit une voiture de sport brillante et élégante.
C2 verb /rɪˈmɒnstreɪt/

remonstrate

protester
Meaning
To make a forceful protest or objection.
Example
Citizens remonstrated against the new tax policy.
Les citoyens ont protesté contre la nouvelle politique fiscale.
C2 noun /ˌænəlˈdʒiːziə/

analgesia

analgésie
Meaning
The inability to feel pain while still conscious.
Example
The doctor induced analgesia before performing the procedure.
Le médecin a induit l'analgésie avant de réaliser la procédure.
B2 adjective /ˈʃeɪ.ki/

Shaky

instable; tremblant; peu fiable; faible
Meaning
unstable; trembling; unreliable; weak
Example
His voice was shaky with nervousness.
Sa voix était tremblante de nervosité.
A1 pronoun /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

something

quelque chose
Meaning
an unspecified or unknown thing
Example
I think something is wrong with my phone.
Je pense qu'il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas avec mon téléphone.
C2 noun /ˈɑːrtɪfɪs/

artifice

artifice
Meaning
clever or cunning devices or tricks used to deceive others
Example
The politician's charm was nothing but artifice.
Le charme du politicien n'était rien d'autre qu'un artifice.
A2 noun /ɪˈlek.trɪk fæn/

Electric fan

ventilateur électrique
Meaning
a device with rotating blades that creates airflow to cool or ventilate a room
Example
The electric fan keeps the room cool during hot summer days.
Le ventilateur électrique garde la pièce fraîche pendant les chaudes journées d'été.
C1 adjective /ˈɪmpjəd(ə)nt/

impudent

imprudent, insolent
Meaning
not showing due respect for another person; rude
Example
The impudent child talked back to the teacher.
L'enfant impudent a répondu au professeur.
C2 noun /ˌɛləˈkjuːʃn/

elocution

élocution
Meaning
The skill of clear and expressive speech, especially in public speaking.
Example
She improved her elocution through constant practice.
Elle a amélioré son élocution grâce à une pratique constante.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈkeɪnaɪn/

canine

relatif aux chiens / dents canines
Meaning
Relating to dogs; also refers to the pointed teeth in humans and animals
Example
The police trained a canine unit for search operations.
La police a formé une unité canine pour les opérations de recherche.
B2 noun /ˈpɑːtnəʃɪp/

partnership

partenariat
Meaning
the state of being a partner or a group of partners
Example
Our partnership has helped both companies grow.
Notre partenariat a aidé les deux entreprises à se développer.
B1 noun /ˈnɑn.sens/

Nonsense

n'importe quoi
Meaning
words or language that have no meaning; foolish or unacceptable behavior
Example
Stop talking nonsense and be serious!
Arrête de dire n'importe quoi et sois sérieux !
B2 noun /ɡɪɡ/

gig

une performance en direct d'un musicien, groupe ou artiste; aussi un travail temporaire
Meaning
A live performance by a musician, band, or entertainer; also a temporary job.
Example
The band has a gig at the local club tonight.
Le groupe a un gig ce soir au club local.
C2 noun /ˈɪndələns/

indolence

indolence
Meaning
Avoidance of activity or exertion; laziness.
Example
His indolence kept him from finishing the project on time.
Son indolence l'a empêché de terminer le projet à temps.
B2 verb /wɪp/

whip

fouetter
Meaning
to strike or beat with a flexible instrument such as a rope or cord
Example
The trainer whipped the horse to make it run faster.
L'entraîneur a fouetté le cheval pour le faire courir plus vite.
B2 noun /ˈwel.wɪʃ.ər/

Well-wisher

bienfaiteur
Meaning
a person who desires happiness or success for another
Example
Many well-wishers came to congratulate her on her graduation.
De nombreux bienfaiteurs sont venus la féliciter pour sa remise de diplôme.
C1 verb/adjective /ˈɡræspɪŋ/

grasping

saisir / avare
Meaning
Holding firmly; or (as an adjective) excessively greedy.
Example
The child was grasping her mother’s hand tightly.
L'enfant saisissait fermement la main de sa mère.
C1 verb /əˈlɒt/

allot

bonheur
Meaning
to give or assign something, often a share or portion, to someone
Example
Each student was allotted ten minutes to present.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C2 verb /dɪsˈtɛnd/

distend

gonfler
Meaning
to swell or expand by pressure from within
Example
Her stomach began to distend after the large meal.
Son ventre a commencé à se distendre après le grand repas.
B2 noun /ˈtɛmpoʊ/

tempo

tempo, rythme
Meaning
The speed or pace at which a piece of music or activity is performed.
Example
The band played the song at a faster tempo than usual.
Le groupe a joué la chanson à un tempo plus rapide que d'habitude.
C1 noun /ˈʃær.ən fruːt/

Sharon fruit

fruit shéron
Meaning
a sweet orange persimmon fruit that can be eaten when firm
Example
The Sharon fruit is sweet and can be eaten like an apple.
le fruit shéron est sucré et peut être mangé comme une pomme.
A1 noun ækˈtɪv.ɪ.ti

Activities

activités
Meaning
A thing that a person or group does or has done.
Example
Productive activities drive progress.
Les activités productives stimulent les progrès.
C2 verb /dɪˈkleɪm/

declaim

déclamer
Meaning
to speak aloud in a formal, passionate, or theatrical way
Example
The actor declaimed his lines with great intensity.
L'acteur déclama ses répliques avec une grande intensité.
B1 verb, noun, adjective /ˈmeltɪŋ/

melting

fusion
Meaning
the process of changing from solid to liquid due to heat; becoming softer or less rigid; emotionally moving or tender
Example
The ice is melting quickly under the hot sun.
La glace fond rapidement sous le soleil brûlant.
B2 noun /əˈstrɒnəmər/

astronomer

astronome
Meaning
a scientist who studies the stars, planets, and the universe
Example
The astronomer observed the new comet through his telescope.
L'astronome a observé la nouvelle comète à travers son télescope.
C1 noun /əˈdʒeɪsənsi/

adjacency

adjacence
Meaning
The state of being next to or adjoining something else.
Example
The adjacency of the two buildings made it easy to connect them.
L'adjacence des deux bâtiments a facilité leur connexion.
C1 noun /ˈænti ˈeəkræft ɡʌn/

Anti-aircraft-gun

canon antiaérien
Meaning
a weapon designed to attack aircraft from the ground
Example
The anti-aircraft gun was positioned to defend the military base.
Le canon antiaérien a été positionné pour défendre la base militaire.
C2 noun /ˈfaɪləm/

phylum

une catégorie principale dans la classification biologique, au-dessus de la classe et en dessous du règne
Meaning
a primary category in the biological classification of organisms, above class and below kingdom
Example
Humans belong to the phylum Chordata.
Les humains appartiennent au phylum Chordata.
C2 noun /sɪlf/

sylph

sylphide
Meaning
A mythical spirit of the air; also refers to a slender, graceful woman.
Example
She moved across the stage like a sylph, light and graceful.
Elle se déplaçait sur la scène comme une sylphide, légère et gracieuse.
B2 noun /ɡeɪz/

Gaze

un regard fixe; regarder intensément dans une direction particulière
Meaning
a steady intent look; to look steadily and intently in a particular direction
Example
She met his intense gaze across the crowded room and felt her heart skip a beat.
Elle croisa son regard intense à travers la pièce bondée et sentit son cœur s'arrêter un instant.
C1 verb /ˈkɒr.ə.leɪt/

correlate

établir une relation
Meaning
To have a mutual relationship or connection; to establish a relationship between two or more things.
Example
Researchers found that diet and mental health correlate strongly.
Les chercheurs ont trouvé que l'alimentation et la santé mentale sont fortement liées.
B1 adjective /ˈfrʌstreɪtɪd/

frustrated

frustré
Meaning
feeling annoyed or upset because of inability to achieve something
Example
She felt frustrated after failing the exam.
Elle s'est sentie frustrée après avoir échoué à l'examen.
C2 verb /prɪˈpɒndəreɪt/

preponderate

prépondérer
Meaning
To be greater in influence, weight, or number.
Example
In the debate, logical arguments preponderated over emotional appeals.
Dans le débat, les arguments logiques ont prépondéré sur les appels émotionnels.
C1 noun /ʃəˈmiːz/

Chemise

chemise
Meaning
a woman's loose-fitting undergarment or dress hanging straight from the shoulders
Example
The vintage chemise was made of delicate lace and silk.
La chemise vintage était faite de dentelle délicate et de soie.
C2 noun /ˌhjuː.mɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

humification

humification
Meaning
The process of organic matter decomposition to form humus in soil.
Example
Humification enhances soil structure and fertility.
L'humification améliore la structure et la fertilité du sol.
C2 verb /dɪˈtruːd/

detrude

pousser vers le bas ou vers l'extérieur
Meaning
To thrust or force something downward or outward.
Example
The violent waves detruded rocks from the cliff.
Les vagues violentes ont poussé les roches de la falaise.
A1 noun /ˈlet.ər/

Letter

lettre; caractère
Meaning
a character representing one or more of the sounds used in speech; a written message, typically sent in an envelope
Example
She wrote a letter to her grandmother.
Elle a écrit une lettre à sa grand-mère.
C2 adjective /kəˈpeɪ.ʃəs/

Capacious

spacieux; grand; vaste;
Meaning
having a lot of space inside; roomy and spacious
Example
The capacious hall can accommodate five hundred people.
La salle spacieuse peut accueillir cinq cents personnes.
B2 noun /ˈhaɪəˌrɑːrki/

hierarchy

hiérarchie
Meaning
A system in which people or things are arranged in levels of importance or authority.
Example
The corporate hierarchy determines who makes the final decision.
La hiérarchie d'entreprise détermine qui prend la décision finale.
B2 verb /tʌk/

tuck

replier
Meaning
to push or fold something neatly into a particular place
Example
She tucked the blanket around the baby to keep him warm.
Elle a replié la couverture autour du bébé pour le garder au chaud.
C1 verb /rɪˈvɜːrbəreɪt/

reverberate

réverbérer
Meaning
To echo repeatedly or have continuing effects.
Example
The sound of the explosion reverberated through the valley.
Le son de l'explosion a réverbéré à travers la vallée.
B2 noun ləˈdʒɪs.tɪks

Logistics

logistique
Meaning
The detailed coordination of a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies.
Example
Logistics ensures timely delivery.
La logistique garantit une livraison ponctuelle.
B2 noun /ˈɡæl.ək.siːz/

galaxies

galaxies
Meaning
Large collections of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity.
Example
Distant galaxies hold clues about the early universe.
Les galaxies lointaines détiennent des indices sur l'univers primitif.
B2 noun/verb /ˈtʃɑːrtər/

charter

charte / location
Meaning
a written document granting rights or privileges; to hire a vehicle or vessel for temporary use
Example
The company decided to charter a bus for the trip.
La société a décidé de louer un bus pour le voyage.
A1 noun /ˈdænsɪŋ/

dancing

la danse
Meaning
the activity of moving the body rhythmically to music
Example
They spent the evening dancing at the party.
Ils ont passé la soirée à danser à la fête.
C2 verb /ˈhɛktər/

hector

parler de manière intimidante
Meaning
To talk to someone in a bullying or intimidating way.
Example
The manager hectored the staff into working overtime.
Le manager a menacé le personnel de faire des heures supplémentaires.
C1 adjective ˈsɛd(ə)ntəri

sedentary

sédentaire
Meaning
Characterized by much sitting and little physical activity.
Example
A sedentary lifestyle can lead to numerous health problems.
Un mode de vie sédentaire peut entraîner de nombreux problèmes de santé.
A2 noun ˈhɪrəʊ

hero

héros
Meaning
A person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities.
Example
Sydney Carton becomes the ultimate hero through his sacrifice.
Sydney Carton devient le héros ultime à travers son sacrifice.
B2 adjective /ænˈdʒelɪk/

angelic

angélique
Meaning
Like or characteristic of an angel; pure, kind, or innocent.
Example
The child had an angelic smile.
L'enfant avait un sourire angélique.
C1 noun ˈpɑː.sɪŋ

parsing

analyse de la structure de la phrase
Meaning
The process of analyzing sentence structure to understand grammatical relationships.
Example
The AI model performs parsing to understand syntax.
Le modèle IA effectue l'analyse syntaxique pour comprendre la structure des phrases.
A2 noun /ˈsɛlˌfoʊn/

cellphone

téléphone portable
Meaning
a portable telephone that uses a cellular network for wireless communication
Example
She forgot her cellphone at home and couldn’t call anyone.
Elle a oublié son téléphone portable à la maison et n’a pu appeler personne.
C2 verb /ɪnˈdaɪt/

indite

composer
Meaning
To write or compose (literary or formal works).
Example
The poet indited a heartfelt sonnet.
Le poète a composé un sonnet sincère.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdjuːsmənt/

inducement

incitation
Meaning
something that persuades or encourages someone to do something
Example
The company offered a bonus as an inducement to employees.
L'entreprise a offert une prime comme incitation aux employés.
B2 noun /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlær.ə.ti/

Similarity

similitude; ressemblance
Meaning
the quality or state of being similar; resemblance
Example
There is a striking similarity between the two paintings.
Il y a une similitude frappante entre les deux peintures.
B2 noun /ˈspɛʃəlti/

specialty

spécialité
Meaning
a particular area of study, work, or interest; something in which a person or place excels
Example
Her specialty is pediatric medicine.
Sa spécialité est la médecine pédiatrique.
A2 noun /ˈmaʊn.tɪn/

Mountain

montagne
Meaning
a large natural elevation of earth and rock rising above the ground
Example
They climbed the highest mountain in the region.
Ils ont escaladé la montagne la plus haute de la région.
C1 noun /rɔ ˈtɜrmərɪk/

Raw Turmeric

curcuma frais
Meaning
fresh unprocessed root of the turmeric plant used as a spice and medicine
Example
Grate raw turmeric into the curry for authentic flavor.
Râpez du curcuma frais dans le curry pour une saveur authentique.
B1 noun /ˈtaɪ.təl/

Title

titre; titre honorifique; grade
Meaning
the name of a book, movie, or other work; a word used before someone's name to show rank or status
Example
The title of the book is very interesting.
Le titre du livre est très intéressant.
C1 noun /ˈkjuːmɪn/

Cumin

cumin
Meaning
A spice made from the dried seeds of a plant in the parsley family, with a warm earthy flavor
Example
Cumin is an essential spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking.
Le cumin est une épice essentielle dans la cuisine indienne et du Moyen-Orient.
C2 noun /ˈætəmaɪzər/

atomizer

atomiseur
Meaning
A device that sprays liquid into a fine mist.
Example
She used an atomizer to apply the perfume evenly.
Elle a utilisé un atomiseur pour appliquer le parfum uniformément.
B2 noun /wæks/

Wax

cire
Meaning
a solid substance that melts when heated, used for making candles and polishing
Example
She used candle wax to seal the old letter.
Elle a utilisé de la cire de bougie pour sceller la vieille lettre.
B1 noun /wiːt/

wheat

blé
Meaning
a cereal plant whose grain is used to make flour for bread and other foods
Example
Farmers harvested the wheat in early summer.
Les agriculteurs ont récolté le blé au début de l'été.
A1 preposition, adverb /əˈbaʊt/

about

à propos de
Meaning
concerning; on the subject of; approximately
Example
We talked about the new project yesterday.
Nous avons parlé du nouveau projet hier.
C1 adjective /ˈɪntrɪkət/

intricate

complexe
Meaning
very detailed, complex, and difficult to understand
Example
The artist created an intricate pattern on the wall.
L'artiste a créé un motif complexe sur le mur.
C1 noun /ˈsɛntrɪˌfjuːdʒ/

centrifuge

centrifugeuse
Meaning
A machine that spins substances at high speed to separate different components.
Example
The lab technician used a centrifuge to separate the blood cells from the plasma.
Le technicien de laboratoire a utilisé une centrifugeuse pour séparer les cellules sanguines du plasma.
B1 verb /ʌnˈpæk/

unpack

déballer
Meaning
to remove items from a container; to explain or analyze something in detail
Example
After arriving home, she began to unpack her suitcase.
Après être rentrée à la maison, elle a commencé à déballer sa valise.
A2 noun /stɛps/

steps

étapes
Meaning
A measure or action, especially one of a series taken in order to deal with or achieve a particular thing.
Example
Taking small steps reduces overwhelm.
Faire de petits pas réduit la surcharge.
B1 noun /ˈkæt.ər.pɪl.ər/

Caterpillar

chenille
Meaning
the larva of a butterfly or moth that feeds on plants
Example
The caterpillar ate all the leaves on the plant.
La chenille a mangé toutes les feuilles de la plante.
C1 noun /ˈpɪk.æks/

Pick-axe

pioche
Meaning
a tool with a heavy metal head and long handle used for breaking up hard ground or rock
Example
The miner used a pick-axe to break through the rocky surface.
Le mineur a utilisé une pioche pour briser la surface rocheuse.
C2 verb /ˈkɒr.ʌ.skeɪt/

coruscate

scintiller
Meaning
to sparkle or flash brightly
Example
The fireworks coruscated across the night sky.
Les feux d'artifice scintillèrent à travers le ciel nocturne.
B2 verb /ˈstreɪtən/

straighten

redresser
Meaning
to make something straight or tidy; to correct or organize
Example
She straightened her hair before the meeting.
Elle a redressé ses cheveux avant la réunion.
C1 noun /ˈkɒb.lər/

Cobbler

cordonnier
Meaning
a person who repairs shoes and other leather goods
Example
The cobbler fixed my broken shoes perfectly.
Le cordonnier a réparé mes chaussures cassées parfaitement.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɑːrt/

impart

transmettre
Meaning
to make information known; to bestow or communicate
Example
The teacher imparted valuable knowledge to her students.
L'enseignant a imparté des connaissances précieuses à ses élèves.
B2 noun /ˈprɛzɪdənsi/

presidency

présidence
Meaning
the office or position of being a president
Example
He was elected to the presidency in 2020.
Il a été élu à la présidence en 2020.
C2 noun /ˌhɛtərəʤəˈniːɪti/

heterogeneity

hétérogénéité
Meaning
the quality or state of being diverse in character or content
Example
The cultural heterogeneity of the city makes it vibrant and unique.
La hétérogénéité culturelle de la ville la rend vivante et unique.
B2 noun ˌfʌŋk.ʃəˈnæl.ə.ti

functionality

fonctionnalité
Meaning
The quality of being functional; the ability to work or operate as intended.
Example
The new refrigerator has improved functionality.
Le nouveau réfrigérateur a amélioré la fonctionnalité.
C1 noun /mæɡˈnɪfɪsəns/

magnificence

magnificence
Meaning
splendor, grandeur, or impressive beauty
Example
The magnificence of the palace left everyone speechless.
La magnificence du palais a laissé tout le monde sans voix.
B2 adjective /rɪˈlaɪ.ənt/

reliant

dépendant
Meaning
depending on someone or something for support
Example
The country is too reliant on imported goods.
Le pays dépend trop des biens importés.
A2 noun /hɑːrt/

Heart

cœur
Meaning
the organ in the chest that pumps blood through the body; the center of emotions and feelings
Example
The doctor listened to my heart with a stethoscope.
Le médecin a écouté mon cœur avec un stéthoscope.
C1 adjective /ˈsæk.rəˌsæŋkt/

sacrosanct

sacré
Meaning
Regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with; sacred.
Example
Freedom of speech is considered sacrosanct in democratic societies.
La liberté d'expression est considérée comme sacrée dans les sociétés démocratiques.
C1 noun /ˈprɒksi/

proxy

représentant
Meaning
A person authorized to act on behalf of another; a substitute.
Example
She voted by proxy at the meeting.
Elle a voté par procuration lors de la réunion.
C2 noun /ɪˈreɪdiəns/

irradiance

irradiance
Meaning
the quality of shining brightly; the intensity of light falling on a surface
Example
The irradiance of the sun at noon was overwhelming.
L'irradiance du soleil à midi était accablante.
B2 adjective /ˈstæt.ɪk/

static

statique
Meaning
Lacking in movement, action, or change; stationary.
Example
Static ideas hinder progress.
Les idées statiques entravent les progrès.
C2 noun /ˈpɛdənt/

pedant

personne pédante
Meaning
A person who is excessively concerned with minor details or rules, often in a showy way.
Example
The professor was criticized as a pedant who focused too much on trivial details.
Le professeur a été critiqué comme un pédant qui se concentrait trop sur des détails triviaux.
B2 adverb /ˈʌltəmətli/

ultimately

finalement
Meaning
in the end, after everything else
Example
Ultimately, we decided to go ahead with the project.
Finalement, nous avons décidé de poursuivre le projet.
B2 verb /dɒdʒ/

dodge

esquiver
Meaning
to move quickly to one side to avoid something; to avoid dealing with something cleverly or dishonestly
Example
The boxer managed to dodge his opponent's punch.
Le boxeur a réussi à esquiver le coup de son adversaire.
C1 verb /dɔːnt/

daunt

décourager
Meaning
to make someone feel intimidated, discouraged, or less confident
Example
The steep climb did not daunt the experienced hikers.
La montée abrupte n'a pas découragé les randonneurs expérimentés.
C2 adjective /ˌmælˈoʊdərəs/

malodorous

malodorant
Meaning
Having a very unpleasant smell.
Example
The malodorous room made everyone leave quickly.
La pièce malodorante a fait partir tout le monde rapidement.
A2 noun ˈliːdər

leader

leader
Meaning
A person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country.
Example
The leader inspired people.
Le leader a inspiré les gens.
C2 noun /ˈɡleɪziər/

glazier

vitrier
Meaning
a person whose job is to fit glass into windows and doors
Example
The glazier repaired the broken window in our house.
Le vitrier a réparé la fenêtre cassée dans notre maison.
B2 noun /ˈhedʒhɒɡ/

Hedge-hog

hérisson
Meaning
a small mammal with a spiny coat that can roll into a ball for defense
Example
The hedgehog rolled into a ball when it felt threatened.
Le hérisson s'est roulé en boule quand il s'est senti menacé.
C1 adjective /haɪˈdrɔːlɪk/

hydraulic

hydraulique
Meaning
operated by the pressure of liquid, especially water or oil
Example
The mechanic repaired the hydraulic system of the machine.
Le mécanicien a réparé le système hydraulique de la machine.
B2 noun /ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ/

Fiancee

fiancée
Meaning
a woman who is engaged to be married
Example
John bought a beautiful engagement ring for his fiancee.
John a acheté une belle bague de fiançailles pour sa fiancée.
B1 noun ˈtʃɑː.dʒɪŋ

charging

charge
Meaning
The process of supplying electrical energy to recharge a battery or power source.
Example
Electric vehicle charging stations are increasing in cities.
Les stations de recharge de véhicules électriques augmentent dans les villes.
C1 noun ˌmɑːr.dʒɪ.nəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

marginalization

marginalisation
Meaning
The treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral.
Example
Economic policies should address the marginalization of the poor.
Les politiques économiques devraient aborder la marginalisation des pauvres.
C1 noun /siˈɛrə klʌb/

Sierra Club

Sierra Club
Meaning
An American environmental organization founded in 1892 by John Muir, focused on promoting conservation of the natural environment by influencing public policy decisions.
Example
John Muir founded the Sierra Club in 1892 to protect wild areas.
John Muir a fondé le Sierra Club en 1892 pour protéger les zones sauvages.
C2 adjective /dɪˈmɒtɪk/

demotic

relatif au langage populaire
Meaning
relating to ordinary people or everyday language
Example
The poet used demotic language to connect with common readers.
Le poète a utilisé un langage relatif au langage populaire pour se connecter avec les lecteurs ordinaires.
C2 noun /ˈproʊtoʊˌmɑːrtɚ/

protomartyr

premier martyr
Meaning
The first martyr in a cause or religion, often referring to the first Christian martyr.
Example
St. Stephen is known as the protomartyr of Christianity.
Saint Étienne est connu comme le protomartyr du christianisme.
B1 noun /ˈempaɪər/

empire

empire
Meaning
a group of countries or regions controlled by one ruler or government
Example
The Roman Empire lasted for centuries.
L'Empire romain a duré des siècles.
B2 noun /ˈruːmər/

rumor

rumeur
Meaning
a currently circulating story or report of uncertain or doubtful truth.
Example
There’s a rumor that the company will merge next year.
Il y a une rumeur que l'entreprise va fusionner l'année prochaine.
B2 noun /ˈmʌs.tərd/

Mustard

moutarde
Meaning
A pungent seed or condiment made from ground mustard seeds
Example
She added mustard seeds to the curry for extra flavor.
Elle a ajouté des graines de moutarde au curry pour plus de saveur.
A2 verb /rɪˈtɜːrn/

return

retourner
Meaning
to come or go back to a place; to give back
Example
I will return home tomorrow.
Je reviendrai à la maison demain.