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A1 verb /kliːn/

clean

nettoyer
Meaning
To make something free from dirt, marks, or mess.
Example
She cleaned the kitchen before the guests arrived.
Elle a nettoyé la cuisine avant l'arrivée des invités.
C2 noun /ɪkˈskrɛsəns/

excrescence

croissance anormale
Meaning
An abnormal outgrowth or lump, often considered unattractive.
Example
The building was considered an excrescence on the landscape.
Le bâtiment a été considéré comme une excroissance dans le paysage.
C2 adjective /ˌhæfˈhɑːr.tɪd/

halfhearted

démotivé
Meaning
lacking enthusiasm or determination; unenthusiastic
Example
His halfhearted attempt to study did not bring good results.
Son essai démotivé pour étudier n'a pas donné de bons résultats.
A2 verb /dʒɔɪn/

join

rejoindre
Meaning
to connect or combine; to become a member of something
Example
Would you like to join our team for the project?
Voudriez-vous rejoindre notre équipe pour le projet?
A2 noun /ˈdɒŋ.ki/

Donkey

âne
Meaning
a domesticated animal related to the horse, with long ears and a braying call
Example
The donkey carried heavy bags up the mountain.
L'âne a porté des sacs lourds jusqu'à la montagne.
C2 noun /ɪnˈtɛstəsi/

intestacy

décès sans testament
Meaning
The condition of dying without having made a valid will.
Example
His estate was divided according to the laws of intestacy.
Sa succession a été divisée selon les lois de l'intestat.
C1 verb /ˈtæmpər/

tamper

interférer
Meaning
To interfere with something in a harmful, unauthorized, or improper way.
Example
The evidence was tampered with before the trial.
Les preuves ont été manipulées avant le procès.
B1 verb /weɪ/

weigh

peser
Meaning
to measure the weight of something; to consider carefully
Example
Please weigh the package before shipping.
veuillez peser le colis avant de l'expédier.
A1 adjective /fʊl/

full

plein
Meaning
Containing as much or as many as possible; complete.
Example
The glass is full of water.
Le verre est plein d'eau.
C1 verb /ˈɡlɪsən/

glisten

briller
Meaning
To shine with a sparkling light, often when wet or polished.
Example
The grass glistened with morning dew.
L'herbe brillait avec la rosée du matin.
C2 noun /kəˌrɒbəˈreɪʃən/

corroboration

corroboration
Meaning
evidence that confirms or supports a statement, theory, or finding
Example
The documents provided strong corroboration of her claims.
Les documents ont fourni une forte corroboration de ses affirmations.
A1 adjective /ˈreɪ.di.əʊ/

radio

radio
Meaning
Relating to radio waves or broadcasting.
Example
FAST is the largest radio telescope in the world.
FAST est le plus grand télescope radio du monde.
C1 verb /ˌpriːˈmɛdɪteɪt/

premeditate

préméditer
Meaning
to think about and plan something (especially a crime) beforehand
Example
The suspect was accused of premeditating the crime.
Le suspect a été accusé d'avoir prémédité le crime.
C1 adjective /ˌsʌb.təˈreɪ.ni.ən/

subterranean

souterrain
Meaning
Existing, occurring, or done under the earth's surface.
Example
Subterranean water sources help sustain agriculture.
Les sources d'eau souterraines aident à soutenir l'agriculture.
C1 noun /ˈplæz.mə/

Plasma

partie liquide du sang; gaz ionisé; sérum sanguin sans protéines de coagulation
Meaning
the liquid part of blood; ionized gas; blood serum without clotting proteins
Example
Blood plasma contains various proteins and nutrients.
Le plasma sanguin contient diverses protéines et nutriments.
C1 noun /ˈpeɪ.ɡən/

Pagan

païen
Meaning
a person holding religious beliefs other than the main world religions; a heathen
Example
Ancient Romans considered early Christians to be pagans.
Les Romains antiques considéraient les premiers chrétiens comme des paiens.
A1 noun /ˈsɪti/

city

ville
Meaning
a large town or an urban area with its own government
Example
Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh.
Paris est la plus grande ville de France.
C2 verb /ˈfrʌktɪˌfaɪ/

fructify

fructifier
Meaning
To make fruitful or productive; to bear fruit.
Example
The new policies will help fructify the economic potential of the region.
Les nouvelles politiques aideront à fructifier le potentiel économique de la région.
B2 noun, verb /rɪˈzɔːrt/

resort

station / dernier recours
Meaning
A place for rest or recreation; to turn to something for help or solution.
Example
They stayed at a beach resort during their vacation.
Ils sont restés dans une station balnéaire pendant leurs vacances.
B2 noun /ˌæl.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/

Allegation

accusation
Meaning
a claim that someone has done something wrong or illegal
Example
The allegation against him was proven false.
L'accusation contre lui a été prouvée fausse.
B2 noun /lɪm/

limb

membre
Meaning
an arm or leg of a person or animal; a large branch of a tree
Example
He broke a limb while climbing the tree.
Il s'est cassé un membre en grimpant à l'arbre.
B2 noun ˈtempəreri ˈsetlmənts

temporary settlements

établissements temporaires
Meaning
Short-term or provisional housing or living arrangements.
Example
Temporary settlements will aid lunar exploration.
Les établissements temporaires aideront à l'exploration lunaire.
B2 adjective + noun əˈdæptɪv ˈfiːtʃərz

adaptive features

caractéristiques adaptatives
Meaning
Characteristics that help organisms adjust to their environment
Example
Plants' adaptive features help them grow in winter.
Les caractéristiques adaptatives des plantes les aident à pousser en hiver.
C2 noun /kənˈfɛsər/

confessor

confesseur
Meaning
A person who confesses sins or secrets, especially to a priest.
Example
The confessor listened patiently to the troubled man.
Le confesseur écouta patiemment l'homme troublé.
B1 noun /trænzˈleɪtər/

translator

traducteur
Meaning
a person or tool that converts words or text from one language into another
Example
The translator helped the tourists understand the guide.
Le traducteur a aidé les touristes à comprendre le guide.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæsɪv/

impassive

impassible
Meaning
Not showing or feeling emotion; expressionless.
Example
Despite the shocking news, she remained impassive.
Malgré les nouvelles choquantes, elle est restée impassible.
A1 noun /wɛst/

west

ouest
Meaning
the direction to the left of the north and to the right of the south, typically associated with the sunset
Example
The sun sets in the west.
Le soleil se couche à l'ouest.
A2 noun /ˈtʊərɪst/

tourist

touriste
Meaning
a person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure
Example
The city attracts many tourists every year.
La ville attire de nombreux touristes chaque année.
C1 verb /ˌaʊtˈstrɛtʃ/

outstretch

étendre
Meaning
To extend or stretch something outward.
Example
He outstretched his hand to help her up.
Il a tendu la main pour l'aider à se lever.
C1 adjective /ˈdek.stər.əs/

dexterous

habile
Meaning
Showing or having skill, especially with the hands; mentally adroit and skillful.
Example
A dexterous programmer can write complex codes effortlessly.
Un programmeur habile peut écrire des codes complexes sans effort.
C1 noun ˌtraɪ.bjuˈnæl əv ˈdʒʌs.tɪs

tribunal of justice

tribunal de justice
Meaning
A court of justice or judicial body that settles disputes or tries offenses.
Example
The Tribunal of Justice started the hearings promptly.
Le tribunal de justice a commencé les auditions immédiatement.
C2 noun /ˌnjʊə.rəʊˈdʒɛn.ɪ.sɪs/

neurogenesis

formation de nouvelles cellules nerveuses
Meaning
The process of forming new nerve cells in the brain.
Example
Scientists are studying neurogenesis to understand brain health.
Les scientifiques étudient la neurogénèse pour comprendre la santé du cerveau.
B2 adjective /ˈvɜːrtɪkl/

vertical

vertical
Meaning
Standing or pointing straight up; perpendicular to the ground.
Example
The skyscraper has a perfectly vertical design.
Le gratte-ciel a un design parfaitement vertical.
B2 adverb /ˈflu:əntli/

Fluently

avec aisance; de manière fluide
Meaning
in a smooth, effortless, and articulate manner; with ease and skill
Example
She speaks French fluently.
Elle parle français avec aisance.
C1 noun /ˈkɒnsəl/

consul

consul / ambassadeur
Meaning
an official appointed by a government to live in a foreign city and protect its citizens and interests there
Example
The consul assisted travelers who lost their passports.
Le consul a aidé les voyageurs qui ont perdu leurs passeports.
C2 adjective /ˈvɪndɪkeɪtɪv/

vindicative

vindicatif
Meaning
showing a tendency to vindicate or justify; inclined to defend
Example
Her vindicative tone showed that she strongly believed in her innocence.
Son ton vindicatif montrait qu'elle croyait fermement en son innocence.
A2 verb ˈfoʊkəs

focus

concentrer
Meaning
To concentrate attention or effort on something; to direct one's attention or efforts towards a particular activity, subject, or problem.
Example
Focus on what truly matters to simplify your life.
Concentrez-vous sur ce qui compte vraiment pour simplifier votre vie.
C1 adjective /ɪˈstreɪndʒd/

estranged

éloigné
Meaning
no longer close or affectionate with someone; alienated
Example
She felt estranged from her family after the long dispute.
Elle se sentait éloignée de sa famille après le long différend.
B2 noun /ˈdʒɜːr.nəl/

Journal

revue
Meaning
a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject; a daily record of events
Example
She kept a personal journal to record her thoughts and experiences.
Elle a tenu un journal personnel pour enregistrer ses pensées et ses expériences.
B2 noun /slɛdʒ/

sledge

traîneau
Meaning
a vehicle for traveling over snow, often pulled by animals
Example
The children rode a sledge down the snowy hill.
Les enfants ont monté un traîneau sur la colline enneigée.
C2 adjective /suːˈpɜːrnəl/

supernal

céleste
Meaning
Relating to the heavens; celestial or divine.
Example
The painting captured a supernal beauty that felt otherworldly.
La peinture a capturé une beauté céleste qui semblait d'un autre monde.
B2 noun ˈtrækɪŋ ˈprɒɡrɛs

tracking progress

suivi des progrès
Meaning
The process of monitoring and evaluating advancement towards goals or objectives.
Example
Regular tracking progress helps in achieving long-term goals.
Un suivi régulier des progrès aide à atteindre des objectifs à long terme.
B2 noun ˈrɛvənuː

revenue

revenus
Meaning
Income, especially when of a company or organization.
Example
The company's revenue grew by 10% this year.
Les revenus de l'entreprise ont augmenté de 10 % cette année.
C1 noun /ˈɪnsɪdəns/

incidence

incidence
Meaning
the occurrence, rate, or frequency of something
Example
The incidence of road accidents has decreased this year.
L'incidence des accidents de la route a diminué cette année.
C2 adjective /ˈdjuːtiəs/

duteous

obéissant
Meaning
dutiful; obedient and respectful
Example
The duteous child always followed her parents’ instructions.
L'enfant obéissant suivait toujours les instructions de ses parents.
C1 noun /ˈdʒʌŋk.tʃər/

Juncture

moment crucial
Meaning
a particular point in events or time; a critical moment when important decisions must be made
Example
At this juncture, we need to make a crucial decision about our future.
À ce moment crucial, nous devons prendre une décision importante pour notre avenir.
B2 adverb /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli/

consequently

par conséquent
Meaning
as a result; therefore
Example
He didn’t study, and consequently he failed the exam.
Il n'a pas étudié, et par conséquent, il a échoué à l'examen.
B1 noun ˈkeɪ.bəl

cable

câble
Meaning
A thick rope of wire or nonmetallic fiber, typically used for construction, mooring ships, or transmitting electricity or telecommunication signals.
Example
The cable connects countries across continents.
Le câble connecte les pays à travers les continents.
C2 noun /kəˈmɛstɪbəl/

comestible

comestible
Meaning
An item of food that can be eaten.
Example
The picnic basket was full of delicious comestibles.
Le panier de pique-nique était plein de délicieuses comestibles.
C2 verb /ˌækwiˈɛs/

acquiesce

accepter sans protester
Meaning
to accept something reluctantly but without protest
Example
She decided to acquiesce to her parents’ wishes.
Elle a décidé d'accepter sans protester les souhaits de ses parents.
B1 noun /ˈbeɡər/

Beggar

mendiant
Meaning
a person who lives by asking for money or food
Example
The beggar sat by the temple asking for alms.
Le mendiant était assis près du temple, demandant de l'aumône.
C2 noun /ˌɛpɪˈdɜːrmɪs/

epidermis

couche externe de la peau
Meaning
the outer layer of cells covering the body of an organism, especially the skin
Example
The epidermis protects the body from harmful bacteria.
L'épiderme protège le corps des bactéries nuisibles.
C2 noun /tækˈsɒnəmɪst/

taxonomist

taxonome
Meaning
A scientist who classifies organisms into groups based on their characteristics.
Example
The taxonomist discovered a new species of insect.
Le taxonome a découvert une nouvelle espèce d'insecte.
B2 noun /vɜːrs/

verse

vers
Meaning
A line of writing in poetry; a section of a song or poem.
Example
She wrote a beautiful verse for the wedding ceremony.
Elle a écrit un beau vers pour la cérémonie de mariage.
B1 noun /bɑːm/

Bomb

bombe
Meaning
an explosive device designed to cause damage or destruction
Example
The bomb disposal unit carefully defused the explosive device.
L'unité de désactivation des bombes a soigneusement désamorcé l'appareil explosif.
B2 adjective /ænˈtɑːrktɪk/

antarctic

antarctique
Meaning
relating to the region around the South Pole
Example
The Antarctic region is known for its extreme cold and icy landscapes.
La région antarctique est connue pour son froid extrême et ses paysages glacés.
C1 adjective /əˈtjuːnd/

attuned

réceptif / harmonieux
Meaning
Being receptive or sensitive to something; well adjusted or in harmony.
Example
She is attuned to the needs of her students.
Elle est réceptive aux besoins de ses élèves.
C1 noun ˌɪnfrəˈstrʌktʃərəl dɪˈveləpmənt

infrastructural development

développement infrastructurel
Meaning
The process of building and improving the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
Example
Infrastructural development is necessary for efficient recycling.
Le développement infrastructurel est nécessaire pour un recyclage efficace.
B1 adjective /ˈplʊrəl/

plural

pluriel
Meaning
denoting more than one person or thing
Example
The word 'cats' is the plural of 'cat'.
Le mot 'chats' est le pluriel de 'chat'.
C2 noun /kænˈtɑː.tə/

cantata

cantate
Meaning
A vocal composition with instrumental accompaniment, typically in several movements, often involving a choir.
Example
The choir performed a beautiful cantata during the festival.
Le chœur a interprété une belle cantate pendant le festival.
B1 noun ɪmˈplɔɪmənt

employment

emploi
Meaning
The condition of having paid work; the action of giving work to someone.
Example
Employment was limited to Urdu speakers.
L'emploi était limité aux locuteurs d'ourdou.
A2 adjective /ˈtaɪərɪŋ/

tiring

fatigant
Meaning
causing someone to feel exhausted or in need of rest
Example
The long journey was extremely tiring.
Le long voyage était extrêmement fatigant.
B2 verb /ˈtʃɛrɪʃ/

cherish

chérir
Meaning
To hold something dear, to love and protect, or to keep a hope or memory alive.
Example
She cherishes the memories of her childhood home.
Elle chérit les souvenirs de sa maison d'enfance.
B2 verb /ˈpɪnpɔɪnt/

pinpoint

identifier avec précision
Meaning
to locate or identify something with precision
Example
The detective was able to pinpoint the exact location of the suspect.
Le détective a pu localiser l'emplacement exact du suspect.
A2 noun/verb /kənˈsɜːrn/

concern

préoccupation, affaire de préoccupation
Meaning
to relate to or affect; a matter of worry or interest
Example
Environmental issues concern all of us.
Les problèmes environnementaux nous concernent tous.
B1 adverb /ˈæŋɡrɪli/

angrily

avec colère
Meaning
in a manner showing anger or strong displeasure
Example
She spoke angrily when she heard the news.
Elle a parlé avec colère en entendant la nouvelle.
C1 noun /təˈnæs.ə.ti/

tenacity

ténacité
Meaning
Determination, persistence, and the quality of not giving up
Example
His tenacity in solving problems led to his success.
Sa ténacité pour résoudre les problèmes a conduit à son succès.
C2 noun /ɪnˈfrækʃən/

infraction

infraction
Meaning
A violation or breach of a rule, law, or agreement.
Example
The student was punished for a minor infraction of the school rules.
L'étudiant a été puni pour une infraction mineure aux règles de l'école.
C1 noun pɔɪz

poise

confiance et maîtrise de soi
Meaning
Natural confidence and composure maintained under pressure.
Example
A good speaker maintains poise under pressure.
Un bon orateur maintient sa maîtrise de soi sous pression.
C1 adjective /ˈten.tə.tɪv/

Tentative

tentatif; provisoire
Meaning
not certain or fixed; provisional; hesitant or unsure
Example
We made tentative plans to meet next week.
Nous avons fait des plans provisoires pour nous rencontrer la semaine prochaine.
C2 verb /məʊlt/

molt

muet
Meaning
To shed old feathers, skin, or hair to make way for new growth.
Example
Birds molt their feathers once a year.
Les oiseaux muent leurs plumes une fois par an.
C2 noun /ˈæpəˌsteɪt/

apostate

apostat
Meaning
A person who renounces a religious or political belief or principle.
Example
He was labeled an apostate after abandoning the faith of his community.
Il a été étiqueté comme apostat après avoir abandonné la foi de sa communauté.
B2 noun /ˌfæs.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

Fascination

fascination; attrait; émerveillement
Meaning
the power to fascinate someone; the state of being intensely interested
Example
Her fascination with ancient history led her to become an archaeologist.
Sa fascination pour l'histoire ancienne l'a poussée à devenir archéologue.
C2 adjective /ˌpɪkəˈrɛsk/

picaresque

histoire d'un héros malicieux
Meaning
relating to a style of fiction depicting the adventures of a roguish hero
Example
The novel is a picaresque tale of a clever vagabond.
Le roman est une histoire picaresque d'un vagabond rusé.
C2 noun /stɒˈkeɪd/

stockade

clôture en bois
Meaning
a defensive barrier made of strong posts or timbers, often around a fort or prison
Example
The prisoners were kept inside the wooden stockade.
Les prisonniers ont été gardés à l'intérieur de la clôture en bois.
A2 noun /ˈbraʊzər/

browser

navigateur
Meaning
a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web.
Example
I use a web browser to search for information online.
J'utilise un navigateur web pour rechercher des informations en ligne.
C1 noun /dʒest/

Jest

blague; farce
Meaning
a thing said or done for amusement; a joke
Example
His comment was made in jest, not to offend anyone.
Son commentaire a été fait en blague, pas pour offenser quelqu'un.
B2 verb /ɪnˈveɪd/

invade

envahir
Meaning
to enter a place or country forcefully, especially as an enemy
Example
The army invaded the neighboring country.
L'armée a envahi le pays voisin.
A1 verb /wɜːrk/

work

travailler
Meaning
to perform tasks or duties to earn money or achieve goals
Example
He works as a teacher at the local school.
Il travaille comme enseignant à l'école locale.
B1 noun rəʊlz

Roles

rôle
Meaning
A person's or thing's function in a particular situation.
Example
Defined roles improve team performance.
Les rôles définis améliorent la performance de l'équipe.
C2 noun /ˌself əˈbeɪs.mənt/

self-abasement

auto-humiliation
Meaning
The act of belittling or humiliating oneself.
Example
His constant self-abasement made others uncomfortable.
Son auto-humiliation constante mettait les autres mal à l'aise.
B1 adverb /ˈtɪpɪkli/

typically

généralement
Meaning
in a way that is typical of a particular person, thing, or group
Example
She typically arrives at work at 9 AM.
Elle arrive généralement au travail à 9 heures.
C1 verb /dɪsˈpærɪdʒ/

disparage

dénigrer
Meaning
to criticize someone or something in a way that shows a lack of respect
Example
It is unfair to disparage people for their opinions.
Il est injuste de dénigrer les gens pour leurs opinions.
C1 noun /ˈnɔːrməlsi/

normalcy

normalité
Meaning
The condition of being normal; a return to usual or expected conditions.
Example
After the flood, the town struggled to regain a sense of normalcy.
Après l'inondation, la ville a eu du mal à retrouver un sentiment de normalité.
B2 noun ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər

infrastructure

infrastructure
Meaning
The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
Example
Digital infrastructure is vital for future advancements.
L'infrastructure numérique est essentielle pour les progrès futurs.
A1 adjective /koʊld/

Cold

froid; glacé; distant;
Meaning
having a low temperature; lacking warmth; unfriendly
Example
The cold winter wind made everyone shiver.
Le vent froid de l'hiver a fait frissonner tout le monde.
C1 noun, adjective /ˌpəʊstˈmɔːtəm/

postmortem

autopsie
Meaning
An examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death.
Example
The doctor carried out a postmortem on the body.
Le médecin a pratiqué une autopsie sur le corps.
B1 verb /baʊns/

bounce

rebondir
Meaning
to spring back after hitting something; to rebound.
Example
The ball bounced off the wall and hit the window.
Le ballon a rebondi contre le mur et a frappé la fenêtre.
C1 verb /kənˈfaʊnd/

confound

déconcerter
Meaning
to confuse or surprise someone, often by acting against their expectations
Example
The magician's trick seemed to confound the entire audience.
Le tour du magicien semblait déconcerter tout le public.
C1 adjective /ˈɑːrɡjuəbl/

arguable

discutable
Meaning
open to debate or discussion; not certain and capable of being argued for or against
Example
It is arguable that technology has improved our quality of life.
Il est discutable que la technologie ait amélioré notre qualité de vie.
B2 noun ˈsɪblɪŋz

Siblings

frères et sœurs
Meaning
Each of two or more children or offspring having one or both parents in common.
Example
Siblings are usually placed on the same level in a family tree.
Les frères et sœurs sont généralement placés au même niveau dans un arbre généalogique familial.
C1 verb /aʊtˈlæst/

outlast

durer plus longtemps que
Meaning
to continue longer than; to endure beyond someone or something else
Example
The old castle has outlasted many generations.
Le vieux château a duré plus longtemps que de nombreuses générations.
C2 noun /ˈvɛrɪti/

verity

vérité
Meaning
a true principle or belief; the state of being true
Example
The verity of his statement was confirmed by evidence.
La véracité de sa déclaration a été confirmée par des preuves.
B2 noun/verb /flɑːk/

flock

troupeau
Meaning
a group of birds or animals; to gather or move in a crowd
Example
Tourists flocked to the beach during summer.
Les touristes se sont rassemblés sur la plage pendant l'été.
C2 adverb /ˌɛkspəˈdɪʃəsli/

expeditiously

de manière rapide et efficace
Meaning
in a quick and efficient manner
Example
The application was processed expeditiously.
La demande a été traitée de manière rapide et efficace.
C1 noun /ˌrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Ratification

ratification
Meaning
the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement
Example
The treaty required ratification by both countries' parliaments.
Le traité nécessitait la ratification par les parlements des deux pays.
B1 noun /ˈθɛrəpɪst/

therapist

thérapeute
Meaning
a person trained to provide treatment or counseling for physical or mental health
Example
The therapist helped him overcome his anxiety.
Le thérapeute l'a aidé à surmonter son anxiété.
C2 adjective /æmˈbroʊʒiəl/

ambrosial

ambrosial
Meaning
Exceptionally pleasing to taste or smell; divine.
Example
The aroma of freshly baked bread was simply ambrosial.
L'arôme du pain fraîchement cuit était tout simplement ambrosial.
C2 verb /ˌsuːpərˈæn.ju.eɪt/

superannuate

retirer avec pension
Meaning
to retire someone with a pension, usually due to age or long service
Example
The company decided to superannuate its senior employees after thirty years of service.
L'entreprise a décidé de retirer avec pension ses employés seniors après trente ans de service.
B2 adjective /ˈwɒntɪŋ/

wanting

insuffisant
Meaning
Lacking or deficient in quality or quantity.
Example
His explanation was wanting in clarity.
Son explication manquait de clarté.
C1 adjective /diːˈsɛntrəlaɪzd/

decentralized

décentralisé
Meaning
Controlled by several local offices or authorities rather than one single one.
Example
The decentralized system allowed for more control at local levels.
Le système décentralisé a permis un plus grand contrôle au niveau local.
C2 noun /ˈɒksɪdənt/

occident

occident
Meaning
The countries of the West, especially Europe and America.
Example
The Occident has a long history of philosophical thought.
L'Occident a une longue histoire de pensée philosophique.
C2 noun /ˈoʊ.kəm/

oakum

fibre de corde usée
Meaning
loose fibers obtained by untwisting old ropes, used for caulking ships
Example
The shipbuilders used oakum to seal the gaps in the wooden planks.
Les charpentiers de marine ont utilisé de l'okum pour sceller les fissures dans les planches en bois.
B2 noun ˈvaɪtəl rɪˈsɔːrsɪz

vital resources

ressources vitales
Meaning
Essential assets or supplies that are crucial for survival and development.
Example
Water is one of Bangladesh's vital resources.
L'eau est l'une des ressources vitales du Bangladesh.
C2 adjective /ˈæʒər/

azure

azur
Meaning
A bright blue color like that of a clear sky.
Example
The clear sky was painted in a deep shade of azure.
Le ciel clair était peint d'une teinte profonde d'azur.
C2 adjective /ɒˈstɛnsɪv/

ostensive

ostensible
Meaning
clearly demonstrative or pointing out; explicitly shown
Example
The teacher gave an ostensive example to clarify the concept.
L'enseignant a donné un exemple ostensible pour clarifier le concept.
B1 noun /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

Destination

destination
Meaning
the place to which someone or something is going; the ultimate purpose or end point
Example
Paris was their dream destination for their honeymoon trip.
Paris était leur destination de rêve pour leur voyage de lune de miel.
B1 noun /tɜːm/

term

terme
Meaning
a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept
Example
The term 'machine learning' is commonly used in technology.
Le terme 'apprentissage automatique' est couramment utilisé dans la technologie.
C1 noun /ɪkˈstɔːr.ʃən/

extortion

extorsion
Meaning
the practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats
Example
The businessman was arrested for extortion after threatening his partner.
L'homme d'affaires a été arrêté pour extorsion après avoir menacé son partenaire.
C2 noun /ɛmˈpɪrɪˌsɪzəm/

empiricism

empirisme
Meaning
the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience
Example
Empiricism argues that knowledge comes from experience and observation.
L'empirisme soutient que la connaissance provient de l'expérience et de l'observation.
C1 verb /əˈkwɪt/

acquit

acquitter
Meaning
to declare someone not guilty of a criminal charge; to conduct oneself in a specified way
Example
The jury decided to acquit the defendant of all charges.
Le jury a décidé d'acquitter le défendeur de toutes les charges.
C2 adjective /ˈlʌstrəs/

lustrous

lustré
Meaning
having a gentle sheen or soft glow
Example
Her hair looked smooth and lustrous.
Ses cheveux semblaient lisses et lustrés.
C1 noun /ˈstaɪpend/

Stipend

allocation
Meaning
a fixed regular sum paid as a salary or allowance
Example
The research student receives a monthly stipend for living expenses.
L'étudiant en recherche reçoit une allocation mensuelle pour ses frais de subsistance.
A1 noun /ˈbɪldɪŋ/

building

bâtiment
Meaning
A structure with a roof and walls, such as a house, school, or office.
Example
The old building was renovated into a museum.
Le vieux bâtiment a été rénové en un musée.
C1 noun /kəˈθɑːrsɪs/

catharsis

catharsis
Meaning
The process of releasing strong emotions, providing relief.
Example
Writing in her diary was a form of catharsis for her.
Écrire dans son journal était une forme de catharsis pour elle.
C1 noun /rɪˈspɒnsɪvnəs/

responsiveness

réactivité
Meaning
The quality of reacting quickly and positively
Example
The manager appreciated her responsiveness to customer feedback.
Le manager a apprécié sa réactivité aux retours des clients.
A1 pronoun /hɜːr/

her

elle
Meaning
used to refer to a female person or animal already mentioned or easily identified
Example
I saw her at the park yesterday.
Je l'ai vue au parc hier.
C2 noun /məˈdɒn.ə/

madonna

madonna (Vierge Marie)
Meaning
An artistic representation of the Virgin Mary; also used as a respectful form of address for a woman in Italian culture.
Example
The Renaissance painting depicts a Madonna holding child Jesus.
La peinture de la Renaissance dépeint une Madonna tenant l'enfant Jésus.
C2 adjective /ˈnæti/

natty

chic
Meaning
Neat, stylish, and fashionable in appearance.
Example
He looked very natty in his new suit.
Il avait l'air très chic dans son nouveau costume.
B1 noun, verb /paʊnd/

pound

livre
Meaning
a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or a unit of currency
Example
The price of the book is five pounds.
Le prix du livre est de cinq livres.
C1 noun/verb /rɪˈproʊtʃ/

reproach

reproche / critique
Meaning
An expression of disapproval or disappointment; to criticize someone for doing wrong.
Example
She reproached him for arriving late to the meeting.
Elle lui a reproché d'arriver en retard à la réunion.