CEFR Level
A period of paid leave granted to a teacher or worker for study or travel, traditionally every seventh year.
"She took a sabbatical to research her new book."
A person who engages in sabotage.
"The saboteur was arrested before he could plant the bomb."
Relating to or involving sacrifice.
"The lamb was used as a sacrificial offering in the ritual."
Violation or misuse of what is regarded as sacred.
"Stealing from the temple was considered an act of sacrilege."
Showing disrespect or irreverence toward something sacred.
"The painting was criticized as being sacrilegious."
Regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with; sacred.
"Freedom of speech is considered sacrosanct in democratic societies."
Deriving pleasure from inflicting pain or suffering on others.
"The villain had a sadistic smile while hurting his enemies."
A spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, used for flavoring and coloring food.
"She added saffron to the rice for flavor and color."
A long story of heroic achievement, or a long, complex series of events.
"The company's rise and fall became a corporate saga."
A profoundly wise person, or wise through reflection and experience.
"The old sage was respected for his wisdom."
Most noticeable or important; standing out prominently.
"The most salient feature of the report was its emphasis on sustainability."
Containing or resembling salt; salty.
"Doctors often use saline solution to clean wounds."
The salt content of soil or water, typically measured as a concentration.
"The salinity of the ocean varies depending on depth and location."
The movement of salt water into freshwater areas, typically affecting coastal regions.
"Salinity intrusion affects coastal regions."
The process of increasing salt content in soil.
"Excessive irrigation can cause salinization of farmland."
the watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands
"The dentist asked her to rinse the saliva from her mouth."
a freshwater fish popular in South Asian cuisine; also refers to salmon which is a different species
"Rohu fish is commonly prepared with spices in Bengali households."
fish preserved with salt; dried and salted fish for storage
"Salted fish is a traditional way to preserve seafood."
Producing good effects; beneficial, especially after something unpleasant.
"The accident was a salutary reminder to drive carefully."
A gesture or utterance of greeting, goodwill, or courtesy.
"He raised his hat as a polite salutation."
To save something from loss, damage, or destruction.
"They managed to salvage some goods from the fire."
deliverance from sin and its consequences; preservation from harm
"Many people seek salvation through prayer and good deeds."
Making a show of being morally superior to others; hypocritically pious.
"He gave a sanctimonious speech about honesty while he himself was corrupt."
An official permission or approval; also a penalty imposed to enforce rules.
"The government imposed sanctions on the company for violating trade laws."
The state or quality of being holy, sacred, or inviolable.
"The sanctity of human life should always be respected."
Optimistic or positive, especially in a difficult situation.
"Despite the challenges, she remained sanguine about the future."
The process of cleaning and disinfecting to eliminate germs and bacteria.
"Regular sanitization keeps appliances germ-free."
As a noun: the vital fluid in plants; As a verb: to gradually weaken or drain strength.
"The long journey began to sap his energy."
a precious stone that is typically blue in color
"The royal crown was adorned with a large sapphire."
Grimly mocking or cynical.
"She gave him a sardonic smile after hearing his excuse."
a garment consisting of a length of cotton or silk elaborately draped around the body, traditionally worn by women from South Asia
"She looked elegant in her red silk saree at the festival."
the chief evil spirit; the Devil in Christian and Islamic belief
"According to religious texts, Satan tempts people to sin."
Relating to or using satire.
"The novel takes a satiric view of urban life."
containing or using satire to criticize or mock
"The satirical cartoon mocked the government's new policy."
to mock or criticize something using satire
"The play satirizes the greed of modern corporations."
to fill completely with something until no more can be absorbed
"The heavy rain saturated the ground within minutes."
The state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.
"Saturation of the market leads to a decrease in product demand."
Boldly rude, cheeky, or playfully disrespectful.
"The child gave a saucy reply to his teacher."
to walk in a slow, relaxed manner without hurry or effort
"We sauntered along the riverside, stopping now and then to watch the boats."
a grassy plain with scattered trees, typical of tropical and subtropical regions
"Giraffes browsed on acacia trees across the wide savanna."
To enjoy something completely, especially by dwelling on it.
"He savored every bite of the delicious cake."
Having a pleasant salty or spicy taste; morally acceptable.
"The restaurant serves a variety of savory dishes."
Having practical knowledge and the ability to make good judgments.
"She is a tech-savvy entrepreneur."
The tiny particles of wood produced by sawing or sanding.
"The floor was covered with sawdust from the carpentry work."
a person who saws wood, especially as an occupation
"The skilled sawyer cut the logs into planks."
a contagious skin disease caused by mites that causes intense itching
"The doctor diagnosed him with scabies after examining the rash."
A temporary platform used to support workers and materials during the construction or repair of a building.
"The workers stood on the scaffold to paint the building."
The ability to expand to larger scales while maintaining efficiency
"The startup focused on scalability to handle future growth."
A small and extremely sharp bladed instrument used for surgery and dissection.
"The surgeon carefully used a scalpel to make the first incision."
covered with scales; having a rough surface like scales
"The fish has scaly skin."