commodity
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B2 noun kəˈmɒd.ə.ti

commodity

mercancía
Meaning
A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold.
Example
Oil is a valuable commodity in the global market.
El petróleo es una valiosa mercancía en el mercado global.
C1 verb /koʊˈhæbɪt/

cohabit

cohabitar
Meaning
To live together, often as partners without being married.
Example
They decided to cohabit before getting married.
Decidieron cohabitar antes de casarse.
A2 noun /ˈsɒftweə/

software

software
Meaning
the programs and other operating information used by a computer
Example
He installed the software to enhance the performance of his computer.
Instaló el software para mejorar el rendimiento de su computadora.
A1 numeral /fɔːr/

four

cuatro
Meaning
The number equivalent to the sum of two and two; one more than three.
Example
She has four books on her desk.
Ella tiene cuatro libros en su escritorio.
C1 adjective /ɪkˈspænsɪv/

expansive

expansivo
Meaning
covering a wide area or having a wide range of ideas or emotions
Example
They enjoyed the expansive view from the hilltop.
Disfrutaron de la vista expansiva desde la cima de la colina.
C1 verb ɔːɡˈmɛntɪŋ

augmenting

aumentar
Meaning
Increasing; making something greater in size, number, or degree
Example
Life expectancy is augmenting with advancements in healthcare.
La esperanza de vida está aumentando con los avances en la atención sanitaria.
C1 noun /bɪz/

Biz

negocios
Meaning
business (informal); commercial enterprise or activity
Example
He's been in the restaurant biz for twenty years.
Ha estado en el negocio de los restaurantes durante veinte años.
B2 noun /ˈpæʃ.ən/

Passion

pasión
Meaning
strong enthusiasm or excitement for something; intense emotion or feeling
Example
Her passion for music led her to become a professional singer.
Su pasión por la música la llevó a convertirse en una cantante profesional.
C1 adjective /ˈdesələt/

Desolate

desierto; solitario; árido
Meaning
deserted; lonely; barren
Example
The abandoned village looked desolate and empty.
El pueblo abandonado se veía desolado y vacío.
B2 adjective /ˈbɪtər/

Bitter

amargo; de sabor fuerte; que expresa ira o decepción
Meaning
having a sharp, pungent taste; feeling or showing anger and disappointment
Example
The medicine had a bitter taste.
La medicina tenía un sabor amargo.
C1 noun /ˌæntiˈklaɪmæks/

anticlimax

anticlimax
Meaning
A disappointing end after a big build-up of excitement or expectation.
Example
The movie's ending was an anticlimax after such a thrilling story.
El final de la película fue un anticlimax después de una historia tan emocionante.
B1 noun prəˈpoʊzəl

proposal

propuesta
Meaning
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion by others.
Example
The proposal was not sustained.
La propuesta no fue aceptada.
B2 adjective ˌkɑː.bən ˈnjuː.trəl

carbon-neutral

carbono neutral
Meaning
Having a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing carbon from the atmosphere; not adding to overall carbon emissions.
Example
The company aims to be carbon-neutral by 2030.
La empresa tiene como objetivo ser carbono neutral para 2030.
C1 noun /ˈiːdɪkt/

edict

edicto
Meaning
An official order, proclamation, or decree issued by an authority.
Example
The king issued an edict banning smoking in public places.
El rey emitió un edicto prohibiendo fumar en lugares públicos.
B1 adverb /ˈkɒnstəntli/

Constantly

constantemente; siempre; sin parar
Meaning
continuously over a period of time; always; without stopping
Example
The baby was constantly crying throughout the night.
El bebé estuvo llorando constantemente durante toda la noche.
C2 adjective rɪˈtɛn.tɪv

retentive

retentivo
Meaning
Having strong memory or the ability to retain information for a long time.
Example
Students with a retentive memory excel in academics.
Los estudiantes con una memoria retentiva sobresalen en los estudios.
C1 adjective kənˈten.ʃəs

contentious

controvertido
Meaning
Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.
Example
The contentious issue divided global leaders.
El tema controvertido dividió a los líderes globales.
C1 noun /ˈɪnˌmeɪt/

inmate

interno
Meaning
a person confined to an institution such as a prison or hospital
Example
The prison has over a thousand inmates.
La prisión tiene más de mil internos.
B1 noun ˈsaɪləns

silence

silencio
Meaning
Complete absence of sound; quietness.
Example
Silence filled the air near the graves.
El silencio llenó el aire cerca de las tumbas.
B2 noun /ˈtʃer.i ˌblɒs.əm/

Cherry Blossom

flor de cerezo
Meaning
the pink or white flowers of a cherry tree that bloom in spring
Example
The cherry blossoms bloom beautifully in April.
Las flores de cerezo florecen hermosamente en abril.
B1 adverb /ˈæftərwərd/

afterward

después
Meaning
at a later time; subsequently
Example
We went to dinner and watched a movie afterward.
Fuimos a cenar y después vimos una película.
C2 noun /ˈiːɒn/ or /ˈiːən/

aeon

eón
Meaning
An indefinitely long period of time; an age or eternity.
Example
Dinosaurs roamed the Earth millions of aeons ago.
Hace millones de eones que los dinosaurios vagaban por la Tierra.
B2 noun /ˈfɛə(r)nɪs/

fairness

equidad
Meaning
the quality of being free from bias, favoritism, or injustice
Example
She always strives for fairness in her decisions.
Ella siempre lucha por la equidad en sus decisiones.
B2 noun /fɛər/

fare

tarifa
Meaning
the money paid for a journey on public transport; also food or treatment provided
Example
The bus fare to the city center is five dollars.
La tarifa del autobús al centro de la ciudad es de cinco dólares.
C2 adjective /ɒˈstɛnsɪv/

ostensive

ostensible
Meaning
clearly demonstrative or pointing out; explicitly shown
Example
The teacher gave an ostensive example to clarify the concept.
La maestra dio un ejemplo ostensible para aclarar el concepto.
A2 adjective /ˈnætʃərəl/

natural

natural
Meaning
existing in or derived from nature; not made or caused by humankind
Example
She prefers to use natural ingredients in her cooking.
Ella prefiere usar ingredientes naturales en su cocina.
C2 verb /meɪm/

maim

mutilar
Meaning
To wound or injure someone so that part of the body is permanently damaged.
Example
The accident maimed several passengers.
El accidente dejó a varios pasajeros malheridos.
C2 noun /sɪˈdɪʃ.ən/

Sedition

sedición
Meaning
conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against authority; treason
Example
The activist was charged with sedition for his inflammatory speeches.
El activista fue acusado de sedición por sus discursos inflamatorios.
A1 noun /ˈpæstə/

pasta

pasta
Meaning
an Italian food made from flour and water, typically shaped into noodles or sheets
Example
We had creamy pasta for dinner last night.
Tuvimos pasta cremosa para la cena anoche.
C1 noun /ˈpæŋkriəs/

pancreas

páncreas
Meaning
A gland in the abdomen that produces insulin and digestive enzymes.
Example
The pancreas plays a vital role in digestion and blood sugar regulation.
El páncreas juega un papel vital en la digestión y la regulación del azúcar en la sangre.
C2 noun /ˈmɔɪəti/

moiety

mitad o parte
Meaning
One of two equal parts; a half or portion.
Example
The estate was divided into two moieties between the heirs.
La propiedad fue dividida en dos partes entre los herederos.
C1 verb /əˈfɪks/

affix

adjuntar / pegar
Meaning
to attach or stick something firmly to another thing
Example
Please affix the stamp to the envelope.
Por favor, adjunte el sello al sobre.
B2 noun /ˈstiː.mər/

Steamer

vapor
Meaning
a ship or boat powered by steam engines
Example
The old steamer crossed the river slowly.
El viejo vapor cruzó el río lentamente.
C2 noun /əˈɡrɒnəmi/

agronomy

Agronomía
Meaning
The science and practice of soil management and crop production, focusing on the principles of plant and soil science to optimize agricultural productivity.
Example
Agronomy focuses on soil management and crop production.
La agronomía se enfoca en la gestión del suelo y la producción de cultivos.
C2 noun /rʌmp/

Rump

trasero; nalgas; parte baja de la espalda
Meaning
the hindquarters or buttocks; the lower back area
Example
The horse injured its rump during the fall.
El caballo se lastimó el trasero durante la caída.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɜːs/

Inverse

inverso; opuesto
Meaning
opposite in order, nature, or effect; reversed
Example
There is an inverse relationship between price and demand.
Existe una relación inversa entre el precio y la demanda.
C2 verb /ˈfɒn.dəl/

fondle

acariciar
Meaning
To stroke or caress lovingly or gently.
Example
She fondled the kitten gently in her lap.
Ella acarició al gatito suavemente en su regazo.
B2 noun ˌprez.əˈveɪ.ʃən

preservation

preservación
Meaning
The action of maintaining something in its original or existing state; protection from harm or damage.
Example
Proper preservation extends the lifespan of machinery.
La preservación adecuada extiende la vida útil de la maquinaria.
B2 noun /kənˌfɪɡəˈreɪʃən/

configuration

configuración
Meaning
an arrangement of parts or elements in a particular form or structure
Example
The configuration of the system needs to be adjusted for better performance.
La configuración del sistema debe ajustarse para un mejor rendimiento.
B2 noun /prəˈtɛstər/

protester

manifestante
Meaning
a person who takes part in a protest or demonstration
Example
The protester spoke passionately about the cause.
El manifestante habló con pasión sobre la causa.
C1 adjective /ˈtæntəmaʊnt/

tantamount

equivalente
Meaning
Equivalent in seriousness or effect; virtually the same as.
Example
His refusal to speak was tantamount to an admission of guilt.
Su negativa a hablar fue equivalente a una admisión de culpa.
B1 noun /seɪk/

Sake

razón; motivo;
Meaning
purpose or reason for doing something; benefit or interest
Example
She worked overtime for the sake of her family's future.
Ella trabajó horas extras por el bien del futuro de su familia.
C1 adjective rɪˈsɛʃ.ən.er.i

recessionary

recesivo
Meaning
Relating to or characterized by economic recession.
Example
Governments introduce policies to counter recessionary effects.
Los gobiernos introducen políticas para contrarrestar los efectos recesivos.
C2 adjective /ˈəʊ.dər.əs/

Odorous

fragante; aromático
Meaning
having a strong smell; fragrant; aromatic
Example
The garden was filled with odorous flowers.
El jardín estaba lleno de flores fragantes.
B2 adjective dɪsˈrʌp.tɪv

disruptive

desestabilizador, perturbador
Meaning
Causing or tending to cause disruption.
Example
Deforestation has a disruptive effect on wildlife.
La deforestación tiene un efecto desestabilizador sobre la fauna.
C2 noun /ˌkæt ə ˈnaɪn ˌteɪlz/

cat-o-nine-tails

latigazo de nueve colas
Meaning
A whip with nine knotted cords, historically used for punishment.
Example
The sailor feared the cat-o-nine-tails more than the storm at sea.
El marinero temía más al cat-o-nine-tails que a la tormenta en el mar.
C2 noun /ˈɒbsɪkwiːz/

obsequies

ritos fúnebres
Meaning
Funeral rites or ceremonies.
Example
The obsequies for the late leader drew thousands of mourners.
Los ritos fúnebres para el líder fallecido atrajeron a miles de dolientes.
A2 noun əˈɡriː.mənt

agreement

acuerdo
Meaning
A negotiated arrangement between parties as to a course of action.
Example
The agreement was accepted by all countries.
El acuerdo fue aceptado por todos los países.
C1 verb /ˌmɪsˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt/

misrepresent

falsear
Meaning
to give a false or misleading account of something
Example
The lawyer accused the witness of trying to misrepresent the facts.
El abogado acusó al testigo de intentar tergiversar los hechos.
B1 noun /ɪˈskeɪp/

Escape

escapar; liberación; fuga
Meaning
an act of breaking free from confinement or control; a way out
Example
The prisoner's escape from the jail shocked the authorities.
La fuga del prisionero de la cárcel sorprendió a las autoridades.
B1 verb /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/

establish

establecer
Meaning
To set up, create, or bring into existence something on a firm basis.
Example
The company plans to establish a new office in Dhaka.
La compañía planea establecer una nueva oficina en Dhaka.
A2 adverb /əˈbʌv/

Above

arriba; sobre
Meaning
in or to a higher place; overhead
Example
The airplane flew above the clouds.
El avión voló por encima de las nubes.
C1 adjective /ˈpæs.ə.bəl/

passable

aceptable
Meaning
good enough to be accepted, though not excellent
Example
The road is barely passable after the storm.
El camino es apenas aceptable después de la tormenta.
C2 adjective /ˈpjʊəraɪl/

puerile

infantil
Meaning
childishly silly or immature
Example
His puerile jokes annoyed the audience.
Sus bromas infantiles molestaron al público.
C1 noun /əˈrɪəz/

arrears

deuda pendiente
Meaning
Money that is owed and should have been paid earlier.
Example
She was months in arrears with her electricity bill.
Estaba meses en deuda con su factura de electricidad.
A2 noun /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən/

invitation

felicidad
Meaning
a written or spoken request to attend an event or to participate in something
Example
She sent me an invitation to her wedding.
Ella no pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
B2 noun /ˈvæljuː ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃən/

value proposition

una declaración que explica los beneficios únicos o el valor que un producto o servicio ofrece a los clientes
Meaning
A statement that explains the unique benefits or value that a product or service offers to customers.
Example
A clear value proposition attracts more customers.
Una clara propuesta de valor atrae más clientes.
C1 noun /jɑːrn/

Yarn

hilo
Meaning
spun thread used for knitting, weaving, or sewing; a long or rambling story
Example
She bought colorful yarn for knitting a sweater.
Ella compró hilo de colores para tejer un suéter.
C2 noun /θiˈɒkrəsi/

theocrasy

teocracia
Meaning
Government or rule by religious leaders or clergy.
Example
Theocrasy often merges religious authority with political power.
La teocracia a menudo fusiona la autoridad religiosa con el poder político.
B1 noun /ˈblen.dər/

Blender

licuadora
Meaning
an electric kitchen appliance used to mix, purée, or emulsify food and liquids
Example
She used the blender to make a delicious smoothie.
Ella usó la licuadora para hacer un batido delicioso.
C1 noun /ˈvæɡ.ə.bɒnd/

Vagabond

vagabundo; nómada
Meaning
a person who has no home or job and travels from place to place
Example
The old vagabond wandered through the streets looking for food.
El viejo vagabundo caminaba por las calles buscando comida.
C2 noun /ˈtʃæm.pæk/

Champak

champak
Meaning
a fragrant yellow or white flower from a tree native to South Asia, used in perfumes and religious ceremonies
Example
The champak tree in the temple courtyard bloomed with golden flowers.
El árbol de champak en el patio del templo floreció con flores doradas.
C2 adjective /fəˈlɪsɪtəs/

felicitous

apropiado, adecuado o placentero; marcado por buena suerte o felicidad
Meaning
well-chosen, appropriate, or pleasing; marked by good fortune or happiness
Example
She made a felicitous remark that lightened the mood.
Hizo un comentario apropiado que aligeró el ambiente.
C1 noun /njʊˈrɑːlədʒi/

neurology

neurología
Meaning
The branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the nervous system.
Example
She specializes in neurology and treats patients with brain diseases.
Ella se especializa en neurología y trata a pacientes con enfermedades del cerebro.
C1 noun /rɪˌdʒuːvəˈneɪʃən/

rejuvenation

rejuvenecimiento
Meaning
The process of restoring something to a former better state, especially referring to renewing soil fertility or revitalizing agricultural land through various restoration practices.
Example
Rejuvenation of soil is necessary for sustainable agriculture.
El rejuvenecimiento del suelo es necesario para la agricultura sostenible.
A2 noun /ɪkˈsaɪt.mənt/

Excitement

emoción
Meaning
a feeling of great enthusiasm and eagerness
Example
The children could barely contain their excitement about the upcoming field trip.
Los niños apenas podían contener su emoción por el próximo viaje escolar.
C2 verb /rɪˈvaɪl/

revile

despreciar
Meaning
to criticize in an abusive or angrily insulting manner
Example
The politician was reviled by the public for his corruption.
El político fue despreciado por el público debido a su corrupción.
C2 noun /əˈkwaɪərmənt/

acquirement

adquisición; logro
Meaning
the act of acquiring something; something that has been acquired, especially a skill or possession
Example
Language proficiency is an important acquirement for global careers.
El dominio del idioma es una adquisición importante para carreras globales.
B1 noun /ˈpaɪ.lət/

Pilot

piloto
Meaning
a person who operates the controls of an aircraft
Example
The experienced pilot landed the plane safely during the storm.
El piloto experimentado aterrizó el avión de manera segura durante la tormenta.
C1 verb /bɪˈmoʊn/

bemoan

lamentar
Meaning
To express discontent or sorrow over something.
Example
Critics bemoaned the lack of diversity in the film.
Los críticos lamentaron la falta de diversidad en la película.
C2 noun /pʌɡˈnæsɪti/

pugnacity

pugnacidad
Meaning
A natural disposition to be combative or aggressive.
Example
The coach admired the player's pugnacity on the field.
El entrenador admiraba la pugnacidad del jugador en el campo.
C2 adjective /dɪsˈpɛptɪk/

dyspeptic

dispepsia, malhumorado
Meaning
Relating to indigestion or having a gloomy or irritable disposition.
Example
After the heavy meal, he felt dyspeptic and uncomfortable.
Después de la comida pesada, se sintió dispepsico e incómodo.
B2 adjective /ˈstɪki/

sticky

pegajoso
Meaning
having the quality of adhering or clinging; difficult to remove or deal with
Example
The candy is too sticky to eat with your hands.
El caramelo es demasiado pegajoso para comer con las manos.
A2 conjunction /nɔːr/

nor

ni
Meaning
used to introduce a negative clause after a negative statement
Example
He didn't call, nor did he send a message.
Él no llamó, ni envió un mensaje.
A2 pronoun /ðɛərz/

theirs

de ellos
Meaning
belonging to them; that which is theirs
Example
This book is theirs, not ours.
Este libro es de ellos, no nuestro.
B2 noun, verb /ræŋks/

ranks

rangos
Meaning
Positions within a group, especially in a hierarchy or organization.
Example
He quickly moved up the ranks of the army.
Él rápidamente ascendió en las filas del ejército.
C1 noun /ˈhiːdəˌnɪzəm/

hedonism

hedonismo
Meaning
The pursuit of pleasure and self-indulgence as the highest goal.
Example
The lifestyle of the rich is often criticized as pure hedonism.
El estilo de vida de los ricos a menudo se critica como puro hedonismo.
B2 noun /ˈdɪɡ.nə.ti/

Dignity

dignidad, respeto, honor
Meaning
the state of being worthy of honor or respect; composure and self-respect
Example
Despite facing hardships, she maintained her dignity throughout the ordeal.
A pesar de enfrentar dificultades, mantuvo su dignidad durante toda la prueba.
C2 noun /ˌpriːpəˈzɛʃən/

prepossession

prejuicio
Meaning
An opinion or feeling formed beforehand; a prejudice or preoccupation.
Example
His prepossession in favor of tradition made him resist change.
Su prejuicio a favor de la tradición lo hizo resistir al cambio.
B2 noun /frɒk/

Frock

falda
Meaning
a dress, especially a simple or casual one for women or children
Example
The little girl wore a pink frock to her birthday party.
La niña pequeña llevaba una falda rosa a su fiesta de cumpleaños.
C1 adjective /ˈsɛm.ɪ.nəl/

seminal

felicidad
Meaning
Strongly influencing later developments; highly original and influential.
Example
His seminal book changed the course of modern philosophy.
No pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
B2 noun /trænzˈmɪʃən/

transmission

transmisión, envío
Meaning
the act of sending, passing, or spreading something such as information, energy, or disease
Example
The transmission of data over the internet is very fast.
La transmisión de datos por internet es muy rápida.
C2 noun /ˈɑːrbɪtər/

arbiter

árbitro
Meaning
a person who has the authority to settle a dispute or decide an issue
Example
The principal acted as the arbiter in the conflict between the students.
El director actuó como el árbitro en el conflicto entre los estudiantes.
C1 noun /brəˈzɪər/

Brassiere

sujetador
Meaning
a woman's undergarment designed to support the breasts
Example
She bought a comfortable brassiere for daily wear.
Ella compró un sujetador cómodo para usar a diario.
C1 noun /ˈspɛktər/

specter

espectro
Meaning
A ghost or spirit; something that causes fear or dread.
Example
The specter of war still haunts the region.
El espectro de la guerra todavía acecha la región.
C1 adjective /ˈdaʊn.kæst/

downcast

cabizbajo
Meaning
feeling sad, dejected, or with lowered eyes
Example
He looked downcast after hearing the bad news.
Parecía cabizbajo después de oír las malas noticias.
B2 noun; adjective /ˌnɒnˈprɒfɪt/

non-profit

sin fines de lucro
Meaning
an organization that does not operate for profit and reinvests surplus to achieve social goals; not intended to make financial profit
Example
She works for a non-profit that provides free education to underprivileged children.
Ella trabaja para una organización sin fines de lucro que ofrece educación gratuita.
C2 adjective /ˈkoʊltɪʃ/

coltish

juguetón
Meaning
Playful, energetic, and not fully mature or disciplined.
Example
The coltish boy ran around the field without a care.
El chico juguetón corrió por el campo sin preocuparse.
C1 adjective /prəˈvoʊkɪŋ/

Provoking

provocador
Meaning
causing anger or strong reaction; irritating; stimulating
Example
His provoking comments made everyone angry.
Sus comentarios provocadores hicieron que todos se enojaran.
B2 verb /stæk/

stack

apilar o amontonar
Meaning
to arrange things in a neat pile or one on top of another
Example
He stacked the books neatly on the shelf.
Él apiló los libros ordenadamente en la estantería.
C1 adjective /ˈpɒs.tʃə.məs/

Posthumous

póstumo
Meaning
occurring or continuing after death; published after the author's death
Example
The author received a posthumous award for his last novel.
El autor recibió un premio póstumo por su última novela.
C1 noun /woʊ/

woe

pena
Meaning
great sorrow, distress, or trouble
Example
Her heart was filled with woe after hearing the sad news.
Su corazón se llenó de pena al escuchar la triste noticia.
C2 adjective /səˈlɪsɪtəs/

solicitous

solícito
Meaning
showing concern or care for someone's health, happiness, or comfort
Example
She was always solicitous about the well-being of her students.
Ella siempre estaba solicitada por el bienestar de sus estudiantes.
C2 adjective /koʊˈiːvəl/

coeval

contemporáneo
Meaning
Having the same age, date of origin, or duration; contemporary.
Example
The philosopher was coeval with the rise of modern science.
El filósofo fue contemporáneo con el auge de la ciencia moderna.
C1 noun ˌsɛn.trə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

centralization

centralización
Meaning
The concentration of control and decision-making power in a central authority.
Example
Excessive centralization can slow down decision-making.
La centralización excesiva puede ralentizar la toma de decisiones.
C1 noun /ˈkʌl.ən.dər/

Colander

colador
Meaning
a bowl-shaped kitchen utensil with holes in it used for draining food such as pasta or rice
Example
She drained the pasta using a colander.
Ella drenó la pasta usando un colador.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnfɪskeɪt/

confiscate

confiscar
Meaning
to take something away officially, often as a punishment
Example
The teacher confiscated the student's phone during class.
La profesora confiscó el teléfono del estudiante durante la clase.
C2 adjective /ˈlæŋɡwɪd/

Languid

lánguido; perezoso; débil
Meaning
lacking energy or vitality; slow and relaxed; weak or faint
Example
After the long journey, she felt languid and needed to rest.
Después del largo viaje, se sintió lánguida y necesitaba descansar.
C2 adjective /spraɪ/

spry

ágil
Meaning
active and lively, especially in old age
Example
The spry grandmother surprised everyone with her quick dance steps.
La abuela ágil sorprendió a todos con sus rápidos pasos de baile.
C1 verb /ˈbruːtəlaɪz/

brutalize

brutalizar
Meaning
to treat someone with extreme violence or cruelty; to make something harsh or cruel
Example
The regime was accused of brutalizing innocent civilians.
El régimen fue acusado de brutalizar a civiles inocentes.
C2 noun ˈvaɪ.və ˈvəʊs

viva voce

examen oral
Meaning
An oral examination, typically for an academic qualification.
Example
Viva Voce tests communication skills.
Las pruebas de Viva Voce evalúan las habilidades de comunicación.
B1 noun /læd/

lad

chico
Meaning
a boy or young man; a male youth
Example
The young lad helped his father in the shop.
El chico ayudó a su padre en la tienda.
B1 noun /ˈɛpɪsoʊd/

episode

episodio
Meaning
An event or part of a story, or one installment in a series.
Example
The last episode of the drama was watched by millions.
El último episodio del drama fue visto por millones.
C2 noun /ˌɡæskəˈneɪd/

gasconade

presunción exagerada, jactancia
Meaning
Extravagant boasting or bragging.
Example
His endless gasconade made him unpopular among his peers.
Su interminable presunción lo hizo impopular entre sus compañeros.
C1 phrase ˌbaɪ.oʊ.daɪˈvɜː.sɪ.ti ˌprez.əˈveɪ.ʃən

biodiversity preservation

preservación de la biodiversidad
Meaning
The protection and conservation of the variety of life in all its forms, including different species, genetic diversity, and ecosystems.
Example
Biodiversity preservation is critical for ecological balance.
La preservación de la biodiversidad es crítica para el equilibrio ecológico.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛdʒɪtətɪv/

vegetative

relacionado con el crecimiento o los procesos básicos de la vida
Meaning
relating to growth or the basic processes of life, often without conscious thought or activity
Example
The patient remained in a vegetative state after the accident.
El paciente permaneció en un estado vegetativo después del accidente.
B2 adjective /ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkəl/

geographical

geográfico
Meaning
relating to geography; connected with the physical features, location, or characteristics of the Earth or a particular area
Example
The country’s geographical position makes it an important trading hub.
La posición geográfica del país lo convierte en un importante centro comercial.
B2 adjective /ˈɡlɒsi/

glossy

brillante
Meaning
Shiny and smooth in appearance; attractive on the surface but sometimes lacking depth.
Example
She bought a glossy magazine from the store.
Compró una revista brillante en la tienda.
B2 verb /ɪtʃ/

itch

picazón
Meaning
to feel an urge to scratch; to have a restless desire
Example
My skin itches from the mosquito bites.
Mi piel pica debido a las picaduras de mosquito.
B2 noun fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nə

phenomena

fenómenos
Meaning
Facts or situations that are observed to exist or happen, especially ones whose cause or explanation is in question.
Example
Phenomena like floods disrupt agricultural systems.
Fenómenos como inundaciones alteran los sistemas agrícolas.
C1 verb /ˈræʃənəlaɪz/

rationalize

racionalizar
Meaning
to attempt to explain or justify behavior or decisions with logical reasons, even if they are not true or appropriate
Example
She tried to rationalize her lateness by blaming the traffic.
Ella trató de racionalizar su retraso culpando al tráfico.
C2 adjective /ˈɛrzæts/

ersatz

sustituto
Meaning
made or used as a substitute, typically an inferior one
Example
The cheap shoes were made of ersatz leather.
Los zapatos baratos estaban hechos de cuero sintético.
C1 noun /ˈʃʊɡ.ər ˈkæn.di/

Sugar candy

caramelo de azúcar
Meaning
crystallized sugar formed into small pieces; rock candy made from sugar syrup
Example
The children enjoyed eating colorful sugar candy at the festival.
Los niños disfrutaron comer dulces de azúcar coloridos en el festival.
C1 /ˈdʒɛtɪsən/

jettison

abandonar
Meaning
to throw or drop something from a ship, aircraft, or vehicle to lighten the load; to abandon something no longer wanted
Example
The crew had to jettison cargo to save the sinking ship.
La tripulación tuvo que abandonar la carga para salvar el barco que se hundía.
C1 verb /piːv/

peeve

fastidiar
Meaning
To annoy or irritate someone.
Example
His constant interruptions really peeve me.
Sus constantes interrupciones realmente me fastidian.
C2 adjective /ˈkɑːrnəl/

carnal

carnal
Meaning
Relating to physical, especially sexual, desires and appetites.
Example
The book explores the conflict between spiritual and carnal desires.
El libro explora el conflicto entre los deseos espirituales y carnales.
C2 noun /ˌsɒ̃ˈfrwɑː/

sangfroid

autocontrol
Meaning
Composure or coolness under pressure.
Example
She impressed everyone with her sangfroid during the interview.
Ella impresionó a todos con su autocontrol durante la entrevista.
C2 noun /ˈæpədʒiː/

apogee

ápice
Meaning
the highest or most distant point; the climax or peak of something
Example
The empire reached its apogee during the 18th century.
El imperio alcanzó su ápice durante el siglo XVIII.
C2 noun /lʌɡˈʒʊəriəns/

luxuriance

lujo
Meaning
abundant growth, richness, or elegance
Example
The garden was filled with the luxuriance of tropical plants.
El jardín estaba lleno de la luxuriancia de las plantas tropicales.
C1 noun ˌæp.əˈreɪ.təs

apparatus

aparato
Meaning
The technical equipment or machinery needed for a particular activity or purpose.
Example
The apparatus was designed to be eco-friendly.
El aparato fue diseñado para ser ecológico.
B2 adverb /ɪkˈstɛnsɪvli/

extensively

extensivamente
Meaning
in a thorough or wide-ranging manner
Example
She traveled extensively across Europe for her research.
Ella viajó extensivamente por Europa para su investigación.