tarnish
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C1 verb /ˈtɑːrnɪʃ/

tarnish

Meaning
To lose luster, especially as a result of exposure to air or moisture; to damage reputation.
Example
The silver jewelry tarnished quickly when left in the open air.
C1 adjective /ˈstɪndʒi/

stingy

吝啬
Meaning
unwilling to spend or give; miserly
Example
He is too stingy to buy a gift for his friend.
他太吝啬了，连给朋友买礼物都不愿意。
C1 adjective /dɪsˈrɛpjətəbl̩/

disreputable

声名狼藉
Meaning
having a bad reputation; not considered respectable or trustworthy
Example
The journalist avoided staying in the disreputable part of town.
记者避免住在城市的声名狼藉地区。
C1 noun /kənˈsɜːvəˌtɔːri/

conservatory

温室 / 音乐和艺术学校
Meaning
A greenhouse for growing plants or a school for music and the arts.
Example
They grew exotic plants in the conservatory.
他们在温室里种植了异国植物。
C1 adjective /dɪˈraɪsɪv/

derisive

嘲讽的
Meaning
Expressing contempt or ridicule.
Example
She gave a derisive laugh at his attempt to sing.
她对他的唱歌尝试发出了嘲讽的笑声。
C1 noun, adjective /ˈrɛvərənd/

reverend

牧师，尊敬的
Meaning
A title of respect used for members of the clergy; deserving deep respect.
Example
The Reverend gave an inspiring sermon at the church.
牧师在教堂发表了鼓舞人心的讲道。
C1 noun /bɪz/

Biz

生意
Meaning
business (informal); commercial enterprise or activity
Example
He's been in the restaurant biz for twenty years.
他已经在餐饮生意中工作了二十年。
C1 adjective /pləˈtɒnɪk/

platonic

柏拉图式
Meaning
relating to a close relationship that is not romantic or sexual
Example
They have a platonic friendship that has lasted for years.
他们有一段柏拉图式的友谊，已经持续了多年。
C1 adjective /oʊˈvɜːrt/

overt

公开的
Meaning
Done or shown openly; not hidden or secret.
Example
There was an overt display of hostility between the rivals.
在对手之间有一种公开的敌意表现。
C1 adjective, noun /ˈmɑːrʃən/

martian

火星人
Meaning
Related to the planet Mars; or an imaginary being from Mars.
Example
The movie showed a Martian visiting Earth.
电影展示了一个火星人访问地球。
C1 noun /ɪˈreləvəns/

irrelevance

无关性
Meaning
the quality of not being connected to or important for a particular matter; lack of significance
Example
His long explanation only highlighted the irrelevance of the details to the main issue.
他冗长的解释只凸显了这些细节与主要问题的无关性。
C1 adjective /ʃrɪl/

shrill

尖锐的声音
Meaning
High-pitched and piercing in sound.
Example
The shrill whistle startled everyone in the room.
尖锐的哨声让房间里的每个人都吓了一跳。
C1 noun /ˈɒptɪks/

optics

光学
Meaning
The branch of physics dealing with light and vision.
Example
She studied optics to understand how lenses work.
她学习了光学，以了解镜头是如何工作的。
C1 noun fɔːlt ˈtɒl.ər.əns

fault-tolerance

容错性
Meaning
The ability of a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components.
Example
Fault-tolerance ensures dependable systems.
容错性确保了可靠的系统。
C1 adverb /ˌɪn.dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.nət.li/

Indiscriminately

无差别地
Meaning
without making careful distinctions; randomly; without discrimination
Example
The company fired employees indiscriminately without considering their performance.
公司无差别地解雇了员工，没考虑他们的表现。
C1 verb məˈnɒp.ə.laɪz

monopolize

垄断
Meaning
Control exclusively, dominate market.
Example
The company tried to monopolize the market.
该公司试图垄断市场。
C1 noun, adjective /ˈsɒlvənt/

solvent

溶剂, 还债能力
Meaning
a liquid that dissolves other substances; also means able to pay debts
Example
Acetone is a common solvent used in laboratories.
丙酮是实验室中常用的溶剂。
C1 adjective, adverb (informal, vulgar) /ˈfʌkɪŋ/

fucking

他妈的 (粗俗词语用于强调)
Meaning
used for emphasis, often expressing anger or frustration (vulgar slang)
Example
It was a fucking disaster!
这真是个他妈的灾难！
C1 noun /ˌkɔr.diˈæl.ɪ.ti/

Cordiality

热情; 友善
Meaning
sincere affection and kindness; warm and friendly behavior
Example
The host's cordiality made all the guests feel welcome and comfortable.
主人的热情使所有客人都感到受欢迎和舒适。
C1 noun /ˈʌlsər/

ulcer

Meaning
a sore on the skin or a mucous membrane that does not heal easily
Example
The doctor prescribed medicine to treat the stomach ulcer.
C1 verb /mɑːrd/

marred

破坏
Meaning
to spoil or damage the quality or appearance of something
Example
The celebration was marred by bad weather.
庆祝活动因坏天气而受损。
C1 verb /ˈkætəˌlaɪz/

catalyze

催化
Meaning
To cause or accelerate a reaction or change.
Example
The new law catalyzed reforms across the sector.
新法律催化了整个行业的改革。
C1 noun /frɪˈvɒləti/

frivolity

轻浮
Meaning
Lack of seriousness; silly or trivial behavior.
Example
The teacher discouraged frivolity during the exam.
老师在考试期间阻止了轻浮行为。
C1 noun /ˈvenəm/

Venom

毒液
Meaning
a poisonous substance secreted by animals such as snakes; extreme malice and bitterness
Example
The snake's venom can be deadly if not treated quickly.
蛇的毒液如果不及时治疗，可能会致命。
C1 verb, noun /læɡ/

lag

滞后或延迟
Meaning
To fall behind in movement, progress, or development; a delay or period of falling behind.
Example
The old computer tends to lag when running new software.
旧电脑在运行新软件时常常滞后。
C1 noun ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm

symbolism

象征主义
Meaning
The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
Example
The use of symbolism in the novel is masterful.
小说中的象征主义运用巧妙。
C1 verb /ˈrek.ən.saɪl/

reconcile

调解, 和解, 协调
Meaning
Restore friendly relations between; cause to coexist in harmony.
Example
They tried to reconcile their differences through open communication.
他们通过开放的沟通尝试调解彼此的分歧。
C1 verb /rɪˈsɜːrdʒ/

resurge

复兴
Meaning
To rise, increase, or become active again after a decline.
Example
Interest in traditional crafts has begun to resurge.
对传统手工艺的兴趣已经开始复兴。
C1 verb /ˈprɪkəl/

prickle

Meaning
to cause a slight stinging or tingling sensation on the skin
Example
Her skin began to prickle in the cold wind.
C1 adjective /ˈlaʊzi/

lousy

糟糕
Meaning
of very poor quality; bad or unpleasant
Example
He felt lousy after catching the flu.
他在得了流感后感觉很糟糕。
C1 noun, adjective /ˌproʊlɪˈtɛəriən/

proletarian

无产阶级
Meaning
Relating to the working class, especially those who do not own property.
Example
The movement was rooted in proletarian struggles.
这场运动根植于无产阶级的斗争中。
C1 noun /ˈæltoʊ/

alto

高音 (成人歌唱声部)
Meaning
the second highest adult singing voice, between soprano and tenor
Example
She sang the alto part in the choir beautifully.
她在合唱团中美妙地唱着高音部分。
C1 noun /ˌnɑm.əˈni/

Nominee

提名人
Meaning
a person who is nominated for an office, award, or honor
Example
She was the nominee for the Best Actress award.
她是最佳女演员奖项的提名人。
C1 noun /ˈhiːdənɪst/

hedonist

享乐主义者
Meaning
A person who believes that the pursuit of pleasure is the most important thing in life.
Example
She was called a hedonist because she always prioritized enjoyment over duty.
她被称为享乐主义者，因为她总是优先享受而非履行责任。
C1 adjective /ˈluːdɪkrəs/

ludicrous

荒谬的
Meaning
so foolish, unreasonable, or out of place as to be amusing
Example
It is ludicrous to think the Earth is flat.
认为地球是平的，这是荒谬的。
C1 noun/adjective /klɛft/

cleft

裂缝
Meaning
a split or crack; a space or opening made by cleavage
Example
The goat disappeared into a cleft in the rocks.
山羊消失在岩石中的裂缝里。
C1 noun /kəmˈpəʊ.ʒər/

composure

冷静和自我控制的状态
Meaning
The state or feeling of being calm and in control of oneself.
Example
She maintained her composure during the interview.
她在面试中保持了冷静。
C1 verb /ɪmˈbrɔɪdər/

embroider

刺绣
Meaning
to decorate fabric with patterns using a needle and thread
Example
She embroidered flowers on the pillowcase.
她在枕套上刺绣了花朵。
C1 noun /træns/

trance

恍惚
Meaning
a half-conscious state like dreaming, often with loss of awareness of surroundings
Example
She stared out of the window as if in a trance.
她盯着窗外，好像处于恍惚状态。
C1 adjective /stiːpt/

steeped

浸透
Meaning
Completely surrounded by or filled with a particular quality, influence, or experience.
Example
The town is steeped in history and tradition.
这座城市充满了历史和传统。
C1 adjective ˌmɒn.jʊˈmɛn.təl

monumental

极其重要的，巨大的或纪念性的
Meaning
Great in importance, extent, or size; exceptionally great; forming or serving as a monument.
Example
The discovery of electricity was a monumental achievement.
电的发现是一次纪念碑式的成就。
C1 adjective /ɔːˈneɪt/

ornate

华丽的
Meaning
elaborately or highly decorated
Example
The palace hall was filled with ornate furniture and paintings.
宫殿的大厅里充满了华丽的家具和画作。
C1 noun /ˌrɛkwɪˈzɪʃən/

requisition

要求
Meaning
An official order laying claim to the use of property or materials; a formal demand or request.
Example
The manager submitted a requisition for new office supplies.
经理提交了新的办公室用品的要求。
C1 adjective /rɪˈsɪ.prə.kəl/

Reciprocal

互惠的; 相互的; 两方共同分享;
Meaning
given or done in return; mutual; shared equally by both parties;
Example
The two countries have a reciprocal trade agreement.
这两个国家有一个互惠的贸易协议。
C1 noun /ˈæbət/

abbot

院长
Meaning
The head of a monastery for monks.
Example
The abbot welcomed the visitors to the monastery.
院长欢迎游客来到修道院。
C1 verb /məˈtɪərɪəlaɪz/

materialize

实现
Meaning
To become real or actual; to appear suddenly or in a physical form.
Example
The opportunity he had been waiting for finally materialized.
他一直等待的机会终于实现了。
C1 noun /kræɡ/

crag

陡峭的悬崖或岩石面
Meaning
a steep or rugged cliff or rock face
Example
The hikers climbed the jagged crag to reach the summit.
远足者攀登陡峭的岩石面到达山顶。
C1 adjective /ˈskeɪ.li/

Scaly

鳞片状的
Meaning
covered with scales; having a rough surface like scales
Example
The fish has scaly skin.
那条鱼有鳞片的皮肤。
C1 noun /noʊm/

gnome

地精
Meaning
a small mythical creature, often depicted as a bearded man living underground; also a figurine used in gardens
Example
The garden was decorated with a gnome statue.
花园里摆放着一个地精雕像。
C1 adverb /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkli/

mathematically

从数学上
Meaning
in a way that relates to mathematics; using numbers, formulas, or logical calculation
Example
The problem can be solved mathematically rather than by guesswork.
这个问题可以从数学上解决，而不是靠猜测。
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrtrɪdʒ/

cartridge

墨盒
Meaning
A container holding a substance or device, such as ink for printers or bullets for firearms.
Example
The printer stopped working because the ink cartridge was empty.
打印机停止工作，因为墨盒已空。
C1 adjective /ˈmɜː.sɪ.fəl/

Merciful

仁慈的; 富有同情心的
Meaning
showing compassion or forgiveness; kind and forgiving
Example
The merciful judge gave him a lighter sentence.
仁慈的法官给了他一个较轻的判决。
C1 noun /ˈrɪdəns/

riddance

摆脱
Meaning
The action of getting rid of something unwanted or unpleasant.
Example
His departure was considered a welcome riddance by the team.
他的离开被团队视为一种欢迎的摆脱。
C1 adjective kəˈlɒs.əl

Colossal

巨大的
Meaning
Extremely large, gigantic, enormous in size or extent.
Example
The colossal pyramids of Egypt are a marvel of architecture.
埃及的巨大神庙是建筑学的奇迹。
C1 noun ˌɒp.tɪ.maɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

optimization

优化
Meaning
Improving processes to increase performance and efficiency.
Example
SEO optimization helps websites rank higher on search engines.
SEO优化帮助网站在搜索引擎中排名更高。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɑːrʃəl/

Impartial

公正的; 中立的
Meaning
treating all sides fairly; unbiased; neutral
Example
A good judge must remain impartial throughout the trial.
一个好的法官必须在整个审判过程中保持公正。
C1 adjective /ˌsʌb.təˈreɪ.ni.ən/

subterranean

地下
Meaning
Existing, occurring, or done under the earth's surface.
Example
Subterranean water sources help sustain agriculture.
地下水源有助于维持农业。
C1 adjective əʊˈpeɪk

opaque

不透明, 难以理解
Meaning
Not able to be seen through; not transparent; difficult to understand.
Example
The glass was too opaque to see through.
玻璃太不透明，无法看透。
C1 adjective /ˈtɒrɪd/

torrid

非常炎热和干燥；充满强烈情感或激情
Meaning
Very hot and dry; full of strong emotions or passion.
Example
The desert heat was torrid during the day.
沙漠的热量白天非常炎热。
C1 noun /daɪˈvɜː.dʒəns/

divergence

分歧
Meaning
The process or state of diverging; a difference or deviation between two or more things.
Example
The divergence in their opinions led to a heated debate.
他们的意见分歧导致了激烈的辩论。
C1 noun /ˈɪnflʌks/

influx

涌入
Meaning
A large arrival or flow of people or things.
Example
The city experienced an influx of tourists during the festival.
这座城市在节日期间经历了大量游客的涌入。
C1 noun /səˈlaɪ.və/

Saliva

唾液
Meaning
the watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands
Example
The dentist asked her to rinse the saliva from her mouth.
牙医让她把口腔里的唾液漱掉。
C1 noun səˈlɪnɪti ɪnˈtruːʒən

salinity intrusion

盐水入侵
Meaning
The movement of salt water into freshwater areas, typically affecting coastal regions.
Example
Salinity intrusion affects coastal regions.
盐水入侵影响沿海地区。
C1 verb /ɪnˈtʃænt/

enchant

Meaning
to delight or charm greatly; to cast a spell over
Example
The storyteller enchanted the children with his tales.
C1 verb /struː/

strew

散播
Meaning
to scatter or spread things untidily over a surface or area
Example
Clothes were strewn across the floor.
衣服散落在地板上。
C1 verb /ˌoʊvərˈʃædoʊ/

overshadow

掩盖
Meaning
to appear more important or significant than something else, reducing its impact
Example
The scandal overshadowed his achievements.
丑闻掩盖了他的成就。
C1 adjective /ˈrɛvərənt/

reverent

虔诚的
Meaning
Showing deep and solemn respect.
Example
They listened to the speech in a reverent silence.
他们在虔诚的沉默中听取了演讲。
C1 adjective /sɑːrˈdɒnɪk/

sardonic

幸福
Meaning
Grimly mocking or cynical.
Example
She gave him a sardonic smile after hearing his excuse.
她在收到奖项时，无法隐藏自己的幸福。
C1 noun /lɪˈkjʊər/

liqueur

甜酒
Meaning
A strong, sweet alcoholic drink flavored with fruits, herbs, or spices.
Example
She served a small glass of cherry liqueur after dinner.
她在晚餐后提供了一小杯樱桃利口酒。
C1 verb /ˌdɪsɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/

disengage

脱离
Meaning
To release or detach oneself from something; to withdraw.
Example
He tried to disengage from the heated argument.
他试图从激烈的争论中脱离。
C1 noun /ˈflɔː.rə/

flora

在特定地区或栖息地中发现的植物生命
Meaning
The plant life found in a particular region or habitat.
Example
The Amazon rainforest is home to a vast flora diversity.
亚马逊雨林是丰富的植物群多样性的家园。
C1 adjective ˌprɒb.ə.bɪˈlɪs.tɪk

probabilistic

基于概率
Meaning
Based on probability; involving chance or statistical likelihood.
Example
The model follows a probabilistic approach to predictions.
该模型采用概率方法进行预测。
C1 noun /ænˈθɒlədʒi/

anthology

选集
Meaning
A collection of literary works, such as poems, short stories, or essays, compiled into one volume.
Example
She contributed a poem to the new poetry anthology.
她为新的诗歌选集贡献了一首诗。
C1 noun /ˈfɒdər/

fodder

饲料
Meaning
food for livestock such as cattle, horses, or sheep; also something considered of little value but used to supply a demand
Example
The farmer stored enough fodder for the cattle to last through winter.
农民储存了足够的饲料，以便牲畜能度过冬天。
C1 verb /ˈmjuːteɪt/

mutate

突变
Meaning
To change or cause to change in form, nature, or character.
Example
The virus can mutate into a more dangerous strain.
病毒可以突变成一种更危险的菌株。
C1 noun æmˈbɪvələns

ambivalence

矛盾心态
Meaning
Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something; uncertainty or confusion.
Example
She felt ambivalence about taking the job offer.
她在接受工作邀请时感到矛盾心态。
C1 adjective /skəˈlæstɪk/

scholastic

学术的
Meaning
Relating to schools, education, or academic learning.
Example
The school organizes scholastic competitions every year.
学校每年举办学术竞赛。
C1 noun ɪˈveɪ.ʒən

evasion

逃避
Meaning
The practice of avoiding or escaping from something, especially responsibility or duty.
Example
His evasion of responsibilities frustrated his colleagues.
他逃避责任的行为使同事们感到沮丧。
C1 verb /ˈməʊbɪlaɪz/

mobilize

动员
Meaning
to organize or prepare people or resources for action
Example
The leader worked hard to mobilize the community for the protest.
领导者努力动员社区参与抗议。
C1 adjective /ˌθiːəˈlɒdʒɪkl/

theological

神学的
Meaning
Relating to the study of theology or religious belief.
Example
He wrote a theological paper on the concept of divine justice.
他写了一篇关于神圣正义概念的神学论文。
C1 noun ænˈtɪk.wə.ti

antiquity

古代
Meaning
The ancient past, especially the period of classical and other human civilizations before the Middle Ages.
Example
The ruins are a reminder of the city's antiquity.
这些遗址是这座城市古代的象征。
C1 verb /ˈʌndərkʌt/

undercut

Meaning
to sell at a lower price than a competitor; to weaken or undermine something
Example
The company tried to undercut its rivals by offering lower prices.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnprɪˈtɛnʃəs/

unpretentious

谦虚的
Meaning
modest; not attempting to impress others with appearance or importance
Example
She lives in an unpretentious home but is very happy.
她住在一个谦虚的家里，但非常快乐。
C1 verb ɪɡˈzæsərbeɪt

exacerbate

加剧
Meaning
To make a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse.
Example
Climate change exacerbates flooding issues.
气候变化加剧了洪水问题。
C1 verb /ˈɛkskəˌveɪt/

excavate

幸福
Meaning
to dig out or remove earth carefully, often for building or archaeological purposes
Example
The workers excavated the site to prepare for construction.
她在收到奖项时，无法掩饰她的幸福。
C1 adjective ɪnˈdʒiː.ni.əs

ingenious

巧妙
Meaning
Showing inventiveness and skill; clever, original, and inventive.
Example
His ingenious ideas transformed modern physics.
他的巧妙想法改变了现代物理学。
C1 noun /pəˈraɪə/

pariah

弃儿
Meaning
An outcast; someone who is rejected by society or a social group.
Example
After the scandal, he became a social pariah.
丑闻过后，他成了一个社会弃儿。
C1 noun /ˌæntɪˈsiːdənts/

antecedents

前事
Meaning
previous events, conditions, or people that influence or serve as a basis for something that follows
Example
The lawyer examined the criminal antecedents of the suspect.
律师检查了嫌疑人的犯罪前事。
C1 noun /buːn/

boon

恩赐
Meaning
A thing that is helpful or beneficial.
Example
The internet is a boon to modern education.
互联网是现代教育的恩赐。
C1 noun /ˈrʌmpəs/

Rumpus

喧闹; 骚动; 混乱
Meaning
a noisy disturbance; an uproar or commotion
Example
The children caused quite a rumpus in the playground.
孩子们在游乐场引起了相当大的骚乱。
C1 adjective ˈæl.ɡə.rɪ.ðəm drɪv.ən

algorithm-driven

由算法驱动。
Meaning
Controlled or powered by computer algorithms.
Example
Algorithm-driven systems increase accuracy.
算法驱动的系统提高了准确性。
C1 adjective /æmˈbɪvələnt/

ambivalent

矛盾的
Meaning
Having mixed or contradictory feelings about something or someone.
Example
She was ambivalent about accepting the new job offer.
她对接受新工作的提议感到矛盾。
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbl/

irreversible

不可逆的
Meaning
Not able to be undone, changed, or reversed.
Example
The damage caused by the fire was irreversible.
火灾造成的损失是不可逆的。
C1 noun /ˈʃæmbəlz/

shambles

一片混乱
Meaning
a state of complete disorder or ruin
Example
After the storm, the whole town was in shambles.
风暴过后，整个城镇陷入了一片混乱。
C1 verb /əˈdʒuːdɪˌkeɪt/

adjudicate

裁定
Meaning
to make a formal judgment or decision about a problem or dispute
Example
The committee was formed to adjudicate disputes between the parties.
委员会的成立是为了裁定各方之间的争议。
C1 adjective /ɪkˈskjuːzəbl/

excusable

可原谅的
Meaning
Able to be forgiven or justified.
Example
Her mistake was excusable given the circumstances.
考虑到情况，她的错误是可以原谅的。
C1 adjective /ˈpəʊtəbl/

potable

可饮用的
Meaning
safe to drink; drinkable
Example
The villagers did not have access to potable water.
村民没有水源可以饮用。
C1 verb /ɪkˈstræpəleɪtɪŋ/

extrapolating

推断
Meaning
Extend the application of (a method or conclusion) to an unknown situation by assuming that existing trends will continue.
Example
Extrapolating from the current data, we can estimate the trends for next year.
根据当前数据进行推断，我们可以预测明年的趋势。
C1 verb /ˈhaɪtən/

heighten

提高
Meaning
to make or become greater in intensity or degree
Example
The announcement served to heighten the excitement in the room.
公告有助于提高房间里的兴奋。
C1 adjective /ˌɔːrnəˈmɛntl/

ornamental

装饰性的
Meaning
Serving as decoration; decorative rather than functional.
Example
The garden was filled with ornamental plants.
花园里满是装饰性的植物。
C1 adjective /tænˈdʒɛnʃəl/

tangential

切线的
Meaning
relating to or along a tangent; slightly or indirectly related to something
Example
His remarks were tangential to the main topic of discussion.
他的评论与讨论的主题有点关系。
C1 noun /ˌmɪsˈdiːd/

Misdeed

恶行; 罪行
Meaning
A wicked or illegal act; wrongdoing
Example
He regretted his past misdeeds and tried to make amends.
他后悔过去的恶行，并试图弥补。
C1 verb /ˌriːˈkæst/

recast

重新选择演员
Meaning
To present or change something in a different form or style.
Example
The director decided to recast the role with a younger actor.
导演决定用一位年轻演员重新安排这个角色。
C1 noun /ˈɪrɪtənt/

irritant

刺激物
Meaning
something that causes irritation or discomfort
Example
Dust is a common irritant for people with allergies.
灰尘是过敏者常见的刺激物。
C1 adjective /ˈdrɪəri/

dreary

沉闷的 / 阴沉的
Meaning
dull, bleak, and lifeless; depressing
Example
The long, dreary winter made everyone feel gloomy.
漫长而阴沉的冬天让每个人都感到沮丧。
C1 adjective /dɪˈvɪzəbl/

divisible

可被除
Meaning
Capable of being divided by another number without leaving a remainder.
Example
Twelve is divisible by three and four.
十二可以被三和四整除。
C1 noun /ˈtrɪnɪti/

trinity

三位一体
Meaning
a group of three closely related things; in Christianity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
Example
The museum’s exhibit focused on a trinity of themes: memory, identity, and power.
博物馆的展览专注于三种主题的三位一体：记忆、身份和力量。
C1 verb /bɔːl/

bawl

大声哭泣
Meaning
to shout or cry loudly
Example
The baby bawled all night, keeping everyone awake.
宝宝整晚哭个不停，吵醒了所有人。
C1 verb /rɪˈɡrɛs/

regress

Meaning
To return to a former or less developed state.
Example
Without proper guidance, the child's progress began to regress.
C1 noun /ˈnɪkəl/

nickel

镍币
Meaning
a small coin, typically worth five cents in the United States
Example
He found a nickel on the ground.
他在地上找到了一个镍币。
C1 verb /ˈkriːmeɪt/

cremate

火化
Meaning
to burn a dead body to ashes as a funeral rite
Example
According to his wishes, they cremated his body after the funeral.
按照他的意愿，他们在葬礼后火化了他的遗体。
C1 adjective /ˌɪnɔːrˈɡænɪk/

inorganic

无机的
Meaning
relating to substances that are not derived from living organisms; lacking organic structure or growth
Example
Inorganic compounds are commonly studied in chemistry labs.
无机化合物是化学的重要部分。
C1 noun /kəmˈpʌl.ʃən/

Compulsion

强迫; 强制;
Meaning
the action or state of forcing or being forced to do something; an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way
Example
He felt a strong compulsion to check his phone every few minutes.
他感到强烈的冲动，每隔几分钟就检查一次手机。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌktɪv/

inductive

归纳的
Meaning
characterized by the inference of general laws from particular instances; reasoning from specific cases to general principles
Example
The scientist used inductive reasoning to form a hypothesis.
科学家使用归纳推理来形成假设。
C1 noun kəmˈpleɪ.sən.si

complacency

自满
Meaning
Excessive self-satisfaction with one's achievements that can hinder progress.
Example
His complacency led to a decline in his performance.
他的自满导致了他的表现下降。
C1 noun /ˈsɪvɪks/

civics

公民教育
Meaning
the study of the rights and duties of citizens and how government works
Example
Civics helps students understand their responsibilities as citizens.
公民教育帮助学生理解作为公民的责任。
C1 adjective /pɪˈkjuːniˌɛri/

pecuniary

财务的
Meaning
relating to money or financial matters
Example
They faced pecuniary difficulties after the business failed.
在生意失败后，他们面临着财务困难。
C1 noun /twɪndʒ/

twinge

剧烈的痛苦
Meaning
a sudden, sharp pain or an emotional pang
Example
He felt a twinge of guilt after lying to his friend.
他在对朋友撒谎后感到一阵罪恶感的剧烈痛苦。
C1 noun/verb /ˈbɔɪ/ or /ˈbuːi/

buoy

浮标, 保持漂浮
Meaning
A floating marker on water; to keep something afloat or encourage someone.
Example
The news buoyed their spirits after the loss.
新闻在失落后提升了他们的精神。
C1 adjective /rɪˈflek.sɪv/

Reflexive

反思的; 自我反省的
Meaning
directed back on itself; showing deep thought about oneself
Example
She became more reflexive about her behavior after the feedback.
她在反馈后变得更加反思自己的行为。
C1 adjective /ˈɡreɪsləs/

graceless

不雅
Meaning
Lacking elegance, charm, or social refinement.
Example
His graceless behavior embarrassed everyone at the party.
他的不雅行为让派对上的每个人都感到尴尬。