C2 noun /ˌself əˈbeɪs.mənt/

self-abasement

自我贬低

Meaning

The act of belittling or humiliating oneself.

Example

His constant self-abasement made others uncomfortable.

他不断的自我贬低让其他人感到不舒服。

C2 noun /ˌhæŋ.ər ˈɒn/

hanger-on

跟班

Meaning

a person who spends time with a powerful or famous person to gain benefits.

Example

The celebrity was always surrounded by hangers-on.

这位名人总是被跟班围绕着。

B1 noun /ˈdɛkeɪd/

decade

十年

Meaning

A period of ten years.

Example

The country has changed a lot in the past decade.

这个国家在过去的十年里发生了很大变化。

A1 adjective /kuːl/

cool

冷静, 凉爽, 印象深刻

Meaning

moderately cold; calm and composed; fashionable or impressive

Example

She kept a cool head during the crisis.

她在危机中保持冷静。

C1 adjective /ˈreɡ.jʊ.lə.tər.i/

Regulatory

监管

Meaning

Having the power to control or govern something through rules and regulations.

Example

The government enforces regulatory policies for financial stability.

政府执行金融稳定的监管政策。

C1 verb /əˈskraɪb/

ascribe

归因于，归咎于

Meaning

To attribute something to a cause, source, or person.

Example

Many scholars ascribe the poem to an unknown author.

许多学者将这首诗归功于一位无名作者。

A2 noun /θiːf/

Thief

小偷

Meaning

a person who steals things from others

Example

The thief was caught stealing from the jewelry store.

小偷在珠宝店偷东西时被抓住了。

C1 verb /ˈwɒloʊ/

wallow

打滚, 沉溺

Meaning

to roll about or indulge oneself in something excessively

Example

The buffalo likes to wallow in the mud on hot days.

水牛喜欢在热天在泥巴里打滚。

C1 noun /ˈrəʊ.bɒt əˈsɪs.tɪd prəˈsiː.dʒərz/

robot-assisted procedures

机器人辅助程序

Meaning

Medical operations performed with the help of robotic systems to enhance precision and control.

Example

Robot-assisted procedures reduce human error.

机器人辅助程序减少了人为错误。

B2 noun /ˈkʊk.uː/

Cuckoo

布谷鸟

Meaning

a bird known for its distinctive call and for laying eggs in other birds' nests

Example

We heard the cuckoo calling from the forest early in the morning.

我们在清晨听到了从森林传来的布谷鸟的叫声。

C1 verb /smɪr/

smear

涂抹 / 诽谤

Meaning

to spread or apply a substance messily; to damage someone's reputation with false or unfair words

Example

The child smeared paint across the wall.

孩子把油漆涂在墙上。

C2 adverb /ˌfɔːrθˈwɪθ/

Forthwith

立即; 无延迟; 马上

Meaning

immediately; without delay; at once

Example

The manager ordered the employee to stop the unsafe practice forthwith.

经理命令员工立即停止危险的做法。

C1 adjective /ˈspaɪn.ləs/

Spineless

缺乏勇气; 意志薄弱; 胆小

Meaning

lacking courage or determination; weak-willed

Example

He was too spineless to stand up for his beliefs.

他太软弱，无法为自己的信仰站出来。

C1 noun ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈmen.təl ˌtræns.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən

environmental transformation

环境转型

Meaning

A significant change in environmental conditions or ecological systems.

Example

The city demonstrates environmental transformation.

这座城市展示了环境转型。

C2 verb /loʊp/

lope

以长而有弹跳的步伐奔跑或移动

Meaning

to run or move with a long, bounding stride

Example

The horse loped gracefully across the field.

马优雅地在田野上跑步。

B2 noun, verb /steɪk/

stake

股份, 风险

Meaning

A share or interest in a business or venture; to risk or support something of value.

Example

He has a major stake in the new company.

他在新公司拥有重大股份。

C2 noun /ˈwɪtɪˌsɪzəm/

witticism

机智的评论 / 笑话

Meaning

a clever or funny remark

Example

Her witticism made everyone laugh during the meeting.

她的机智评论让所有人都在会议期间笑了。

C2 noun /ˈhaʊsˌbreɪkɪŋ/

housebreaking

入室盗窃

Meaning

the crime of breaking into a house with intent to steal

Example

The thief was arrested for housebreaking.

小偷因入室盗窃被捕。

C2 adjective /ˈkoʊməˌtoʊs/

comatose

昏迷的

Meaning

In a state of deep unconsciousness, resembling or related to coma.

Example

The comatose patient was kept under constant observation.

昏迷的病人被持续观察。

A2 verb /beɪs/

base

基于

Meaning

to use something as a foundation; to establish or locate something

Example

They based their decision on facts.

他们基于事实做出了决定。

B2 noun /əˈsʌmpʃən/

Assumption

假设

Meaning

a thing that is accepted as true without proof; a supposition

Example

His assumption about the weather proved to be wrong.

他关于天气的假设被证明是错误的。

A2 adjective /riːl/

Real

真实的; 真实的; 不是假的

Meaning

actually existing; genuine; not imaginary or fake

Example

This is a real diamond, not a fake one.

这是一个真实的钻石，不是假的。

C1 adjective /ˈstɔːlwərt/

stalwart

坚定, 忠诚

Meaning

Loyal, reliable, and hardworking; strongly built or sturdy.

Example

She has always been a stalwart supporter of the community.

她一直是社区的坚定支持者。

B1 noun, adjective /pəˈdɛstriən/

Pedestrian

行人

Meaning

a person walking on the street; also means dull or ordinary

Example

The pedestrian crossed the road at the crosswalk.

行人通过人行道过马路。

C1 adjective /ˈbleɪtənt/

blatant

明显的

Meaning

done openly and unashamedly; obvious and offensive

Example

The company's blatant disregard for safety regulations angered the public.

公司对安全规定的公然蔑视激怒了公众。

A2 verb /prəˈduːs/

produce

生产

Meaning

to make, create, or manufacture something

Example

The factory produces cars.

工厂生产汽车。

C2 noun /prɪˈsɛntɪmənt/

presentiment

预感

Meaning

An intuitive feeling about the future, especially of something bad about to happen.

Example

He had a strong presentiment that the plan would fail.

他有强烈的预感，计划会失败。

C1 noun /ˈkæzəm/

chasm

裂缝 / 巨大差异

Meaning

a deep fissure in the earth's surface or a wide difference between people or ideas

Example

There was a great chasm between the two political parties.

两个政党之间有一个巨大的裂缝。

B2 noun /ˈpref.ər.əns/

Preference

偏爱

Meaning

a greater liking for one alternative over another or others

Example

She has a preference for classical music over pop music.

她更喜欢古典音乐而不是流行音乐。

C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛrɪl/

imperil

使处于危险中

Meaning

To put in danger or at risk.

Example

Reckless driving can imperil the lives of others.

鲁莽驾驶可能会危及他人的生命。

B2 noun /ˌʌndəˈɡrædʒuət/

undergraduate

本科生

Meaning

a student who has not yet earned a bachelor's degree

Example

She is an undergraduate studying computer science.

她是一个学习计算机科学的本科生。

A2 adverb /kəmˈpliːtli/

completely

完全地

Meaning

totally; in every way possible

Example

The room was completely silent.

房间完全安静。

C2 adjective /traɪˈɛniəl/

triennial

三年一次的

Meaning

Occurring once every three years.

Example

The art festival is a triennial event in the city.

艺术节是这座城市的三年一次的活动。

C1 noun /θiˈɒlədʒi/

theology

神学

Meaning

The study of the nature of God and religious beliefs.

Example

She is pursuing a degree in theology at the university.

她正在大学攻读神学学位。

C1 adjective /ˈhɪd.i.əs/

Hideous

丑陋的; 恶心的; 可怕的

Meaning

extremely ugly or unpleasant; causing shock or disgust

Example

The monster in the movie had a hideous appearance.

电影中的怪物看起来非常丑陋。

C2 verb /bɪˈtəʊkən/

betoken

预示

Meaning

to be a sign or indication of something

Example

Dark clouds betoken an approaching storm.

乌云预示着即将到来的暴风雨。

C1 adjective /ˈtʌf.tɪd/

Tufted

有小束的; 装饰着小束

Meaning

having a tuft or tufts; furnished with a tuft or clump of threads, hairs, or other material

Example

The tufted sofa looked elegant in the living room.

有小束的沙发在客厅里看起来很优雅。

B1 noun /ɪnˌvɛs.tɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/

investigation

调查

Meaning

the process of inquiring into or examining something carefully to find the truth

Example

The investigation revealed new evidence about the fraud.

调查揭示了有关欺诈的新证据。

A2 noun /tʃæns/

chance

机会

Meaning

An opportunity or possibility of something happening.

Example

He took a chance and applied for the job.

他冒险申请了这份工作。

A2 noun /ˈdʒɜːr.ni/

Journey

旅行

Meaning

an act of travelling from one place to another; a long and often difficult process of personal development

Example

Their journey across the country took three weeks to complete.

他们的旅行穿越整个国家，花了三周时间。

C1 noun /ˌriː.pəˈkʌʃ.ən/

repercussion

后果

Meaning

An unintended consequence occurring some time after an event or action.

Example

The economic crisis had severe repercussions on global trade.

经济危机对全球贸易产生了严重的后果。

C2 adjective /pʌɡˈneɪʃəs/

pugnacious

好斗的

Meaning

Having a quarrelsome or combative nature; eager to fight.

Example

His pugnacious attitude often got him into trouble.

他好斗的态度常常让他陷入麻烦。

B1 noun tɪk mɑːrk

tick mark

勾选框

Meaning

A mark (✓) used to indicate that something is correct or has been chosen, checked, or dealt with.

Example

I put a tick mark on all the completed tasks.

我在所有已完成的任务上打上了勾选框。

B2 noun /ˈraɪdər/

rider

骑手

Meaning

A person who rides a horse, bicycle, motorcycle, or other vehicle.

Example

The rider fell off the horse.

骑手从马背上摔了下来。

C1 noun /ˈtɒr.ənt/

Torrent

急流; 洪流

Meaning

a strong and fast-moving stream of water or other liquid; a sudden, violent, and copious outpouring

Example

The heavy rain created a torrent of water rushing down the mountain.

大雨造成了水流急速下山。

C1 noun /ˈɑːnkɔːr/

encore

安可

Meaning

An additional performance demanded by an audience at the end of a show.

Example

The band returned to the stage for an encore.

乐队返回舞台进行安可表演。

B2 adjective /ˈpoʊ.lər/

polar

极地的，关于两极的

Meaning

relating to the North or South Pole; opposite in nature or character

Example

Penguins live in polar regions of the Earth.

企鹅生活在地球的极地地区。

B1 noun /ˈkær.ə.væn/

Caravan

大篷车

Meaning

a group of people traveling together, especially through desert areas

Example

The merchant caravan crossed the desert with camels carrying precious goods.

商人队伍穿越沙漠，驼背上载着贵重的货物。

B2 adjective /mɪr/

mere

仅仅

Meaning

Used to emphasize how small or insignificant something is.

Example

It was a mere suggestion, not a command.

这只是一个建议，而不是命令。

B2 noun /ˈvel.vɪt/

Velvet

天鹅绒

Meaning

a soft, luxurious fabric with a thick, short pile on one side

Example

The royal curtains were made of rich red velvet.

皇家窗帘是用富有的红色天鹅绒做的。

C1 noun /əˈflɪkʃən/

affliction

痛苦

Meaning

a state of pain, suffering, or distress

Example

Poverty is a common affliction in many parts of the world.

贫困是世界许多地方的常见痛苦。

B2 noun /ˌsoʊsiˈɑːlədʒi/

sociology

社会学

Meaning

the study of society, human relationships, and social institutions

Example

She is studying sociology at university.

她在大学学习社会学。

A2 noun /ˈwɒlɪt/

Wallet

钱包

Meaning

a small folding case for carrying money, credit cards, and identification

Example

He pulled out his wallet to pay for the coffee.

他拿出钱包付了咖啡的钱。

C1 noun /ˈtriːtɪs/

treatise

论文

Meaning

a formal and systematic written work dealing with a subject in detail

Example

He wrote a treatise on modern economic theory.

他写了一篇关于现代经济理论的论文。

B1 noun trend

trend

趋势

Meaning

A general direction in which something is developing or changing; a pattern or tendency.

Example

The current trend of deforestation is alarming.

当前的森林砍伐趋势令人担忧。

C2 adjective /ˌnjuːmɪzˈmætɪk/

numismatic

钱币学的

Meaning

relating to the study or collection of coins, currency, and medals

Example

He has a numismatic collection of rare coins from around the world.

他拥有来自世界各地的稀有硬币收藏。

B1 noun ɪmˈpruːv.mənts

improvements

改善

Meaning

The action of making or becoming better; an instance of something becoming or being made better.

Example

Continuous improvements increase productivity.

持续的改善提高了生产力。

B1 adverb /ˈber.li/

Barely

勉强; 刚好; 几乎没有

Meaning

scarcely; only just; almost not

Example

I barely passed the exam.

我勉强通过了考试。

C2 adjective /ˈrɛkriənt/

recreant

懦弱的, 背叛的

Meaning

cowardly or unfaithful to duty

Example

The recreant soldier abandoned his post in fear.

那名懦弱的士兵因恐惧而放弃了他的岗位。

C2 noun /ˈsɛkstənt/

sextant

六分仪

Meaning

a navigational instrument with a graduated arc of 60°, used to measure the angle between a celestial object and the horizon

Example

Using a sextant, the navigator fixed the ship’s position at noon.

使用六分仪，导航员在中午确定了船的位置。

C2 verb /diːˈmoʊbəlaɪz/

demobilize

解散

Meaning

To release from military service or to disband troops.

Example

The government decided to demobilize the army after the war.

政府决定在战争后解散军队。

B2 noun daɪˈlem.ə

dilemma

困境, 难题

Meaning

A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives.

Example

She faced a moral dilemma at work.

她在工作中面临道德困境。

C1 noun /ˌnoʊtəˈraɪəti/

notoriety

恶名

Meaning

The state of being famous or well-known for something bad.

Example

The criminal gained notoriety for his daring escapes.

罪犯因其大胆的逃脱而声名狼藉。

B2 adjective /ˈkwɔːrtərli/

Quarterly

季度的

Meaning

occurring every three months; relating to a quarter of a year

Example

The company publishes quarterly reports to shareholders.

公司发布每季度报告给股东。

C2 noun ˈɒpjʊləns

opulence

奢华

Meaning

Great wealth or luxuriousness.

Example

The opulence of the mansion was evident in its ornate furnishings.

大厦的奢华体现在其华丽的家具中。

C1 adjective /suːˈpɜːrlətɪv/

superlative

最高级

Meaning

Of the highest quality or degree; expressing the extreme form of an adjective or adverb.

Example

Her performance was superlative, earning her a standing ovation.

她的表现是最高级的，赢得了站立的掌声。

A1 noun /ˈɡɑːr.dən/

Garden

花园

Meaning

a piece of ground, often near a house, used for growing flowers, fruit, or vegetables

Example

She spent her morning tending to the roses in her beautiful garden.

她在美丽的花园里照料玫瑰，度过了她的早晨。

C1 noun /ˌprɒk.ləˈmeɪ.ʃən/

Proclamation

公告

Meaning

an official public announcement, especially one made by someone in authority

Example

The king issued a proclamation declaring peace.

国王发布了一项公告，宣布和平。

B2 noun ɪnˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ ˈlɜːrnɪŋ ɪkˈspɪəriənsɪz

engaging learning experiences

引人入胜的学习体验

Meaning

Interactive and immersive educational activities that capture students' attention and actively involve them in the learning process.

Example

Digital tools create engaging learning experiences.

数字工具创造引人入胜的学习体验。

C1 noun /ɪˈreləvəns/

irrelevance

无关性

Meaning

the quality of not being connected to or important for a particular matter; lack of significance

Example

His long explanation only highlighted the irrelevance of the details to the main issue.

他冗长的解释只凸显了这些细节与主要问题的无关性。

B1 adjective /ˈliː.dɪŋ/

Leading

领先的; 主要的; 最重要的

Meaning

foremost; principal; most important; guiding

Example

She is a leading expert in environmental science.

她是环境科学领域的领先专家。

C1 adjective /ˈkɜːrsəri/

cursory

草率

Meaning

Hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed.

Example

He gave the report only a cursory glance before the meeting.

他在会议前匆忙地扫了一眼报告。

B2 noun /ˌɒn.trə.prəˈnɜːr/

Entrepreneur

组织和经营一个或多个企业的人

Meaning

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses

Example

The young entrepreneur started her own tech company at age 22.

这位年轻的企业家在22岁时创办了自己的科技公司。

B2 noun /ɪkˈskluːʒən/

exclusion

排斥

Meaning

The process or state of being left out or denied access.

Example

The policy led to the exclusion of certain groups.

该政策导致某些群体被排斥。

B1 noun /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.ti/

facility

设施

Meaning

A place, amenity, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose.

Example

The facility was well-maintained.

设施保持得很好。

C1 noun /dʌsk/

Dusk

黄昏; 傍晚

Meaning

the period of the day when daylight is fading; twilight

Example

They walked along the beach during dusk, watching the sunset.

他们在黄昏时分在海滩上走，观看日落。

A2 adjective /ˈɔːfəl/

awful

糟糕

Meaning

very bad or unpleasant

Example

The weather was awful during our trip.

我们旅行时天气很糟糕。

B2 noun /bʌd/

Bud

花苞

Meaning

An undeveloped or immature flower before it opens

Example

The rose bud will bloom into a beautiful flower in a few days.

玫瑰花苞将在几天内绽放成一朵美丽的花。

B2 noun /ˈten.dən.si/

Tendency

趋势

Meaning

an inclination toward a particular characteristic or type of behavior

Example

She has a tendency to arrive late for meetings.

她有迟到的趋势。

B1 adjective /ˈtrʌbəld/

troubled

困扰

Meaning

experiencing or showing distress, anxiety, or worry

Example

He looked deeply troubled after hearing the bad news.

听到坏消息后，他看起来非常困扰。

B2 adjective /kənˈtɛmpərɛri/

contemporary

当代的, 现代的

Meaning

belonging to the same time period; modern

Example

She enjoys contemporary art exhibitions.

她喜欢现代艺术展览。

C2 noun /ˈseɪpiəns/

sapience

智慧

Meaning

Wisdom or intelligence.

Example

Her sapience in solving problems earned her the respect of her colleagues.

她在解决问题上的智慧赢得了同事们的尊重。

B2 noun ˌɪm.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

implication

暗示

Meaning

A conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is not explicitly stated; a likely consequence.

Example

The implication of climate change is severe.

气候变化的暗示意义是严重的。

B1 adverb /səˈpraɪzɪŋli/

surprisingly

令人惊讶地

Meaning

in a way that causes surprise or amazement

Example

Surprisingly, she finished the entire project in just one day.

令人惊讶的是，她在一天之内完成了整个项目。

C1 noun /ˈhæm.lət/

Hamlet

小村庄

Meaning

a small rural settlement, smaller than a village; a small community

Example

The tiny hamlet nestled in the valley had only a dozen houses and one small church.

位于山谷中的小村庄只有十几座房子和一座小教堂。

A1 noun /wɔːl/

wall

墙

Meaning

a vertical structure that encloses or divides an area

Example

The wall in our living room is painted blue.

我们客厅的墙壁被涂成了蓝色。

B2 noun /ˈlaɪv.stɒk/

livestock

家畜

Meaning

farm animals such as cattle, sheep, and pigs that are kept for use or profit

Example

The farmer raised livestock to supply meat and milk for the market.

农民饲养家畜，以供应市场的肉类和牛奶。

C1 noun /ˈrɛɡjəleɪtər/

regulator

调节器

Meaning

a person or device that controls or maintains the operation of a system

Example

The government appointed a new regulator for the financial sector.

政府为金融部门任命了新的调节器。

B1 verb /dɪp/

dip

浸泡

Meaning

to put something quickly into a liquid and take it out again

Example

She dipped her bread into the soup.

她把面包浸入汤中。

C1 verb /ˌpoʊstˈdeɪt/

postdate

后置日期

Meaning

To assign a date later than the actual date to a document or event.

Example

She postdated the check to next month.

她把支票的日期改为下个月。

B1 noun /məˈdʒɪʃən/

magician

魔术师

Meaning

A person who performs tricks and illusions for entertainment or one believed to have magical powers.

Example

The magician pulled a rabbit out of his hat.

魔术师从他的帽子里拿出了兔子。

C2 prefix /dɪs-/

dys-

前缀，表示异常、不良、困难或缺陷

Meaning

A prefix meaning abnormal, bad, difficult, or impaired.

Example

Words like 'dysfunction' and 'dyslexia' use the prefix dys- to indicate difficulty or impairment.

像“功能障碍”和“阅读困难”这样的词使用前缀dis-来表示困难或缺陷。

B1 verb /əbˈzɜːrv/

observe

观察

Meaning

to watch carefully; to notice or perceive something

Example

Scientists observe the behavior of animals in the wild.

科学家观察野生动物的行为。

C1 adjective /aɪˈreɪt/

irate

愤怒的

Meaning

Extremely angry.

Example

The customer became irate after waiting for hours.

顾客在等待了几个小时后变得愤怒。

C1 adjective /ˈdɪzməl/

Dismal

阴沉的; 沮丧的; 令人悲伤的

Meaning

gloomy; depressing; causing sadness or despair

Example

The weather was dismal with heavy rain and dark clouds.

天气阴沉，伴随大雨和黑暗的云层。

C1 adjective /ˈmɒdʒʊlər/

modular

模块化

Meaning

Employing or involving a module or modules as the basis of design or construction.

Example

The modular design allows for easy customization and scalability.

模块化设计允许轻松定制和可扩展性。

B2 verb /ˈɪmɪteɪt/

imitate

模仿

Meaning

to copy the behavior or manner of someone or something

Example

Children often imitate their parents' behavior.

孩子们经常模仿父母的行为。

C1 adjective /ɪˈnæmərd/

enamored

着迷

Meaning

filled with love or admiration

Example

He became enamored with classical music after attending the concert.

他在参加音乐会后爱上了古典音乐。

C1 adjective ˌprɒb.ə.bɪˈlɪs.tɪk

probabilistic

基于概率

Meaning

Based on probability; involving chance or statistical likelihood.

Example

The model follows a probabilistic approach to predictions.

该模型采用概率方法进行预测。

B1 adjective /rɪˈkwaɪəd/

required

必要的

Meaning

necessary or compulsory

Example

A visa is required to enter the country.

进入该国需要签证。

B2 noun /ˈsɛtlər/

settler

定居者

Meaning

a person who settles in a new area or land

Example

The settlers arrived in the new town and started building homes.

定居者们抵达新城市并开始建造房屋。

C2 adjective, noun /pləˈbiːən/

plebian

普通的，平民的

Meaning

alternate spelling of 'plebeian'; common or ordinary

Example

His tastes were rather plebian, favoring simple food and clothes.

他的口味相当普通，喜欢简单的食物和衣服。

C1 verb /ɡraɪp/

gripe

抱怨

Meaning

to complain about something in an annoying way

Example

He is always griping about the weather.

他总是抱怨天气。

C2 noun /ˈluːkər/

lucre

利润

Meaning

money, especially when regarded as sordid or gained dishonorably

Example

He was motivated more by lucre than by duty.

他更多的是由利润而不是责任驱动。

Meaning

To take a long walk in the countryside or mountains; also to increase suddenly (prices, rates, etc.).

Example

We decided to hike in the hills this weekend.

B1 adjective /ədˈvænst/

advanced

先进

Meaning

highly developed or complex

Example

He is studying an advanced level of mathematics.

他正在学习高级数学。

B2 noun /ɡʊdz treɪn/

Goods train

货运列车

Meaning

a train designed to transport cargo and freight rather than passengers

Example

The long goods train carried containers from the port to the inland depot.

长货运列车从港口到内陆仓库运输集装箱。

B1 noun /priːst/

priest

牧师

Meaning

a person who performs religious duties and ceremonies

Example

The priest blessed the congregation during the Sunday service.

牧师在主日礼拜期间祝福了会众。

C2 adjective /vaɪˈtjuːpərəbl̩/

vituperable

应受指责的

Meaning

Deserving of blame, censure, or harsh criticism.

Example

His reckless actions made him vituperable in the eyes of his colleagues.

他鲁莽的行为使他在同事眼中变得应受指责的。

C1 adjective /ʌnˈduː/

Undue

过度的; 不适当的; 超过必要或适当的

Meaning

excessive; inappropriate; more than is necessary or proper

Example

The teacher complained about undue pressure from parents.

老师抱怨家长施加的过度压力。