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A2 preposition /wɪðˈɪn/

within

Meaning
inside the limits of something, or as part of a particular space or time
Example
The keys are within the drawer.
B2 adjective /ɪkˈsɛntrɪk/

eccentric

Meaning
unconventional and slightly strange in behavior or appearance
Example
The artist was known for his eccentric style.
B1 noun /ˈklɪn.ɪk/

clinic

Meaning
A place where people receive medical treatment without staying overnight.
Example
She went to the clinic for a health check-up.
C1 noun, verb /ˈskʌf.əl/

scuffle

Meaning
a short, confused fight or struggle; to engage in such a fight
Example
Two players scuffled on the field after the foul.
C2 noun /dɪˈpɑːzɪtər/

depositor

Meaning
a person who places money in a bank or financial institution
Example
The bank provides insurance to protect depositors’ funds.
C1 adjective /ˌser.ɪˈmoʊ.ni.əl/

Ceremonial

Meaning
relating to or used in ceremonies; formal and ritualistic
Example
The ceremonial dress was worn during the royal wedding.
C2 noun /ˈdʒɪb.ɪt/

Gibbet

Meaning
a gallows for hanging criminals; an upright post with a projecting arm for hanging the bodies of criminals
Example
In medieval times, criminals were often executed on a gibbet as a public warning.
C1 noun /ˈsɔːrsəri/

sorcery

Meaning
the use of magical powers, especially through spells and enchantments
Example
The villagers believed the illness was caused by sorcery.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnskrɪpt/

conscript

Meaning
to force someone into military service
Example
The government conscripted young men during the war.
A2 noun/verb /ˈtræn.spɔːrt/

transport

Meaning
The movement of people or goods from one place to another.
Example
Efficient transport systems reduce travel time.
B2 noun /rɪˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/

reliability

Meaning
the quality of being trustworthy or performing consistently well
Example
Customers value the reliability of our service.
B1 verb /əˈlɑːrm/

alarm

Meaning
to warn of danger; to frighten or disturb
Example
The loud noise alarmed the residents.
C1 noun /ˈswɪndlɚ/

swindler

Meaning
a person who cheats or deceives others for money or gain
Example
The police finally caught the notorious swindler.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈvaɪəbl/

unviable

Meaning
Not capable of working successfully; not feasible or practical.
Example
The project was deemed unviable due to high costs.
C1 adjective /ˈθrɪfti/

thrifty

Meaning
using money and resources carefully and not wastefully
Example
She is very thrifty and always saves money for the future.
A2 noun /ˈtel.ɪˌvɪʒ.ən/

Television

Meaning
an electronic device for receiving and displaying television broadcasts
Example
My family watches television together every evening.
C1 verb /proʊˈtrækt/

protract

Meaning
To prolong or extend in time or duration.
Example
Negotiations were protracted for several months.
A2 noun /ˈdrɔːɪŋ/

drawing

Meaning
a picture or diagram made with a pencil, pen, or crayons rather than paint
Example
She showed me a drawing of her house.
B2 adjective ˈɛvɪdənt

evident

Meaning
Clearly seen or understood; obvious.
Example
The result was evident.
C2 noun /ˈɪrˌʃɑːt/

earshot

Meaning
the range or distance within which a sound can be heard
Example
The children whispered secrets out of earshot of their parents.
B2 noun ˌreɪ.di.oʊ.ækˈtɪv.ə.ti

radioactivity

Meaning
The emission of ionizing radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei.
Example
Radioactivity is used in medical treatments like cancer therapy.
B1 noun /tɑːsk/

task

Meaning
a piece of work or duty to be done
Example
He completed the task before the deadline.
C1 noun /ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/

referendum

Meaning
a general vote by the population on a single political issue
Example
The government held a referendum on the new constitution.
A1 verb /ˈfɪnɪʃ/

finish

Meaning
to complete or bring to an end; to reach the final point
Example
She finished her homework before dinner.
C1 adverb /ɔːˈtɒnəməsli/

autonomously

Meaning
In an independent or self-governing manner.
Example
The robot can operate autonomously without human intervention.
C1 adjective /kənˈstreɪnd/

constrained

Meaning
appearing forced, unnatural, or restricted
Example
He gave a constrained smile during the awkward meeting.
A2 adjective /ˈprɒpər/

proper

Meaning
conforming to accepted standards of behavior or morality
Example
He made sure to wear proper attire for the interview.
A1 adverb /əˈɡoʊ/

ago

Meaning
Used to indicate how long before the present something happened.
Example
I met her two years ago.
C1 verb /daʊs/

douse

Meaning
to pour liquid over; to extinguish a fire or light
Example
Firefighters doused the flames with water.
A2 noun /ˈbɪznəsˌwʊmən/

businesswoman

Meaning
a woman who works in business, especially one who owns or manages a company
Example
The businesswoman expanded her company into international markets.
A2 adjective /ʌnˈhel.θi/

Unhealthy

Meaning
harmful to health; not in good health; detrimental to well-being
Example
Eating too much fast food is unhealthy for your body.
C2 verb /əˈleɪ/

allay

Meaning
to reduce the intensity of fear, worry, or pain; to calm
Example
The teacher tried to allay the students’ fears before the exam.
C2 noun /ˈmʌstərd ɔɪl/

Mustard Oil

Meaning
oil extracted from mustard seeds, commonly used for cooking and medicinal purposes
Example
We use mustard oil for cooking vegetables in our kitchen.
C1 noun /əˈlɒt.mənt/

allotment

Meaning
The distribution or allocation of something, especially resources or portions.
Example
Each department received an allotment of resources.
B2 noun /ˈmɑːrdʒɪn/

Margin

Meaning
The edge or border of something; an amount allowed beyond what is needed
Example
Please write your notes in the margin of the page.
B1 noun /juːˈten.səlz/

Utensils

Meaning
tools or implements used for cooking, eating, or serving food
Example
Please wash all the cooking utensils after preparing dinner.
C2 noun /ˈʃʊərəti/

surety

Meaning
a person who takes responsibility for another's performance of an undertaking, such as appearing in court or paying a debt
Example
The landlord required a surety before renting the apartment.
C1 noun /ˈbraɪ.dəl/

Bridle

Meaning
the headgear used to control a horse, consisting of buckled straps and a bit
Example
The rider adjusted the horse's bridle before mounting for the race.
C2 noun /dʒɔːnt/

jaunt

Meaning
A short journey or excursion, usually taken for pleasure.
Example
They went on a weekend jaunt to the countryside.
C2 noun /əˈpɒstəsi/

apostasy

Meaning
The abandonment or renunciation of a religious or political belief.
Example
His public apostasy shocked his followers.
B2 noun /əˈriːnə/

arena

Meaning
a large area surrounded by seats for sports, entertainment, or other events
Example
The basketball game will be held in the new arena downtown.
C1 noun /ˌrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Ratification

Meaning
the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement
Example
The treaty required ratification by both countries' parliaments.
C2 adjective /ˈɪnmoʊst/

inmost

Meaning
Situated at the very heart or deepest part; most private or secret.
Example
She revealed her inmost thoughts to her closest friend.
C1 noun daɪˈkɒtəmi

dichotomy

Meaning
A division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different.
Example
The dichotomy between tradition and modernity is often debated.
B2 noun /ˌek.spekˈteɪ.ʃən/

Expectation

Meaning
a strong belief that something will happen or be the case; anticipation
Example
The new teacher exceeded everyone's expectations with her innovative teaching methods.
B2 verb /rɪˈzɜːv/

reserve

Meaning
to keep something for future use; to book in advance
Example
I want to reserve a table for dinner.
B1 noun /ˌdek.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

Decoration

Meaning
the process or art of decorating something; ornamental items used to beautify
Example
The Christmas decoration transformed the ordinary room into a festive wonderland.
C2 noun /ˈvɜːrdɪɡriːs/

verdigris

Meaning
A green or bluish deposit that forms on copper, brass, or bronze surfaces due to oxidation.
Example
The old statue was covered in verdigris after years of exposure to the rain.
C2 adjective /ˈmjuːtəbl/

mutable

Meaning
Capable of change or alteration.
Example
Human emotions are mutable and can shift rapidly.
A2 noun /ˈpeɪntɪŋ/

painting

Meaning
a picture or design made using paint
Example
The painting on the wall was created by a famous artist.
A2 noun /ˈtʃer.i/

Cherry

Meaning
a small round red or black fruit with a hard seed inside
Example
She picked fresh cherries from the tree in her garden.
C1 noun /ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃən/

inclination

Meaning
A natural tendency or urge to act or feel in a particular way.
Example
She has an inclination towards helping others.
C1 adjective /dɪsˈsɪmɪlər/

dissimilar

Meaning
Not alike; different.
Example
Though they are twins, their personalities are dissimilar.
C1 noun /ˈvɪɡər/

vigor

Meaning
Physical strength, energy, or enthusiasm.
Example
She tackled the project with great vigor and determination.
C2 adjective /ˈtriːkli/

treacly

Meaning
Excessively sweet or sentimental, like treacle.
Example
The movie was too treacly for my taste.
A2 noun /ˈklɑːsmeɪt/

classmate

Meaning
a person who is in the same class or course of study as another
Example
I met one of my old classmates at the university event.
C1 adverb /pɜːr ˈseɪ/

per se

Meaning
By or in itself; intrinsically.
Example
The idea is not bad per se, but it needs improvement.
B2 verb /ˈbænɪʃ/

banish

Meaning
to send someone away from a place as punishment; to get rid of
Example
The king banished the traitor from the kingdom.
C1 noun /noʊˈbɪl.ə.ti/

Nobility

Meaning
the quality of being noble in character; people of noble rank
Example
He showed great nobility in forgiving his enemies.
C2 noun /ˌmjuːlˈtɪər/

muleteer

Meaning
a person who drives or takes care of mules
Example
The muleteer guided the animals safely across the mountain path.
B2 adjective /ˌkaɪnd ˈhɑːrtɪd/

kind-hearted

Meaning
Having a kind and generous nature; showing compassion and care for others.
Example
She is known as a kind-hearted teacher who always helps her students.
B2 verb /ɡreɪz/

graze

Meaning
To feed on grass; to touch or scrape lightly while passing.
Example
The cows graze in the meadow every morning.
B1 adverb /ˈpraʊdli/

proudly

Meaning
in a way that shows pride or satisfaction; with a sense of honor or achievement
Example
She proudly displayed her achievements to her family.
B2 verb /rɪˈfreɪn/

refrain

Meaning
To hold oneself back from doing something.
Example
Please refrain from smoking in this area.
C1 adjective /tɜːrs/

terse

Meaning
brief and to the point; sparing in the use of words
Example
His reply was terse and ended the conversation quickly.
C2 noun /ˈklæpər/

clapper

Meaning
The free-swinging metal piece inside a bell that strikes it to produce sound.
Example
The clapper inside the bell was broken.
C1 noun /ʃeɪl/

shale

Meaning
a fine-grained sedimentary rock that can be split into thin layers
Example
The region is rich in shale and natural gas deposits.
B1 noun ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv

alternative

Meaning
(Of one or more things) available as another possibility or choice.
Example
Finding an alternative to plastic is essential.
B2 noun /ˈwɪzərd/

Wizard

Meaning
a man who is supposed to have magical powers; a person who is very skilled in a particular area
Example
The wizard performed amazing magic tricks.
C1 verb /pəˈveɪd/

pervade

Meaning
to spread through and be present in every part of something
Example
The smell of fresh flowers pervaded the entire room.
C1 noun /ˈspiːʃiː/

specie

Meaning
money in the form of coins rather than notes or credit
Example
The transaction was made in specie.
C1 noun /ˌɪm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/

Imposition

Meaning
the action or process of imposing something or of being imposed; an unfair burden or demand
Example
The imposition of new taxes without consultation angered the citizens greatly.
B2 noun ˈbentʃ.mɑːk

benchmark

Meaning
A standard or point of reference against which things may be compared or assessed.
Example
Sabah Al Ahmad Sea City sets a benchmark in sustainability.
B2 noun /ˌkɑn.frənˈteɪ.ʃən/

Confrontation

Meaning
a hostile or argumentative meeting or situation between opposing parties; direct challenge or opposition
Example
The confrontation between the two leaders ended without any agreement.
C1 verb /spɔːn/

spawn

Meaning
to produce or generate, often in large numbers
Example
The video game has spawned many sequels.
A1 adjective /waɪt/

White

Meaning
of the color of snow or milk; pale; pure
Example
She wore a beautiful white dress to the wedding.
C1 noun, verb /ˈbʌtrəs/

buttress

Meaning
a structure built against a wall for support; to support or strengthen
Example
The cathedral walls were buttressed to prevent collapse.
C2 noun /ˈpɒntɪf/

pontiff

Meaning
the pope or a high-ranking bishop in the Christian church
Example
The pontiff addressed the nation in a televised speech.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdiːsənt/

indecent

Meaning
not conforming to accepted standards of behavior or morality; improper or offensive
Example
He was warned for making an indecent remark during the meeting.
A1 pronoun /ʌs/

us

Meaning
used to refer to the speaker and one or more other people as the object of a verb or preposition
Example
She gave us a gift.
B2 noun /ˈbrɔːdˌkæstər/

broadcaster

Meaning
a person or organization that transmits a broadcast program.
Example
The broadcaster aired the match live to millions of viewers.
C2 adjective /ˈtɪtjələr/

titular

Meaning
holding a title or position in name only without real power; relating to the title of a work
Example
She is the titular head of the committee, but decisions are made by the coordinator.
C2 adjective /dæŋk/

dank

Meaning
unpleasantly damp and cold
Example
The basement was dark and dank, filled with a musty smell.
B2 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/

inconsistent

Meaning
Not staying the same throughout; lacking harmony or regularity.
Example
His answers were inconsistent and confusing.
B2 adjective /ˌfæʃ.ənd/

Outdated

Meaning
obsolete; no longer current
Example
This computer software is completely outdated.
C2 noun /pɜːr bɔɪld raɪs/

Per boiled rice

Meaning
Rice that has been partially boiled in the husk before milling; parboiled rice
Example
Per boiled rice retains more nutrients than regular white rice.
B2 adjective /ˈlɪtərɛri/

literary

Meaning
concerning the writing, study, or content of literature
Example
She is a well-known figure in the literary world.
C1 noun /kæsˈkeɪd/

Cascade

Meaning
a waterfall; a succession of stages or operations
Example
The mountain cascade created a beautiful natural swimming pool below.
A2 verb /fɪl/

fill

Meaning
to make or become full; to put something into a container until it is full
Example
Please fill the glass with water.
C2 noun /kəˈdʌm.bə/

Kadamba

Meaning
A tropical tree with round, fragrant orange flowers, sacred in Hindu culture and associated with Lord Krishna
Example
The kadamba tree is mentioned frequently in ancient Indian poetry.
C1 adjective /tɔːt/

taut

Meaning
stretched or pulled tight; tense
Example
The rope was pulled taut between the two poles.
C1 noun /ˈdæmpər/

damper

Meaning
something that reduces or lessens the force, effect, or excitement
Example
The cancellation of the trip put a damper on their enthusiasm.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈsɪpiənt/

incipient

Meaning
in an initial stage; beginning to develop
Example
The incipient storm made the sky turn dark and heavy.
B1 adjective /ˈsɔːlti/

Salty

Meaning
having the taste of salt; containing salt; tasting of seawater
Example
The salty ocean water made her thirsty.
C2 verb /koʊˈhɪr/

cohere

Meaning
To stick together; to be united logically or physically.
Example
The ideas in his essay cohere well.
B2 noun /ɒdz/

odds

Meaning
the likelihood or probability of something happening; chances for or against something
Example
The odds of winning the lottery are very low.
B2 verb /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ/

discourage

Meaning
to make someone less confident or enthusiastic about doing something
Example
Failure should not discourage you from trying again.
C2 verb /rɪˈspaɪər/

respire

Meaning
To breathe in and out; to inhale and exhale.
Example
Plants also respire to release energy.
C1 noun /ˈkɑːrdəməm/

Cardamom

Meaning
aromatic seeds from a plant in the ginger family, used as a spice
Example
The recipe calls for a pinch of ground cardamom.
C1 verb/noun /ˈsɒldər/

solder

Meaning
To join metal parts together by melting and putting a filler metal into the joint
Example
He soldered the broken wires back together.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːrstwaɪl/

erstwhile

Meaning
former or in the past
Example
They were erstwhile friends but no longer speak.
B2 noun /ɪˈkweɪʒən/

equation

Meaning
a mathematical statement that shows the equality of two expressions
Example
He solved the equation to find the value of x.
A1 verb /lɪv/

live

Meaning
to have life; to reside in a particular place; to exist
Example
They live in a beautiful house by the lake.
B2 noun ˈdɪdʒɪtəl ˈfɔːrmæt

Digital Format

Meaning
A format in which information is stored as electronic data.
Example
A digital format family tree can be shared online.
C2 adjective /əbˈstrɛpərəs/

obstreperous

Meaning
Noisy and difficult to control.
Example
The obstreperous students disrupted the class.
B2 adjective /veɪɡ/

Vague

Meaning
unclear or uncertain in meaning; not clearly expressed
Example
His explanation was too vague for me to understand.
C1 noun /əˈfen.dər/

Offender

Meaning
a person who commits an illegal act; someone who breaks the law
Example
The young offender was sentenced to community service.
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzæspəˌreɪtɪd/

exasperated

Meaning
greatly annoyed or irritated
Example
She gave him an exasperated look after his repeated mistakes.
A2 noun /koʊtʃ/

coach

Meaning
A person who helps improve others' skills or knowledge.
Example
The football coach motivated his team before the match.
C2 noun /əˈfleɪtəs/

afflatus

Meaning
a sudden divine inspiration or creative impulse
Example
The poet wrote the verses under a sudden afflatus of inspiration.
B1 noun /əˈfek.ʃən/

Affection

Meaning
a feeling of liking or caring for someone or something
Example
She has deep affection for her grandmother.
C2 noun /ɪˈrʌp.ʃən/

Irruption

Meaning
a sudden violent entry; an invasion or raid; a sudden outburst or eruption
Example
The army's irruption into enemy territory caught the opposing forces completely off guard.
C2 adjective/adverb /feɪn/

fain

Meaning
gladly, willingly, or with pleasure
Example
I would fain help you if I had the time.
C2 adjective /ˌɛlɪˈfæntaɪn/

elephantine

Meaning
Huge, clumsy, or resembling an elephant in size or movement.
Example
The man moved with an elephantine grace.
C1 noun /taɪˈpɒɡrəfi/

typography

Meaning
the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible and visually appealing
Example
Good typography improves the readability of a website.
C2 noun /ˈbʌskɪn/

buskin

Meaning
A type of thick-soled boot that reaches halfway to the knee; also associated with tragic drama in ancient times.
Example
The actor wore a buskin as part of his classical costume.
C2 noun /ˈʃaɪstər/

shyster

Meaning
a person, especially a lawyer, who uses unscrupulous or dishonest methods
Example
The businessman was exposed as a shyster who cheated clients.
C2 adjective /rɪˈfræɡəbəl/

refragable

Meaning
Capable of being refuted or disproved.
Example
His argument was weak and easily refragable.
C1 adjective sɪˈmæn.tɪk

semantic

Meaning
Related to meaning in language; concerning the interpretation of words and sentences.
Example
AI models use semantic analysis to understand context.
C2 verb /ɪˈmjʊər/

immure

Meaning
to confine or enclose someone against their will
Example
The prisoner was immured in a dark cell.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnbɪˈkʌmɪŋ/

unbecoming

Meaning
Not proper or appropriate for a person; unsuitable.
Example
His rude behavior was unbecoming of a leader.