Vulgar
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B2 adjective /ˈvʌl.ɡər/

Vulgar

Meaning
lacking sophistication or good taste; crude and offensive in language or behavior
Example
His vulgar language offended everyone at the dinner party.
C2 noun ˈvɜː.mɪ.kʌl.tʃər

vermiculture

Meaning
The cultivation of earthworms, especially for use in composting organic waste.
Example
Vermiculture enriches soil with natural nutrients.
C1 adverb /ˈvaɪtəli/

vitally

Meaning
in an extremely important or essential way; in a manner relating to life or vitality
Example
Access to clean water is vitally important for public health.
C2 adjective /vəˈlʌptʃuəs/

voluptuous

Meaning
Relating to or characterized by luxury and sensual pleasure; sexually attractive.
Example
The artist painted a voluptuous figure reclining on the couch.
A1 noun /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/

village

Meaning
a small community or group of houses in a rural area
Example
They live in a small village surrounded by mountains.
B2 noun ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl ˈklɑːs.ruːmz

virtual classrooms

Meaning
An online learning environment where teachers and students interact via digital platforms.
Example
Virtual classrooms enable remote learning for students worldwide.
C2 noun /ˈvæsəl/

vassal

Meaning
A person or country in a subordinate position to another, especially in feudal times under a lord.
Example
The king granted land to his vassal in return for loyalty and service.
B2 adjective /ˈvɛriənt/

Variant

Meaning
differing in form, details, or in some other respect; alternative
Example
There are several variant spellings of this word.
B1 noun /ˈvoʊtɪŋ/

voting

Meaning
the act of making a choice in an election or decision by casting a vote
Example
Voting is an important part of a democratic society.
A2 noun /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

Vacation

Meaning
a period of time when someone does not go to work or school but is free to do what they want, such as travel or relax
Example
I'm planning a vacation to the beach next summer.
C1 noun /vəˈlɒs.ɪ.ti/

velocity

Meaning
Speed or acceleration, the rate of movement of any object or vehicle.
Example
High velocity trains reduce travel time significantly.
C2 adjective /ˈvɛndɪbəl/

vendible

Meaning
Capable of being sold; marketable.
Example
Only vendible products were displayed at the trade fair.
B2 noun /ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl riˈæl.ɪ.ti/

virtual reality

Meaning
Computer technology that creates an artificial three-dimensional environment where users can feel like they are in a real environment.
Example
Virtual reality (VR) is widely used in gaming and training simulations.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛlvəti/

velvety

Meaning
having a smooth, soft texture like velvet
Example
She spoke in a low, velvety voice.
B1 adjective /ˈvælɪd/

Valid

Meaning
legally or officially acceptable; having a sound basis in logic or fact
Example
The passport is valid for ten years.
A2 noun /ˈvɪzɪtər/

visitor

Meaning
a person who goes to see a place or someone for a short time
Example
The museum had many visitors last weekend.
B2 noun /ˈven.juː/

Venue

Meaning
a place where an event or activity takes place
Example
The wedding venue was beautifully decorated.
B2 noun /vɜːrs/

verse

Meaning
A line of writing in poetry; a section of a song or poem.
Example
She wrote a beautiful verse for the wedding ceremony.
C2 noun /ˈvaɪəl/

viol

Meaning
A stringed musical instrument of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, played with a bow and similar to but distinct from the violin family.
Example
The musician played an old viol in the chamber music concert.
B1 preposition /ˈvaɪə/ or /ˈviːə/

via

Meaning
through, by way of, or using a particular route or means
Example
She sent the documents via email.
B2 noun ˈven.tʃərz

ventures

Meaning
Business enterprises or undertakings, especially risky ones.
Example
Luxury ventures in space attract wealthy clients.
B2 noun /ˌvæk.sɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

Vaccination

Meaning
the process of giving a vaccine to a person or animal to protect them against a disease
Example
Children receive vaccination against measles at an early age.
C2 adjective /vəˈnɪəriəl/

venereal

Meaning
relating to sexual intercourse or sexually transmitted diseases
Example
Doctors warn about the dangers of venereal diseases.
C1 adjective /vɜːrˈboʊs/

verbose

Meaning
Using or expressed in more words than are needed; wordy.
Example
His verbose explanation confused the audience instead of clarifying the issue.
C1 noun /ˈvænɡɑːrd/

vanguard

Meaning
the forefront of an action, movement, or military force
Example
The company is at the vanguard of technological innovation.
C2 noun /vɜːrv/

verve

Meaning
Great enthusiasm, spirit, or energy in expression or performance.
Example
The actor performed his role with remarkable verve.
C2 adjective /veɪnˈɡlɔːriəs/

vainglorious

Meaning
Excessively proud of oneself or one’s achievements; boastful.
Example
The vainglorious leader boasted about his minor achievements.
B1 noun /vɒlˈkeɪ.noʊ/

Volcano

Meaning
a mountain with an opening through which lava, gas, and ash can escape
Example
The volcano erupted after being dormant for decades.
C2 noun /ˌvæs.ɪˈleɪ.ʃən/

Vacillation

Meaning
the inability to decide between different opinions or actions; indecision
Example
His constant vacillation between career choices frustrated his parents.
A2 noun /vɔɪs/

voice

Meaning
the sound produced by the vocal cords; the ability to speak or express oneself
Example
She has a beautiful voice that captivates the audience.
B2 noun /vaɪn/

vine

Meaning
a climbing or trailing plant with long stems; a plant that produces grapes
Example
The vine climbed up the wall and covered it with green leaves.
B2 adjective /væst/

Vast

Meaning
extremely large in size, amount, or extent; immense
Example
The vast ocean stretched endlessly to the horizon.
B1 adjective /ˈvaɪə.lənt/

Violent

Meaning
using or involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill; very forceful or powerful
Example
The violent storm caused significant damage to the coastal areas.
B1 noun /vaɪəˈlɪn/

Violin

Meaning
a musical instrument with four strings that is played with a bow
Example
She plays the violin beautifully in the orchestra.
C2 noun /ˈvoʊtəri/

votary

Meaning
A devoted follower or admirer of someone or something.
Example
He is a votary of classical music and attends every concert.
B2 adverb /ˈvɜː.tʃu.ə.li/

Virtually

Meaning
nearly; almost; in effect though not in name
Example
The building was virtually destroyed in the earthquake.
B2 noun /ˈves.əl/

vessel

Meaning
A ship or large boat.
Example
The vessel carried critical supplies.
B2 adjective /veɪn/

Vain

Meaning
having excessive pride in one's appearance; futile or unsuccessful
Example
She spent hours in front of the mirror being quite vain.
A2 noun /ˈvæk.juːm ˈkliː.nər/

Vaccum cleaner

Meaning
an electrical appliance that uses suction to remove dirt and dust from carpets and floors
Example
She used the vacuum cleaner to clean the living room carpet.
C2 noun /vəˈrɑːɡoʊ/

virago

Meaning
a loud, overbearing woman; historically, a strong or courageous woman
Example
The play depicted the heroine as a fierce virago who defied tradition.
C2 adjective /ˈviː.ni.əl/

Venial

Meaning
forgivable; not seriously wrong; minor
Example
His late arrival was considered a venial offense.
C2 verb /ˈvɪʃieɪt/

vitiate

Meaning
to spoil, weaken, or make something less effective
Example
One careless remark can vitiate the entire argument.
A1 noun /ˈvɛdʒ.tə.bəl/

vegetable

Meaning
a plant or part of a plant used as food
Example
I eat vegetables every day for health.
B2 noun/adjective /ˈvɪntɪdʒ/

vintage

Meaning
Relating to high quality from the past; classic; also the year of a wine harvest.
Example
She wore a vintage dress from the 1950s.
C1 noun /ˈvɪdʒ.ɪ.ləns/

vigilance

Meaning
The action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties.
Example
Constant vigilance is required in cybersecurity.
C2 adjective /ˈvoʊlənt/

volant

Meaning
able to fly or moving swiftly
Example
The volant bird soared gracefully across the sky.
C1 verb /vəˈkeɪt/

vacate

Meaning
to leave a place; to make empty by leaving
Example
The tenants must vacate the apartment by the end of the month.
C1 noun /veɪl/

vale

Meaning
A valley, often used in a poetic or literary sense.
Example
The village lay hidden in a quiet green vale.
B2 noun/verb ˈven.tʃər

venture

Meaning
A risky or daring journey or undertaking; a business enterprise involving considerable risk.
Example
His new venture into e-commerce proved successful.
B1 noun /ˈvɪk.tɪm/

Victim

Meaning
a person who suffers harm, injury, or death as a result of an event or action
Example
The victim was taken to the hospital immediately.
C1 adjective ˈvɪdʒ.ɪ.lənt

vigilant

Meaning
Keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties; alert and watchful.
Example
The guards remained vigilant throughout the night.
B2 verb /ˈvɪʒuəlaɪz/

visualize

Meaning
To form a mental image of something; to imagine.
Example
She tried to visualize her success before the big presentation.
C2 noun /ˌvælɪˌtjuːdɪˈnɛəriən/

valetudinarian

Meaning
A person who is unduly anxious about their health or constantly concerned with minor ailments.
Example
He was regarded as a valetudinarian, always worrying about his health.
B2 noun /vɒlˈkæn.ɪk ɪˈrʌp.ʃən/

volcanic eruption

Meaning
The discharge of lava, ash, and gases from a volcano.
Example
The volcanic eruption covered the town in ash.
A2 verb /voʊt/

vote

Meaning
to make a choice in an election; to express preference
Example
Citizens vote to choose their representatives.
C2 adjective /vərˈmɪkjələr/

vermicular

Meaning
having a shape or appearance like a worm; worm-like
Example
The artist used a vermicular design to decorate the border of the manuscript.
C1 verb /veks/

vex

Meaning
to annoy or frustrate someone; to cause trouble
Example
The constant noise from construction vexes the residents.
B2 noun /ˈvjuːpɔɪnt/

viewpoint

Meaning
a particular attitude or way of considering a matter
Example
From his viewpoint, the situation was hopeless.
C1 verb /ˈvɪn.dɪ.keɪt/

vindicate

Meaning
To clear someone of blame or suspicion; to show or prove to be right, reasonable, or justified.
Example
The new evidence helped vindicate the wrongly accused man.
C2 noun /ˈvɜːrdɪɡriːs/

verdigris

Meaning
A green or bluish deposit that forms on copper, brass, or bronze surfaces due to oxidation.
Example
The old statue was covered in verdigris after years of exposure to the rain.
C1 noun /viˈoʊlə/ or /ˈvaɪələ/

viola

Meaning
A stringed instrument slightly larger than a violin, with a deeper and mellower tone.
Example
She chose to play the viola in the school orchestra.
C2 verb /voʊˈsɪfəˌreɪt/

vociferate

Meaning
to shout, complain, or argue loudly or vehemently
Example
The protesters vociferated against the unfair law.
B2 adjective /veɪɡ/

Vague

Meaning
unclear or uncertain in meaning; not clearly expressed
Example
His explanation was too vague for me to understand.
B2 noun /vɪˈsɪn.ə.ti/

Vicinity

Meaning
the area near or surrounding a particular place; neighborhood
Example
There are many shops in the vicinity of the school.
C2 adjective ˌvɪz.ju.oʊˈspeɪ.ʃəl

visuospatial

Meaning
Related to understanding the relationship between space and objects through vision.
Example
Good visuospatial skills are important for architecture and design.
C1 verb /ˈviːtoʊ/

veto

Meaning
to reject or forbid a decision, proposal, or law
Example
The president decided to veto the new bill.
C2 noun /vɜːrˈtuː/

virtu

Meaning
a love of or taste for fine art, antiques, or curiosities
Example
The collector’s house was filled with objects of virtu.
B2 noun ˈvaɪtəl rɪˈsɔːrsɪz

vital resources

Meaning
Essential assets or supplies that are crucial for survival and development.
Example
Water is one of Bangladesh's vital resources.
C1 noun /ˈvendʒəns/

Vengeance

Meaning
punishment inflicted or retribution exacted for an injury or wrong; revenge
Example
He swore to seek vengeance against those who wronged him.
A1 noun /ˈvɪdiəʊ/

video

Meaning
a recording of moving visual images made digitally or on film
Example
She watched the video of her favorite concert online.
C1 adjective /ˈvɪskəs/

viscous

Meaning
Having a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid.
Example
Honey is a viscous liquid that flows slowly.
C2 noun /ˈvɔːdəvɪl/

vaudeville

Meaning
A type of entertainment popular in the early 20th century, featuring a mixture of comedy, song, dance, and variety acts.
Example
The vaudeville show included comedians, magicians, and dancers.
C2 adjective /ˈvɛəriəˌɡeɪtɪd/

variegated

Meaning
Having different colors, especially in irregular patches or streaks.
Example
The garden was full of variegated plants.
C1 noun /ˈvaɪ.pər/

Viper

Meaning
a venomous snake with large hinged fangs that typically has a thick body and gives birth to live young
Example
The viper coiled up when it sensed danger.
C2 noun /vəˈliːɪti/

velleity

Meaning
A wish or inclination not strong enough to lead to action.
Example
His interest in painting never grew beyond a mere velleity.
C1 verb /ˈvɪktɪmaɪz/

victimize

Meaning
To make someone a victim, often by treating them unfairly or cruelly.
Example
The corrupt officials victimized the poor villagers.
C1 noun /vərˈnækjələr/

vernacular

Meaning
the language or dialect spoken by ordinary people in a particular region
Example
He gave his speech in the local vernacular so everyone could understand.
A2 verb /ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ/

visiting

Meaning
Going to see and spend time with someone or at a place.
Example
The group is visiting islands during the expedition.
B2 noun /vəˈlɪd.ɪ.ti/

Validity

Meaning
the quality of being legally or officially acceptable; the quality of being logically or factually sound
Example
The validity of the contract expires next month.
B2 noun ˌvɛdʒɪˈteɪʃən

vegetation

Meaning
Plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular region.
Example
The forest was dense with a wide variety of vegetation.
B2 verb /ˈvælɪdeɪt/

validate

Meaning
To check or prove the accuracy, truth, or legality of something.
Example
The scientist worked hard to validate the experiment's results.
C2 noun /ˌvɪvɪˈsɛkʃən/

vivisection

Meaning
the practice of performing operations on live animals for scientific research
Example
Vivisection has long been a controversial topic among scientists and animal rights activists.
C2 noun /vɪm/

vim

Meaning
energy and enthusiasm
Example
She performed the dance with great vim and vigor.
B2 adjective /ˈvɒl.ən.tər.i/

Voluntary

Meaning
done willingly without being forced; given or done freely
Example
She made a voluntary donation to the charity.
C2 adjective /voʊˈsɪfərəs/

vociferous

Meaning
expressing feelings or opinions in a loud and forceful way
Example
The vociferous crowd demanded justice.
C2 adjective /ˈvjuː.ləs/

Viewless

Meaning
invisible; having no views or opinions
Example
The ghost remained viewless to most people in the haunted house.
C2 adjective /ˈvɒl.jʊ.bəl/

Voluble

Meaning
speaking fluently and readily; talkative; having a continuous flow of words
Example
The voluble salesman talked for hours about his products.
B1 noun /ˈvɔɪ.ɪdʒ/

Voyage

Meaning
a long journey involving travel by sea or in space
Example
The ship's voyage across the Atlantic took two weeks.
C2 noun /ˈvɪzɪdʒ/

visage

Meaning
A person's face or facial expression.
Example
Her stern visage intimidated the children.
B1 adjective /ˈvaɪə.lət/

Violet

Meaning
of a bluish-purple color
Example
She wore a beautiful violet dress to the party.
C1 noun /ˈveɪpəraɪzər/

vaporizer

Meaning
a device that turns a liquid into vapor, often for inhalation
Example
She used a vaporizer to ease her cough.
B1 noun /ˈvɒl.juːm/

volume

Meaning
the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed within a container
Example
The volume of water in the tank increased after the rain.
C2 noun /ˈvɪrjʊləns/

virulence

Meaning
The severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison.
Example
Scientists studied the virulence of the new virus strain.
B1 noun /ˈvɜːr.ʒən/

Version

Meaning
a particular form or variation of something; an account of an event
Example
This is the latest version of the software.
C2 noun /ˈvoʊkəbəl/

vocable

Meaning
a word, term, or sound that has meaning
Example
The dictionary contained thousands of vocables from different languages.
C2 verb /ˈvæsɪleɪt/

vacillate

Meaning
to waver between different opinions or actions; be indecisive
Example
He vacillated between studying law and becoming a writer.
C1 adjective /ˈvæljənt/

Valiant

Meaning
showing courage or determination; brave and heroic
Example
The valiant soldier fought bravely to protect his country.
C2 adjective /ˈvæpɪd/

vapid

Meaning
lacking liveliness, flavor, or interest; dull and uninspired
Example
The lecture was so vapid that half the audience fell asleep.
C2 noun /vɛnˈdɪʃən/

vendition

Meaning
The act of selling; sale.
Example
The auction was a formal vendition of the estate's assets.
C1 noun /ˈvɪɡər/

vigor

Meaning
Physical strength, energy, or enthusiasm.
Example
She tackled the project with great vigor and determination.
C2 adjective /ˈvɑːlətɪv/

volitive

Meaning
Relating to the will or the exercise of the will.
Example
The treaty was signed under volitive agreement between both nations.
C2 adjective /vɪˈtjuːpərətɪv/

vituperative

Meaning
Characterized by abusive or harsh language.
Example
The teacher’s vituperative remarks left the students in tears.
B1 verb /ˈveri/

vary

Meaning
to change or differ; to make different
Example
The weather conditions vary throughout the day.
B1 noun /ˈviː.ɪ.kəlz/

Vehicles

Meaning
machines used for transporting people or goods from one place to another
Example
There are many different types of vehicles on the road today.
C2 noun /vɛkˈseɪʃən/

vexation

Meaning
the state of being annoyed, frustrated, or worried
Example
She could not hide her vexation after the repeated delays.
C1 noun ˌvɜː.səˈtɪl.ɪ.ti

versatility

Meaning
Ability to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities; having many different skills.
Example
His versatility made him successful in multiple fields.
C2 adjective /ˈvɜːrnəl/

vernal

Meaning
related to spring; fresh, youthful
Example
The garden was filled with vernal beauty after the long winter.
C1 noun ˈvɜːmɪn

vermin

Meaning
Small harmful animals or insects that are difficult to control and carry disease.
Example
The house was infested with vermin, requiring immediate action.
C1 noun /ˌvaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/

viability

Meaning
Ability to work successfully; feasibility.
Example
The viability of the project depends on funding.
C1 noun /ˈvælər/

valor

Meaning
Great courage in the face of danger, especially in battle.
Example
The soldier was honored for his valor during the war.
B2 adjective /ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl/

Virtual

Meaning
almost or nearly as described, but not completely or according to strict definition; existing in essence or effect, though not in fact
Example
The virtual meeting allowed participants from different countries to collaborate.
B1 preposition /ˈvɜːsəs/

versus

Meaning
against (in a competition or conflict)
Example
The team is playing versus their biggest rivals.
C2 noun /ˌvælədɪkˈtɔːriən/

valedictorian

Meaning
The student with the highest academic achievements in a graduating class, often chosen to give the farewell speech.
Example
She was honored as the valedictorian of her class.
C2 noun /ˈvaɪnəri/

vinery

Meaning
A place where vines are cultivated, especially a vineyard or greenhouse for vines.
Example
The old vinery was filled with grapevines.
C1 noun /ˈvɜː.tɪ.kəl ˈfɑː.mɪŋ/

vertical farming

Meaning
The practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers, often incorporating controlled-environment agriculture.
Example
Vertical farming ensures maximum space utilization in urban areas.
B2 noun /ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/

Variation

Meaning
a change or difference in condition, amount, or level; a different or distinct form or version of something
Example
There was a significant variation in temperature throughout the day.
C2 adjective /ˈvælərəs/

valorous

Meaning
showing great courage and bravery
Example
The valorous soldier led his troop into battle without hesitation.
C1 noun /vɪnˈjɛt/

vignette

Meaning
A short, descriptive piece of writing or a brief scene.
Example
The author included a poignant vignette in the introduction of the book.
C1 noun /vəˈræs.ə.ti/

veracity

Meaning
Conformity to facts; accuracy and truthfulness.
Example
The journalist checked the veracity of the report.
C2 adjective /vaɪˈkɛəriəs/

vicarious

Meaning
experienced through the feelings or actions of another person
Example
She felt vicarious excitement watching her son win the award.
C1 noun ˌvɛn.əˈreɪ.ʃən

veneration

Meaning
Great respect; reverence; the action of regarding with great respect or reverence.
Example
Many cultures show veneration for their ancestors.