vermin
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C1 noun ˈvɜːmɪn

vermin

Meaning
Small harmful animals or insects that are difficult to control and carry disease.
Example
The house was infested with vermin, requiring immediate action.
A2 adjective /ˈmeɪdʒər/

major

Meaning
important, serious, or significant
Example
Climate change is a major concern for the world.
A2 noun /toʊ/

Toe

Meaning
any of the five digits at the end of the human foot
Example
She stubbed her toe on the chair leg.
A2 noun /ˈvedʒtəbəl ɔɪl/

Vegetable oil

Meaning
Oil extracted from plants, seeds, or nuts used for cooking
Example
She heated vegetable oil in the pan before adding the vegetables.
B1 verb /leɪ/

lay

Meaning
to put something down in a flat position; to place carefully
Example
Please lay the book on the table.
C1 noun /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/

hypothesis

Meaning
a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
Example
The scientist tested her hypothesis through multiple experiments.
C2 noun /ˈdrɪvəl/

drivel

Meaning
silly or nonsensical talk
Example
The politician’s speech was full of meaningless drivel.
B2 noun /ˈwɪldərnəs/

Wilderness

Meaning
an uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region; a wild or uncultivated state
Example
They got lost in the wilderness for three days.
B2 verb /plʌk/

pluck

Meaning
to take hold of and quickly remove; to gather courage or determination
Example
She plucked a flower from the garden.
C2 adjective /rɪˈflɛksəbl/

reflexible

Meaning
Capable of being reflected or bent back.
Example
The surface was highly reflexible, bouncing light in different directions.
C1 noun /kwæk/

Quack

Meaning
a person who pretends to be a doctor but has no medical training; the sound a duck makes
Example
People should be careful not to trust medical advice from a quack.
C2 noun /kəˈlɒsəti/

callosity

Meaning
A thickened or hardened area of skin; insensitivity or hardness of character.
Example
Years of manual labor left callosity on his hands.
C1 adjective ˌɜː.ɡəˈnɒm.ɪk

ergonomic

Meaning
Designed for efficiency and comfort in the working environment; user-friendly and reducing strain.
Example
The chair has an ergonomic design for better posture.
C2 noun /ˌdɪsəˈvaʊəl/

disavowal

Meaning
the denial of any responsibility, connection, or support
Example
The politician issued a firm disavowal of the controversial remarks.
B1 noun /ˈɡæðərɪŋ/

gathering

Meaning
a meeting or assembly of people for a particular purpose
Example
We attended a family gathering last weekend.
A2 noun steɪt

state

Meaning
A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.
Example
The state declared a new language policy.
C1 noun /ˈaɪsətəʊp/

isotope

Meaning
Atoms of the same element with equal number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Example
Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope used in dating fossils.
C2 noun /ruːθ/

ruth

Meaning
A feeling of pity, compassion, or sorrow.
Example
He felt no ruth for the people he had betrayed.
B2 adjective /kɒzˈmɛt.ɪk/

cosmetic

Meaning
relating to beauty or appearance; intended to improve looks
Example
She bought a new cosmetic cream for her skin.
C1 verb/noun /snɑːrl/

snarl

Meaning
to growl aggressively with bared teeth; a tangle or mess
Example
The dog snarled at the stranger near the gate.
C1 noun /ˌoʊvərprəˈdʌkʃən/

overproduction

Meaning
The act of producing more of something than is needed or can be consumed.
Example
The economic crisis was caused by the overproduction of goods.
B1 verb /dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ/

developing

Meaning
the process of growing, improving, or becoming more advanced
Example
She is developing new skills in programming.
C2 verb /bɪˈfaʊl/

befoul

Meaning
to make dirty or polluted; to disgrace or corrupt
Example
The factory waste befouled the river.
C2 noun ˈsaɪəns ˈdezət

science-desert

Meaning
A region or area lacking in scientific development, research facilities, or educational institutions.
Example
J.C. Bose thrived in a science-desert.
C1 adjective, noun /rɪˈsiːvəbl/

receivable

Meaning
Money that is owed to a company and is expected to be paid.
Example
The company's receivables increased significantly this quarter.
B2 adjective /ˈkwɑːn.tɪ.teɪ.tɪv/

Quantitative

Meaning
relating to quantity or amount; expressed in terms of numbers or measurements
Example
The study provides quantitative evidence of climate change effects.
C2 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈfætɪɡəbl̩/

indefatigable

Meaning
persisting tirelessly; incapable of being fatigued
Example
Her indefatigable spirit kept the team motivated during the long project.
B2 noun /ˈkaʊntərˌpɑːrt/

counterpart

Meaning
a person or thing that corresponds to or has the same function as another
Example
The CEO met with his counterpart in the partner company.
B2 adjective /ˈhɑlːoʊ/

Hollow

Meaning
having an empty space inside; lacking substance or meaning; insincere
Example
The hollow tree trunk provided shelter for small animals.
A2 noun /əˈsɪstənt/

assistant

Meaning
a person who helps or supports another, often in a job
Example
She works as an assistant in a law firm.
B1 adjective; verb (past and past participle of prepare) /prɪˈpɛrd/

prepared

Meaning
made ready in advance; having made plans or taken steps beforehand
Example
She was fully prepared for the final exam.
B2 adjective /stɪf/

Stiff

Meaning
not easily bent or changed; rigid; firm
Example
The old wooden board was too stiff to bend.
A2 noun /streŋθ/

Strength

Meaning
the quality or state of being physically strong; power or force
Example
Regular exercise helps build muscle strength.
C1 noun /kɔːrs flaʊər/

Course flour

Meaning
coarsely ground flour with larger particles, typically used for baking bread
Example
She used course flour to make homemade bread with a rustic texture.
C1 noun /ˌsəʊ.ʃi.əʊˈek.ə.nɒm.ɪk ˈprɒɡ.res/

socioeconomic progress

Meaning
Advancement in both social and economic conditions of a society or community.
Example
Socioeconomic progress uplifts marginalized communities.
C2 adjective /kwaɪˈesnt/

Quiescent

Meaning
quiet; peaceful; inactive; dormant; at rest
Example
The volcano has been quiescent for over a century.
B2 noun ˈaʊt.pʊt

output

Meaning
The amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry.
Example
Climate change reduces agricultural output.
C1 noun

Longitude

C2 adjective /bɪˈfʌdld/

befuddled

Meaning
confused, unable to think clearly
Example
He looked befuddled after hearing the complex instructions.
C1 noun /sɪr/

seer

Meaning
A person who is supposed to be able to see what will happen in the future; a prophet.
Example
The seer predicted a great change in the kingdom.
C1 noun /məˈleɪz/

malaise

Meaning
a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or unease whose exact cause is difficult to identify
Example
After the long journey, she felt a general malaise.
B2 noun ɪnˈfleɪʃən

inflation

Meaning
A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.
Example
Inflation erodes the purchasing power of consumers.
A1 noun

Kitchen

B1 adjective /ˈwel.θi/

Wealthy

Meaning
having a great deal of money; rich; prosperous
Example
The wealthy businessman donated millions to charity.
A2 noun /ˈtoʊstər/

Toaster

Meaning
an electric appliance used for toasting bread slices
Example
I put two slices of bread in the toaster for breakfast.
C2 noun /ˈpoʊ.ə.si/

poesy

Meaning
poetry; the art or composition of poems
Example
The anthology was filled with romantic poesy.
C2 noun /məˈlɛvələns/

malevolence

Meaning
The state or condition of being malevolent; having or showing a wish to do evil to others.
Example
His malevolence was clear in the cruel way he treated his rivals.
B1 verb /bliːd/

bleed

Meaning
to lose blood from the body, especially due to injury
Example
She began to bleed from the cut on her arm.
C2 verb ˈɑːb.fə.skeɪt

obfuscate

Meaning
Render obscure, unclear, or unintelligible.
Example
Politicians often obfuscate facts to mislead people.
C2 noun /ˈʒɑːndɑːrm/

gendarme

Meaning
A French police officer, especially a member of a military-style police force.
Example
The gendarme stopped the car for a routine check.
B2 noun ˈbɪz.nɪs ˈfaɪ.næns

business finance

Meaning
The area of finance that deals with sources of funding and the capital structure of corporations.
Example
Effective business finance enhances profitability.
C1 noun /ˌprɑːfɪˈtɪr/

profiteer

Meaning
a person who makes excessive profits, especially unfairly or illegally
Example
The government punished war profiteers.
B2 noun pɑrˈtɪʃən

partition

Meaning
The action of dividing or being divided into parts; separation.
Example
Partition caused unrest.
C1 noun /ˈdʒʊərər/

juror

Meaning
a member of a jury who is chosen to hear evidence in a legal case and help make a decision
Example
The juror listened carefully to the witness’s testimony.
B2 noun /ˈwɜːrk laɪf ˈbæl.əns/

work-life balance

Meaning
The equilibrium between personal and professional life, ensuring neither dominates at the expense of the other.
Example
Achieving work-life balance reduces stress and improves productivity.
C1 adjective /ˌfʊl ˈbɒd.id/

full-bodied

Meaning
Having a strong, rich, and robust quality, especially of wine, coffee, or voice.
Example
He prefers a full-bodied red wine with his dinner.
B1 noun /ˈlaɪ.ər/

Liar

Meaning
a person who tells lies; someone who does not tell the truth
Example
Nobody trusts him because he is a liar.
C2 noun /ɪnˌtɛl.ɪˈdʒɛntsi.ə/

intelligentsia

Meaning
The group of people engaged in intellectual and cultural pursuits in a society.
Example
The intelligentsia played a key role in shaping public opinion.
B2 noun /ˈveɪ.kən.si/

Vacancy

Meaning
an unoccupied position or job; an empty space or room
Example
There is a vacancy for a software engineer in our company.
C2 noun /ˌɪntərpəˈzɪʃən/

interposition

Meaning
The act of intervening or coming between two things, often to influence or prevent an outcome.
Example
The manager’s interposition prevented a heated argument from escalating.
C2 noun /ˈɪntəˌkrɒpɪŋ/

intercropping

Meaning
The agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops simultaneously in the same field to maximize land use efficiency and improve soil health.
Example
Intercropping can help improve soil fertility and pest control.
C1 noun /ˈfiː.nɪks/

phoenix

Meaning
a mythical bird that is reborn from its ashes; symbol of immortality or renewal
Example
The legend says the phoenix rises from its ashes every 500 years.
B1 noun ɡlæns

glance

Meaning
A quick or brief look.
Example
He glanced at the river and felt calm.
C1 noun /ˌpændəˈmoʊniəm/

pandemonium

Meaning
Wild and noisy disorder or confusion; uproar.
Example
When the concert was canceled, pandemonium broke out among the crowd.
C2 noun /drɒs/

dross

Meaning
worthless or unwanted material; rubbish or impurities
Example
Most of his early writings were considered dross.
C1 noun /ˌæn.əˈnɪm.ə.ti/

anonymity

Meaning
The state of being anonymous; having one's identity kept secret or unknown.
Example
Online anonymity protects users from cyber threats.
B1 noun /boʊ/

Bow

Meaning
a weapon for shooting arrows, made of a curved piece of wood
Example
The archer drew his bow and aimed at the target.
C1 noun /ˌres.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/

Recitation

Meaning
the action of reciting or repeating aloud from memory
Example
The poetry recitation contest was held in the auditorium.
C2 noun /meɪˈlɑːnʒ/

melange

Meaning
A mixture of different things or styles.
Example
The festival offered a melange of music, food, and art.
A2 noun /dʒɪm/

gym

Meaning
a place equipped for physical exercise and fitness training
Example
He goes to the gym every morning to work out.
C2 verb /ˈɔːltərˌkeɪt/

altercate

Meaning
to argue or dispute angrily or noisily
Example
The neighbors began to altercate over the boundary wall.
C2 noun /ˈpiːən/

paean

Meaning
A song or piece of writing expressing great praise or triumph.
Example
The article was a paean to the beauty of nature.
C1 adjective /ˌæntiˈneɪtl/

antenatal

Meaning
Relating to the medical care and treatment given to a pregnant woman before the birth of her child.
Example
She attended regular antenatal checkups throughout her pregnancy.
C2 noun /ˌɪnvəˈluːʃən/

involution

Meaning
a complicated or intricate form or state; in biology, the shrinking of an organ after its function has finished
Example
The story was full of involution, making it hard to follow.
C1 noun /kənˈfɔːrmɪst/

conformist

Meaning
A person who uncritically conforms to established practices or standards.
Example
She was labeled a conformist for always following the crowd.
B2 noun /ˈkæʒ.u.əl.ti/

Casualty

Meaning
a person killed or injured in a war or accident; a victim of circumstances
Example
The hospital treated many casualties from the car accident.
C1 noun /ˈbrɛvɪti/

brevity

Meaning
Concise and exact use of words in writing or speech.
Example
The brevity of the speech kept the audience engaged.
C1 adjective /prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/

precipitous

Meaning
Extremely steep or sudden; done quickly without careful consideration.
Example
The hikers struggled to climb the precipitous slope.
B1 noun /treɪd/

trade

Meaning
The action of buying and selling goods and services.
Example
Trade agreements foster economic development.
C1 verb /ˌdiːˈbʌŋk/

debunk

Meaning
Expose the falseness or hollowness of (a myth, idea, or belief).
Example
Scientists debunked the myth that vaccines cause autism.
C2 noun /ˈpjuːdʒɪlɪst/

pugilist

Meaning
A professional or skilled boxer.
Example
The pugilist entered the ring with confidence.
B2 noun /kəˈmændər/

Commander

Meaning
a person in authority over a military unit; leader of armed forces
Example
The commander ordered his troops to advance.
B2 noun /ˈkɒn.flɪkt ˌrez.əˈluː.ʃən/

conflict resolution

Meaning
The process of finding peaceful solutions to disputes or disagreements between parties.
Example
Conflict resolution is vital for global peace.
C1 verb /ˈɪrɪˌɡeɪt/

irrigate

Meaning
to supply water to land or crops; to wash out a wound with water
Example
Farmers irrigate their fields during dry seasons.
B1 verb /riˈækt/

react

Meaning
to respond or behave in a particular way to something
Example
She reacted angrily when she heard the news.
B2 noun rɪˈsɛʃ.ən

recession

Meaning
A period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced.
Example
The country faced a severe recession due to the financial crisis.
C1 noun /fəˈrɒs.ə.ti/

ferocity

Meaning
The state or quality of being ferocious; extreme fierceness or violence.
Example
The storm's ferocity was devastating.
A2 noun /ˈɛndʒɪn/

engine

Meaning
A machine designed to convert energy into mechanical power.
Example
The car's engine failed on the highway.
C2 adjective /ˌsuːpərˈnuːmərɛri/

supernumerary

Meaning
Exceeding the usual number; extra or unnecessary.
Example
The play included several supernumerary actors to fill the background scenes.
C1 noun /ˈmɒd.ə.sti/

Modesty

Meaning
the quality of being humble and not boastful about achievements
Example
Despite his success, he showed great modesty.
B2 adverb /ˈprez.ənt.li/

Presently

Meaning
at the present time; soon; in a little while
Example
The doctor will see you presently.
B1 noun /kræft/

craft

Meaning
an activity involving skill in making things by hand; a trade or occupation
Example
She has mastered the craft of pottery.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnɪkˈstrɪkəbl/

inextricable

Meaning
Impossible to separate or escape from.
Example
The two friends shared an inextricable bond.
B1 noun /tuːn/

Tune

Meaning
a melody or musical composition; correct musical pitch
Example
She hummed a beautiful tune while working in the garden.
C1 noun ˌskeɪ.ləˈbɪl.ə.ti

scalability

Meaning
The capacity to be changed in size or scale; the ability of a system to handle a growing amount of work.
Example
The new software offers high scalability for large enterprises.
C2 noun /floʊ/

floe

Meaning
a large sheet of floating ice
Example
The polar bears rested on the ice floe.
B1 noun /səˈlɛbrɪti/

celebrity

Meaning
a famous person, especially in entertainment or sports
Example
The celebrity was surrounded by fans at the airport.
B2 noun /flɔː/

flaw

Meaning
a defect or imperfection in something
Example
The diamond had a small flaw that was barely visible.
B1 adverb /ðʌs/

thus

Meaning
as a result or consequence of something previously stated
Example
He was late, thus he missed the meeting.
C1 noun /ˈdɑː.mə.saɪl/

domicile

Meaning
A person's legal residence or permanent home.
Example
He declared Canada as his legal domicile.
B2 noun /ˈspesɪmən/

Specimen

Meaning
an individual example of something; a sample collected for scientific study or testing
Example
The scientist collected a blood specimen for analysis.
B1 adjective /ˈliː.dɪŋ/

Leading

Meaning
foremost; principal; most important; guiding
Example
She is a leading expert in environmental science.
C2 noun /ˈkloʊðiər/

clothier

Meaning
a person or company that makes, sells, or deals in clothes.
Example
The town’s clothier displayed fine suits in his shop window.
A2 noun /kəˈlek.ʃən/

Collection

Meaning
a group of objects gathered together; the action or process of collecting
Example
She has an impressive collection of vintage books in her library.
B2 noun /wiːd/

Weed

Meaning
a wild plant growing where it is not wanted; unwanted plant
Example
The garden was full of weeds that needed to be removed.
B2 noun, verb /ˈbʌŋkər/

bunker

Meaning
a reinforced underground shelter; to place or store something in a protected place
Example
They hid in a bunker during the air raid.
C2 noun /ɪˌkliːziˈæstɪk/

ecclesiastic

Meaning
A member of the clergy or church official.
Example
The council was attended by several high-ranking ecclesiastics.
C1 noun /ɪmˈbæl.əns/

Imbalance

Meaning
lack of proportion or relation between corresponding things; unequal distribution
Example
The doctor said the patient's dizziness was caused by an inner ear imbalance.
B1 verb /rɪˈlaɪ/

rely

Meaning
to depend on or trust someone or something
Example
I rely on my friends for support.
A1 interjection;noun /ɡʊdˈbaɪ/

goodbye

Meaning
a polite expression used when leaving or ending a conversation; the act of parting
Example
She waved and said goodbye before leaving the station.
B2 noun /ˈklɪərəns/

clearance

Meaning
official permission or authorization; the removal of something unwanted; the distance between two objects
Example
The pilot received clearance to land the plane.
B2 noun ˈhæb.ɪ.tæts

habitats

Meaning
The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.
Example
Scientists envision habitats on the Moon.
C2 adjective /ˈsɪŋkəˌpeɪtɪd/

syncopated

Meaning
Characterized by displaced beats or rhythms, especially in music.
Example
The jazz piece had a syncopated rhythm that energized the crowd.
B2 verb rɪˈstɔːr

restore

Meaning
To bring back to a former or original state; to reinstate.
Example
Restoring the tradition of student politics is necessary.
B2 adjective /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl/

institutional

Meaning
Relating to an organization or established practice.
Example
The government made several institutional reforms in education.
C1 noun /stɪˈlɛtoʊ/

stiletto

Meaning
A small, thin, high-heeled shoe or a dagger with a slender blade.
Example
She wore elegant stiletto heels to the party.
C2 adjective /krʌˈsteɪʃəs/

crustaceous

Meaning
relating to or having a hard shell like a crustacean
Example
The scientist studied the crustaceous fossils.
C1 noun /ˈmævərɪk/

maverick

Meaning
An unorthodox or independent-minded person.
Example
The maverick scientist challenged established theories.
A2 noun, verb /ˈmætər/

matter

Meaning
A subject or situation under consideration; to be important.
Example
It doesn’t matter what others think.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtɒl.ər.ə.bəl/

Intolerable

Meaning
unable to be endured; extremely unpleasant or painful
Example
The noise from the construction site was intolerable.
B1 noun /ˈproʊˌfaɪl/

profile

Meaning
a description or representation of someone or something; an outline
Example
He updated his profile on the company website.