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C2 noun /ˈvɛləm/

vellum

Meaning
a fine parchment made originally from the skin of a calf, used for writing or printing
Example
The ancient manuscript was written on vellum.
A1 noun /ˈvɪdiəʊ/

video

Meaning
a recording of moving visual images made digitally or on film
Example
She watched the video of her favorite concert online.
C2 verb /ˈvɪʃieɪt/

vitiate

Meaning
to spoil, weaken, or make something less effective
Example
One careless remark can vitiate the entire argument.
C1 adjective /ˈvendʒ.fəl/

Vengeful

Meaning
seeking to harm someone in return for a perceived injury; vindictive
Example
She felt vengeful after her friend betrayed her trust.
C2 noun ˈvaɪ.və ˈvəʊs

viva voce

Meaning
An oral examination, typically for an academic qualification.
Example
Viva Voce tests communication skills.
C1 verb /ˈvɪktɪmaɪz/

victimize

Meaning
To make someone a victim, often by treating them unfairly or cruelly.
Example
The corrupt officials victimized the poor villagers.
C1 noun /ˈvælər/

valor

Meaning
Great courage in the face of danger, especially in battle.
Example
The soldier was honored for his valor during the war.
C2 adjective /ˈvɪnsəbl/

vincible

Meaning
capable of being overcome or defeated
Example
The enemy seemed vincible after losing their main base.
C2 verb /ˈvaʊtʃ.seɪf/

vouchsafe

Meaning
to grant or give something in a gracious or condescending manner
Example
He vouchsafed them a rare smile.
B2 adjective /ˈvɪv.ɪd/

Vivid

Meaning
producing powerful feelings or strong, clear images in the mind; bright and intense
Example
She has vivid memories of her childhood in the countryside.
C2 adjective /vəˈnɪəriəl/

venereal

Meaning
relating to sexual intercourse or sexually transmitted diseases
Example
Doctors warn about the dangers of venereal diseases.
C1 noun ˈvæljuː beɪst ˌɛdjuːˈkeɪʃən

value-based education

Meaning
Education that emphasizes moral principles and ethical values.
Example
Value-based education shapes moral character.
A1 verb /ˈvɪzɪt/

visit

Meaning
to go and see someone or somewhere; to pay a call
Example
We plan to visit the museum this weekend.
B1 noun /ˈvoʊtɪŋ/

voting

Meaning
the act of making a choice in an election or decision by casting a vote
Example
Voting is an important part of a democratic society.
B1 noun /ˈvɪk.tɪm/

Victim

Meaning
a person who suffers harm, injury, or death as a result of an event or action
Example
The victim was taken to the hospital immediately.
B2 noun /ˈvjuːpɔɪnt/

viewpoint

Meaning
a particular attitude or way of considering a matter
Example
From his viewpoint, the situation was hopeless.
C2 adjective /vɪˈtjuːpərətɪv/

vituperative

Meaning
Characterized by abusive or harsh language.
Example
The teacher’s vituperative remarks left the students in tears.
C1 adverb /ˈvaɪtəli/

vitally

Meaning
in an extremely important or essential way; in a manner relating to life or vitality
Example
Access to clean water is vitally important for public health.
B2 noun ˌvɛdʒɪˈteɪʃən

vegetation

Meaning
Plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular region.
Example
The forest was dense with a wide variety of vegetation.
B2 noun /veɪn/

Vein

Meaning
a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart; a streak or marking of a different color
Example
The nurse found a vein in his arm to draw blood.
C2 noun /vɪˈsɪsɪtjuːd/

vicissitude

Meaning
A natural change or succession of one thing to another; the ups and downs of life.
Example
The vicissitude of life often teaches resilience.
C2 verb /ˈvɛdʒɪteɪt/

vegetate

Meaning
to live in a dull, inactive, or unchallenging way, often with little physical or mental effort
Example
He spent his vacation vegetating on the couch in front of the TV.
C2 noun /vɪm/

vim

Meaning
energy and enthusiasm
Example
She performed the dance with great vim and vigor.
A2 noun /ˈvɪzɪtər/

visitor

Meaning
a person who goes to see a place or someone for a short time
Example
The museum had many visitors last weekend.
B2 noun /ˈvæljuː ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃən/

value proposition

Meaning
A statement that explains the unique benefits or value that a product or service offers to customers.
Example
A clear value proposition attracts more customers.
B2 adjective /ˈvaɪtl/

vital

Meaning
essential or necessary for life or success
Example
It's vital to stay hydrated during the summer.
C1 noun ˌvɜː.səˈtɪl.ɪ.ti

versatility

Meaning
Ability to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities; having many different skills.
Example
His versatility made him successful in multiple fields.
A2 noun /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

Vacation

Meaning
a period of time when someone does not go to work or school but is free to do what they want, such as travel or relax
Example
I'm planning a vacation to the beach next summer.
B1 noun /ˌvedʒəˈteəriən/

Vegetarian

Meaning
a person who does not eat meat or fish; relating to vegetarians or vegetarianism
Example
She became a vegetarian for health and environmental reasons.
C1 noun /ˈvɛriəns/

variance

Meaning
the state of being different or inconsistent; in statistics, a measure of the spread between numbers
Example
There is a wide variance in students' performance levels.
C2 adjective /ˈvɛntrəl/

ventral

Meaning
relating to the underside or abdominal part of an animal or organ
Example
The fish has a white ventral surface.
B1 adjective /ˈvɪʒuəl/

visual

Meaning
Relating to seeing or sight.
Example
The movie was praised for its stunning visual effects.
C2 adjective /vɛˈstɪdʒiəl/

vestigial

Meaning
Relating to a small, undeveloped remnant of something that was once much larger or more functional.
Example
Humans have a vestigial tailbone that no longer serves its original purpose.
B2 noun/adjective /ˈvɪntɪdʒ/

vintage

Meaning
Relating to high quality from the past; classic; also the year of a wine harvest.
Example
She wore a vintage dress from the 1950s.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛdʒɪtətɪv/

vegetative

Meaning
relating to growth or the basic processes of life, often without conscious thought or activity
Example
The patient remained in a vegetative state after the accident.
B2 noun /ˈvɛtərən/

veteran

Meaning
a person who has long experience in a particular field or an ex-member of the armed forces
Example
He is a veteran of the software industry.
B1 noun /ˈvæl.juː/

Value

Meaning
the importance or worth of something; the amount of money that something is worth
Example
This antique vase has great sentimental value to our family.
C2 adjective /ˈvɛdʒɪtəl/

vegetal

Meaning
relating to or consisting of plants or vegetation
Example
The soup had a distinct vegetal flavor.
B2 adjective /væst/

Vast

Meaning
extremely large in size, amount, or extent; immense
Example
The vast ocean stretched endlessly to the horizon.
B1 adjective /ˈvɪz.ə.bəl/

Visible

Meaning
able to be seen; noticeable; apparent
Example
The mountain peak was clearly visible from our hotel room.
C2 adjective /ˈvæpɪd/

vapid

Meaning
lacking liveliness, flavor, or interest; dull and uninspired
Example
The lecture was so vapid that half the audience fell asleep.
C2 adjective /ˈvɜːrdənt/

verdant

Meaning
Green with grass or other rich vegetation; lush and fertile.
Example
The hills looked verdant after the monsoon rains.
C2 noun /vɛkˈseɪʃən/

vexation

Meaning
the state of being annoyed, frustrated, or worried
Example
She could not hide her vexation after the repeated delays.
B1 noun /ˈvɔɪ.ɪdʒ/

Voyage

Meaning
a long journey involving travel by sea or in space
Example
The ship's voyage across the Atlantic took two weeks.
C2 noun /ˌvælədɪkˈtɔːriən/

valedictorian

Meaning
The student with the highest academic achievements in a graduating class, often chosen to give the farewell speech.
Example
She was honored as the valedictorian of her class.
B2 adjective /ˈvaɪ.brənt/

Vibrant

Meaning
full of energy and life; bright and striking
Example
The vibrant colors of the sunset painted the sky beautifully.
C2 adjective /ˈvækjuəs/

vacuous

Meaning
Having or showing a lack of thought or intelligence; mindless.
Example
She gave a vacuous smile during the serious discussion.
C2 noun /ˈvɔːdəvɪl/

vaudeville

Meaning
A type of entertainment popular in the early 20th century, featuring a mixture of comedy, song, dance, and variety acts.
Example
The vaudeville show included comedians, magicians, and dancers.
C1 noun /vɛnˈdɛtə/

vendetta

Meaning
a prolonged bitter quarrel or campaign of revenge
Example
The two families were caught in a bitter vendetta for generations.
C1 noun /ˈvɜːrtɪˌɡoʊ/

vertigo

Meaning
A sensation of spinning or dizziness, often caused by problems in the inner ear or brain.
Example
She felt a sudden vertigo when she looked down from the tall building.
C2 noun /ˈvɛrɪti/

verity

Meaning
a true principle or belief; the state of being true
Example
The verity of his statement was confirmed by evidence.
C1 noun ˌvɛn.əˈreɪ.ʃən

veneration

Meaning
Great respect; reverence; the action of regarding with great respect or reverence.
Example
Many cultures show veneration for their ancestors.
B2 noun /vaɪˈbreɪ.ʃən/

Vibration

Meaning
a rapid back and forth movement; oscillation
Example
The phone's vibration woke me up.
C1 verb /vaɪ/

vie

Meaning
To compete eagerly with someone in order to do or achieve something.
Example
Several companies are vying for the contract.
C1 noun ˌvæljuˈeɪʃən

valuation

Meaning
An estimation of the worth of something.
Example
The valuation of the property was much higher than expected.
C1 verb /ˈvɛnəˌreɪt/

venerate

Meaning
to regard with great respect; revere
Example
People venerate saints for their holiness.
B2 noun ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃən

ventilation

Meaning
The provision of fresh air to a room, building, etc.
Example
Proper ventilation is essential for maintaining air quality.
B2 noun /ˈvel.vɪt/

Velvet

Meaning
a soft, luxurious fabric with a thick, short pile on one side
Example
The royal curtains were made of rich red velvet.
C2 noun /ˌvælɪˈdɪkʃən/

valediction

Meaning
The act of saying farewell; a formal goodbye.
Example
The professor gave a touching valediction at his retirement ceremony.
C2 adjective /ˈviː.ni.əl/

Venial

Meaning
forgivable; not seriously wrong; minor
Example
His late arrival was considered a venial offense.
B1 abbreviation /vərsəs/

vs

Meaning
used to indicate opposition or contrast between two things
Example
The match was Brazil vs Argentina in the final.
B2 adjective /ˈvɜː.sə.taɪl/

versatile

Meaning
Able to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities; having many uses or applications.
Example
He is a versatile musician who can play multiple instruments.
C2 adjective /ˌvælɪˈdɪktəri/

valedictory

Meaning
Serving as a farewell or parting; relating to a valediction.
Example
He delivered a valedictory speech at the conference.
B2 verb /ˈvɒmɪt/

vomit

Meaning
to bring up food from the stomach through the mouth; to be sick
Example
The patient began to vomit after taking the medication.
C1 noun /ˈvaɪ.pər/

Viper

Meaning
a venomous snake with large hinged fangs that typically has a thick body and gives birth to live young
Example
The viper coiled up when it sensed danger.
C2 noun /ˌvɪvɪˈsɛkʃən/

vivisection

Meaning
the practice of performing operations on live animals for scientific research
Example
Vivisection has long been a controversial topic among scientists and animal rights activists.
C2 noun /vərˈmɪl.jən/

Vermillion

Meaning
a bright red-orange color; a pigment of this color
Example
The artist used vermillion paint for the sunset.
A2 verb /ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ/

visiting

Meaning
Going to see and spend time with someone or at a place.
Example
The group is visiting islands during the expedition.
B1 noun /ˈvaɪtəmɪn/

vitamin

Meaning
a natural substance needed by the body to stay healthy
Example
Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of vitamins.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛlvəti/

velvety

Meaning
having a smooth, soft texture like velvet
Example
She spoke in a low, velvety voice.
C1 noun /vəˈnɪər/

veneer

Meaning
A thin decorative covering of fine wood applied to a coarser wood or other material; a superficially attractive appearance.
Example
The table was covered with a thin veneer of mahogany.
B2 adjective /ˈvʌl.nər.ə.bəl/

vulnerable

Meaning
susceptible to physical or emotional harm
Example
Children are often the most vulnerable in times of crisis.
C1 adjective /ˈvæljənt/

Valiant

Meaning
showing courage or determination; brave and heroic
Example
The valiant soldier fought bravely to protect his country.
B2 adjective /veɪɡ/

Vague

Meaning
unclear or uncertain in meaning; not clearly expressed
Example
His explanation was too vague for me to understand.
B2 adjective /ˈvoʊkəl/

vocal

Meaning
expressing opinions or feelings freely and loudly; relating to the voice
Example
She was very vocal about her dissatisfaction.
C1 adjective vəˈreɪ.ʃəs

voracious

Meaning
Having a very eager approach to an activity; wanting or devouring great quantities of food or having an insatiable appetite.
Example
He has a voracious appetite for knowledge.
C1 noun ˌvɒl.əˈtɪl.ɪ.ti

volatility

Meaning
Liability to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse; instability.
Example
The stock market's volatility makes investment risky.
C2 verb /ˈvɪlɪfaɪ/

vilify

Meaning
to speak or write about someone in an abusive or disparaging manner
Example
The politician was vilified in the media for his controversial remarks.
B1 noun /ˈvɪʒ.ən/

vision

Meaning
The faculty or state of being able to see.
Example
Excessive rubbing can damage vision.
C2 noun /ˌvæs.ɪˈleɪ.ʃən/

Vacillation

Meaning
the inability to decide between different opinions or actions; indecision
Example
His constant vacillation between career choices frustrated his parents.
C1 verb /vɪə(r)/

veer

Meaning
to change direction suddenly
Example
The car veered off the road to avoid the accident.
C1 adjective /ˈvɪskəs/

viscous

Meaning
Having a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid.
Example
Honey is a viscous liquid that flows slowly.
C2 noun /ˌvɑːljəˈbɪləti/

volubility

Meaning
The quality of talking fluently, readily, or incessantly.
Example
His volubility made him a successful radio host.
C1 noun /ˈvenəm/

Venom

Meaning
a poisonous substance secreted by animals such as snakes; extreme malice and bitterness
Example
The snake's venom can be deadly if not treated quickly.
B2 adjective /ˈvɛərid/

Varied

Meaning
showing differences; diverse; containing different types
Example
The museum has a varied collection of ancient artifacts.
C1 adjective /ˈvɑːlətl/

volatile

Meaning
likely to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse
Example
The stock market is extremely volatile these days.
C2 adjective /voʊˈsɪfərəs/

vociferous

Meaning
expressing feelings or opinions in a loud and forceful way
Example
The vociferous crowd demanded justice.
B2 noun /vəˈlɪd.ɪ.ti/

Validity

Meaning
the quality of being legally or officially acceptable; the quality of being logically or factually sound
Example
The validity of the contract expires next month.
B2 adjective /ˈveɪ.kənt/

Vacant

Meaning
empty; not occupied; available
Example
There is a vacant apartment on the second floor.
B2 adjective /ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl/

Virtual

Meaning
almost or nearly as described, but not completely or according to strict definition; existing in essence or effect, though not in fact
Example
The virtual meeting allowed participants from different countries to collaborate.
C2 adjective /ˈvɒl.jʊ.bəl/

Voluble

Meaning
speaking fluently and readily; talkative; having a continuous flow of words
Example
The voluble salesman talked for hours about his products.
C1 noun /ˈveɪpəraɪzər/

vaporizer

Meaning
a device that turns a liquid into vapor, often for inhalation
Example
She used a vaporizer to ease her cough.
C2 noun /ˈvɪtrioʊl/

vitriol

Meaning
harsh and bitter criticism
Example
The politician faced vitriol from the public.
C1 noun /vʌlˈɡær.ɪ.ti/

Vulgarity

Meaning
the quality of being rude, offensive, or indecent; lack of sophistication or good taste
Example
The comedian's jokes were criticized for their vulgarity.
B2 verb /ˈvaɪbreɪt/

vibrate

Meaning
To move or cause to move continuously and rapidly back and forth.
Example
The phone began to vibrate on the table.
C2 adjective ˌvɪz.ju.oʊˈspeɪ.ʃəl

visuospatial

Meaning
Related to understanding the relationship between space and objects through vision.
Example
Good visuospatial skills are important for architecture and design.
B2 noun ˈven.tʃərz

ventures

Meaning
Business enterprises or undertakings, especially risky ones.
Example
Luxury ventures in space attract wealthy clients.
C2 adjective /ˈvɪtriəs/

vitreous

Meaning
having a glass-like appearance or quality
Example
The mineral has a vitreous shine.
C1 verb /ˈveɪpəraɪz/

vaporize

Meaning
to turn into vapor or gas
Example
The heat of the sun can vaporize water from the surface.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛrɪtəbl/

veritable

Meaning
used to emphasize that something is genuine or true
Example
The house was a veritable palace compared to ours.
C1 adjective /ˈvɪrjʊlənt/

virulent

Meaning
Extremely severe or harmful in its effects.
Example
The virulent disease spread rapidly across the region.
C1 verb /veks/

vex

Meaning
to annoy or frustrate someone; to cause trouble
Example
The constant noise from construction vexes the residents.
A2 noun /væn/

van

Meaning
a large vehicle used for transporting goods or people
Example
The delivery van stopped in front of our house.
C1 noun /viˈoʊlə/ or /ˈvaɪələ/

viola

Meaning
A stringed instrument slightly larger than a violin, with a deeper and mellower tone.
Example
She chose to play the viola in the school orchestra.
B2 adjective /ˈvɒl.ən.tər.i/

Voluntary

Meaning
done willingly without being forced; given or done freely
Example
She made a voluntary donation to the charity.
B2 noun ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl ˈklɑːs.ruːmz

virtual classrooms

Meaning
An online learning environment where teachers and students interact via digital platforms.
Example
Virtual classrooms enable remote learning for students worldwide.
A2 noun /ˈvɒlibɔːl/

volleyball

Meaning
a team sport in which players hit a ball over a high net using their hands
Example
She plays volleyball with her friends every weekend.
C2 noun /ˈveɪɡəri/

vagary

Meaning
An unexpected and inexplicable change in a situation or someone's behavior.
Example
The vagaries of the weather made planning difficult.
B1 noun /ˌvɒl.ənˈtɪər/

Volunteer

Meaning
a person who freely offers to take part in an enterprise or undertake a task
Example
Many volunteers helped distribute food to the homeless.
C2 noun /vɜːrˈtuː/

virtu

Meaning
a love of or taste for fine art, antiques, or curiosities
Example
The collector’s house was filled with objects of virtu.
C1 noun /ˈviːəməns/

Vehemence

Meaning
great forcefulness or intensity of feeling or expression; passionate conviction
Example
He argued with such vehemence that everyone was surprised.
B2 noun /vɜːrdʒ/

Verge

Meaning
the edge or border of something; very close to happening
Example
She was on the verge of tears.
B2 noun ˈvaɪtəl rɪˈsɔːrsɪz

vital resources

Meaning
Essential assets or supplies that are crucial for survival and development.
Example
Water is one of Bangladesh's vital resources.
C2 noun /viːˈnæləti/

venality

Meaning
the quality of being open to bribery or corruption
Example
The scandal revealed the venality of several senior officials.
B1 preposition /ˈvɜːsəs/

versus

Meaning
against (in a competition or conflict)
Example
The team is playing versus their biggest rivals.
B2 noun /ˈvæmpaɪər/

vampire

Meaning
a mythical creature that sucks blood from the living; metaphorically, a person who exploits others
Example
In folklore, a vampire rises at night to drink human blood.
B1 noun /vɒlˈkeɪ.noʊ/

Volcano

Meaning
a mountain with an opening through which lava, gas, and ash can escape
Example
The volcano erupted after being dormant for decades.
C1 adjective ˈvɪdʒ.ɪ.lənt

vigilant

Meaning
Keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties; alert and watchful.
Example
The guards remained vigilant throughout the night.
C1 adjective /vɜːrˈboʊs/

verbose

Meaning
Using or expressed in more words than are needed; wordy.
Example
His verbose explanation confused the audience instead of clarifying the issue.
C1 verb /vaʊtʃ/

vouch

Meaning
to confirm or assert the truth or reliability of something
Example
I can vouch for his honesty.
B2 adjective /ˈvaɪəbəl/

viable

Meaning
Capable of working successfully; feasible.
Example
A viable solution is necessary for long-term success.