underlie
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C1 verb /ˌʌndərˈlaɪ/

underlie

Meaning
to be the hidden cause or basis of something
Example
Strong cultural traditions underlie the community's practices.
C2 noun /ˈwɔːrˌmʌŋɡər/

warmonger

Meaning
A person who advocates or promotes war or conflict.
Example
The leader was criticized as a warmonger by his opponents.
C2 verb /trænzˈmjuːt/

transmute

Meaning
to change in form, nature, or substance
Example
Alchemy aimed to transmute lead into gold.
C1 verb /əˈmæs/

amass

Meaning
to gather together or accumulate over a period of time
Example
He managed to amass a fortune through wise investments.
C2 noun /ˈaɪdlər/

idler

Meaning
A person who avoids work or spends time lazily.
Example
He was known as an idler who wasted his days.
A2 noun /ˈæmbjʊləns/

ambulance

Meaning
A specially equipped vehicle used to transport sick or injured people to the hospital.
Example
The ambulance rushed to the accident site within minutes.
B2 verb /ɪnˈdɔːrs/

endorse

Meaning
To give approval or support to someone or something; to publicly recommend.
Example
The celebrity endorsed the new skincare product.
A1 adverb /əˈɡoʊ/

ago

Meaning
Used to indicate how long before the present something happened.
Example
I met her two years ago.
C1 noun /ˈpɪntʃərz/

pinchers

Meaning
a tool used for gripping or squeezing objects
Example
Use the pinchers to remove the hot coal safely.
C2 noun /ˈprɒsədi/

prosody

Meaning
The patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry and speech.
Example
The professor explained how prosody affects the mood of a poem.
C1 noun/adjective /ɪˈliːtɪst/

elitist

Meaning
A person who believes that a society should be led by an elite; showing preference for a privileged class.
Example
His elitist attitude made him unpopular among his peers.
C2 noun /ˌjuːnɪˈtɛəriən/

unitarian

Meaning
A person who believes that God exists as one entity rather than as a Trinity; a member of a religious denomination that emphasizes individual freedom of belief.
Example
The Unitarian church is known for its inclusive and open-minded approach.
B2 adjective /ɪnˈtaɪtəld/

entitled

Meaning
having the right to do or have something; feeling deserving of special treatment
Example
Employees are entitled to paid leave.
B1 noun ˈmɪlɪteri

military

Meaning
The armed forces of a country.
Example
The military was called for assistance.
B2 verb /kənˈfɔːrm/

conform

Meaning
To comply with rules, standards, or laws.
Example
Students must conform to the school regulations.
B1 verb /spaɪ/

spy

Meaning
to secretly collect information about a person, group, or country
Example
He was caught spying on his neighbor through the window.
C1 adjective /steɪd/

staid

Meaning
Serious, respectable, and unadventurous.
Example
He came from a staid family background.
C1 noun /ˈruː.bi/

Ruby

Meaning
a precious red gemstone; a deep red variety of corundum
Example
The ruby ring was her most treasured possession.
A2 noun əˈɡriː.mənt

agreement

Meaning
A negotiated arrangement between parties as to a course of action.
Example
The agreement was accepted by all countries.
C1 noun /mɪˈlɛniəm/

millennium

Meaning
a period of one thousand years; often used to mark an anniversary
Example
The year 2000 was celebrated as the beginning of a new millennium.
B1 noun /ˈbles.ɪŋ/

Blessing

Meaning
a beneficial thing for which one is grateful; divine favor
Example
Having good health is a blessing that we should cherish.
A1 pronoun /ðiːz/

these

Meaning
used to refer to things or people that are near or present
Example
These are my friends.
B1 verb /ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/

demonstrate

Meaning
to clearly show or prove something through evidence, explanation, or action
Example
The teacher demonstrated the experiment to the class.
C2 noun /ˈeɪʒən swɒmp iːl/

Asian swamp eel

Meaning
a snake-like freshwater fish that can survive in muddy waters and is considered a delicacy in South Asian cuisine
Example
Asian swamp eel can breathe air and survive in shallow muddy waters.
B2 adjective /ˌmiː.diˈiː.vəl/

medieval

Meaning
Relating to the Middle Ages, the period in European history from about the 5th to the 15th century.
Example
The castle is a famous medieval monument.
A2 verb /fɪl/

fill

Meaning
to make or become full; to put something into a container until it is full
Example
Please fill the glass with water.
B1 adjective /ˈdiː.teɪld/

detailed

Meaning
Having many details; very thorough.
Example
The report provided a detailed analysis of the situation.
B2 verb /ˈreɡjəleɪt/

regulate

Meaning
to control or maintain according to rules or laws
Example
The government regulates food safety.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔːrdiəl/

Cordial

Meaning
warmly friendly; sincere; heartfelt
Example
She gave us a cordial welcome at the front door.
C2 noun /ˈvɪzɪdʒ/

visage

Meaning
A person's face or facial expression.
Example
Her stern visage intimidated the children.
C2 verb /koʊˈæɡjəˌleɪt/

coagulate

Meaning
to cause a liquid, especially blood, to change into a solid or semi-solid state
Example
The blood quickly coagulated after the cut.
B1 noun /ˈfɪkʃən/

fiction

Meaning
Literature created from the imagination, not presented as fact.
Example
She enjoys reading science fiction novels.
C2 adjective /njuːˈmætɪk/

pneumatic

Meaning
operated by air or gas under pressure
Example
The factory uses pneumatic tools for assembly.
B1 adjective /ˈhoʊpfəl/

Hopeful

Meaning
feeling or inspiring optimism about a future event; confident; optimistic
Example
He remained hopeful despite the challenges.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈzɔːlt/

exalt

Meaning
to praise highly or raise in rank, honor, or power
Example
The community exalted the teacher for his dedication.
B2 noun /ʌnəˈbɪləti/

unability

Meaning
the state of being unable to do something; incapacity
Example
His unability to solve the problem caused delays in the project.
C1 verb /ˈwaɪtˌwɑːʃ/

whitewash

Meaning
to cover up faults, errors, or unpleasant facts; to paint with white paint or lime
Example
The report was criticized for trying to whitewash the company's failures.
C1 adjective /kəˈrəʊsɪv/

corrosive

Meaning
tending to cause corrosion; harmful or destructive to materials or people
Example
The chemical is highly corrosive and should be handled with care.
C2 verb /ˈsʌli/

sully

Meaning
to damage the purity, integrity, or reputation of something
Example
The scandal sullied the politician’s reputation.
B2 adjective /rɪˈstrɪk.tɪd/

Restricted

Meaning
limited or controlled; subject to restrictions
Example
Access to this area is restricted to authorized personnel only.
B2 noun pɪər ˈɪnfluəns

peer influence

Meaning
The effect that members of a peer group have on each other, especially in terms of behavior, attitudes, and decision-making.
Example
Peer influence can shape juvenile behavior significantly.
A1 adjective /ˈpɒs.ə.bəl/

Possible

Meaning
able to be done or achieved; likely to happen; feasible
Example
It is possible to learn a new language at any age.
A2 verb /tʃɪər/

cheer

Meaning
to shout in encouragement or support; to make someone feel happier
Example
The fans cheered loudly when their team scored a goal.
B1 noun /poʊl/

pole

Meaning
a long, slender, vertical object or structure, typically made of wood, metal, or another material
Example
They placed the flag on top of the pole.
B2 verb praɪˈɒraɪtaɪz

prioritize

Meaning
To designate or treat something as more important than other things
Example
Prioritize your tasks to stay efficient.
C2 adjective /ræpˈtɔːriəl/

raptorial

Meaning
Relating to birds of prey or predatory behavior.
Example
The eagle is a raptorial bird with sharp talons.
A2 noun /fɪər/

Fear

Meaning
an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous
Example
She overcame her fear of heights by taking rock climbing lessons.
B1 noun /tʃɑːrm/

Charm

Meaning
the power or quality of giving delight or arousing admiration; a magical spell or talisman
Example
Her natural charm and wit made her popular at social gatherings.
C2 noun /liːən/

lien

Meaning
A legal right to keep possession of property until a debt is paid.
Example
The bank placed a lien on the house until the mortgage was cleared.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈhjuːmən/

Inhuman

Meaning
lacking human qualities; cruel; brutal; savage
Example
The dictator's inhuman treatment of prisoners shocked the international community.
C1 adverb /ɪnˈvɜːrs.li/

Inversely

Meaning
in a way that is opposite or contrary; in reverse order or manner
Example
The price of goods is inversely related to their availability in the market.
A2 noun (plural) /ædz/

ads

Meaning
short for advertisements; promotional messages intended to sell products or services
Example
I often skip ads when watching videos online.
C1 noun /ˈɑːdəsi/

odyssey

Meaning
a long, adventurous journey; a series of experiences
Example
Her career has been an odyssey of challenges and achievements.
C2 noun /ˈmɛndɪkənt/

mendicant

Meaning
a beggar; a person who lives by asking for alms
Example
The mendicant asked for food at the monastery gate.
C1 adjective /ˈdʒeɪ.dɪd/

jaded

Meaning
Tired, bored, or lacking enthusiasm, typically after having had too much of something.
Example
After years of traveling, she felt jaded by the constant movement.
A2 verb kriˈeɪts

creates

Meaning
To bring something into existence or to cause something to happen
Example
Pollution creates environmental and health issues.
A2 noun, verb /lɪŋk/

link

Meaning
a connection between two things; to connect or associate
Example
The article includes a link to the official website.
B2 verb /ˈfɪltər/

filter

Meaning
to pass a substance through a device to remove unwanted material or to selectively pass certain items
Example
She used a coffee filter to separate the grounds from the liquid.
C2 verb /ˈprɑː.məl.ɡeɪt/

promulgate

Meaning
To announce or make a law, decree, or idea officially known.
Example
The government promulgated new regulations on data privacy.
A2 noun /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən/

invitation

Meaning
a written or spoken request to attend an event or to participate in something
Example
She sent me an invitation to her wedding.
C2 verb /rɛtʃ/

retch

Meaning
to make the sound and movement of vomiting without bringing anything up
Example
The smell of spoiled food made him retch violently.
B1 noun /ˈneɪʃən/

nation

Meaning
a large group of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language
Example
The nation celebrated its independence day with pride.
C1 noun /ˌtɛstɪˈməʊnɪəlz/

testimonials

Meaning
Written or spoken statements of praise or recommendation from clients or customers.
Example
Positive testimonials can enhance a company's reputation.
B2 noun /ˈklaɪ.mæks/

Climax

Meaning
the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; the highest or most intense point in a process
Example
The movie reached its climax during the final battle scene.
B2 noun /ˈɡɑːr.di.ən/

Guardian

Meaning
a defender, protector, or keeper; a person legally responsible for the care of someone unable to manage their own affairs
Example
After her parents died, her uncle became her legal guardian and took care of her.
C1 noun /ˈɛkstrəˌvɜːrt/

extrovert

Meaning
a person who is outgoing, sociable, and energized by being around other people
Example
As an extrovert, she enjoys meeting new people at social events.
B2 adjective /ˈeɪ.li.ən/

alien

Meaning
Belonging to a foreign country or nation; extraterrestrial.
Example
The telescope is capable of detecting alien signals.
C2 noun /ˈmɒnəkl/

monocle

Meaning
A single round lens for one eye, used to correct or enhance vision.
Example
The old gentleman wore a monocle at formal events.
C1 verb /ˈɒp.tɪ.maɪz/

optimize

Meaning
To make the best or most effective use of a situation, opportunity, or resource.
Example
The company is working to optimize its supply chain.
A2 noun /ˈtaʊ.əl/

Towel

Meaning
a piece of absorbent cloth or paper used for wiping or drying
Example
She wrapped herself in a soft towel after the shower.
B2 noun /ˌek.spekˈteɪ.ʃən/

Expectation

Meaning
a strong belief that something will happen or be the case; anticipation
Example
The new teacher exceeded everyone's expectations with her innovative teaching methods.
C2 verb /ˈmɒtl/

mottle

Meaning
To mark with spots or patches of color.
Example
The leaves were mottled with shades of yellow and brown.
B2 noun ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl ˈθɪŋ.kɪŋ

critical thinking

Meaning
The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.
Example
Critical thinking helps in making informed decisions.
C1 adjective /ˈtʃɛkərd/

chequered

Meaning
Having a pattern of squares, or marked by varied and contrasting experiences or periods.
Example
He had a chequered career with both great successes and failures.
B2 adjective /hɑːˈspɪtəbəl/

Hospitable

Meaning
friendly and welcoming to strangers or guests; generous in receiving guests
Example
The local people were very hospitable to the tourists.
C2 adjective /ˈdoʊlfəl/

Doleful

Meaning
sorrowful; mournful; expressing grief or sadness
Example
She gave him a doleful look when he left.
C2 adjective /ˈdʒɜːrmɪnəl/

germinal

Meaning
Relating to the earliest stage of development.
Example
The idea was still in its germinal stage.
C2 adjective /ˈrɪz.ə.bəl/

risible

Meaning
so absurd or ridiculous that it deserves to be laughed at
Example
The idea of flying pigs is completely risible.
B2 verb /ɪˈvoʊk/

evoke

Meaning
to bring a feeling, memory, or image into the mind
Example
The old song evoked memories of her childhood.
A2 noun /ˈtʊərɪst/

tourist

Meaning
a person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure
Example
The city attracts many tourists every year.
B2 noun /pʌls/

Pulse

Meaning
edible seeds of leguminous plants such as lentils, beans, and peas
Example
Pulses are an excellent source of protein for vegetarians.
C1 noun /ʃraɪn/

Shrine

Meaning
a holy or sacred place dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, or saint
Example
Pilgrims visit the shrine to pray for good health.
B2 verb /ʌnˈkʌvə(r)/

uncover

Meaning
to reveal something that was hidden or secret
Example
The investigation uncovered new evidence.
B2 noun /ˈspɛk.tə.kəl/

spectacle

Meaning
An impressive display or performance for viewers.
Example
The fireworks created a breathtaking spectacle in the night sky.
C2 noun /sɒp/

sop

Meaning
a concession or appeasement to pacify someone; also a piece of bread dipped in liquid
Example
The manager offered a bonus as a sop to the unhappy employees.
B1 verb /əˈfɛkt/

affect

Meaning
to influence or make a difference to something
Example
The weather can greatly affect our mood.
C1 verb /ˌpriːdɪˈtɜːrmɪn/

predetermine

Meaning
to establish or decide something in advance
Example
The outcome of the match seemed predetermined.
C2 verb /ˈærəˌɡeɪt/

arrogate

Meaning
To claim or take something without justification.
Example
The dictator arrogated all powers to himself.
B1 adjective ˈpræktɪkəl

practical

Meaning
Concerned with actual use rather than theory; realistic and sensible.
Example
A practical approach is needed for solving complex problems.
C2 noun /djuːˈplɪsɪti/

duplicity

Meaning
Deceitfulness or double-dealing; dishonesty.
Example
Her duplicity was revealed during the investigation.
C1 adjective /ˈretʃɪd/

Wretched

Meaning
very unhappy; miserable; of poor quality
Example
The refugees lived in wretched conditions.
C1 verb /aʊtˈwɪt/

outwit

Meaning
to defeat or gain an advantage over someone by being more clever or cunning
Example
The fox managed to outwit the hunters.
C1 noun prəˈkjʊrmənt

procurement

Meaning
The action of obtaining or procuring something, especially for official purposes.
Example
The procurement of modern equipment has improved research accuracy.
C2 noun /dʒɛˌstɪkjʊˈleɪʃən/

gesticulation

Meaning
a gesture, especially a dramatic one, used instead of speaking or to emphasize speech
Example
His speech was full of passionate gesticulations.
C2 verb /ʌnˈɑːrm/

unarm

Meaning
to remove weapons from someone or to deprive of means of attack or defense
Example
The soldiers were ordered to unarm the prisoners.
C1 noun /ˈkɒl.ə.bəʊn/

Collar-bone

Meaning
either of the pair of bones joining the breastbone to the shoulder blades; clavicle
Example
He broke his collar-bone in the accident.
C2 noun /ˌfɑːrməkəˈpiːə/

pharmacopoeia

Meaning
An official book listing medicinal drugs, their effects, and directions for use.
Example
The doctor referred to the pharmacopoeia to check the drug's proper dosage.
B1 adverb /sɪnˈsɪrli/

sincerely

Meaning
with genuine feelings; honestly and truly
Example
I sincerely hope you recover soon.
C2 verb /ˈɡɑːɡəl/

goggle

Meaning
to stare with wide open eyes, often in surprise or wonder
Example
The tourists goggled at the tall skyscrapers.
A1 adverb /ɔːlˈredi/

Already

Meaning
before now; by this time; previously
Example
I have already finished my homework for today.
B2 noun /ˈklaɪ.mət əˌdæp.teɪ.ʃən/

climate adaptation

Meaning
The process of adjusting to current or expected climate change and its effects.
Example
Climate adaptation ensures resilience to change.
C1 noun /mɒb/

Mob

Meaning
a large crowd of people; a group that acts in a violent way
Example
An angry mob gathered outside the building.
B1 verb /breɪk/

brake

Meaning
to slow down or stop a vehicle by applying a brake
Example
He braked suddenly to avoid hitting the dog.
C2 adjective /ˈɪnmoʊst/

inmost

Meaning
Situated at the very heart or deepest part; most private or secret.
Example
She revealed her inmost thoughts to her closest friend.
C2 noun /ɪmp/

imp

Meaning
a small mischievous devil or sprite; a playful troublemaker
Example
The child was acting like a little imp, hiding his toys everywhere.
B1 noun /ˈlɪm.ɪt/

Limit

Meaning
a point or level beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass; the greatest amount allowed
Example
There is a speed limit on this road.
C2 verb /sweɪð/

swathe

Meaning
To wrap or cover closely or completely.
Example
She swathed the baby in a soft blanket.
B2 noun /dɪˈveləpər/

developer

Meaning
a person or company that creates software, buildings, or land projects
Example
She works as a software developer at a tech company.
C2 verb /ˈpɒntɪfɪkeɪt/

pontificate

Meaning
to speak or act in a pompous or dogmatic way; to officiate as a pontiff
Example
He pontificated on the importance of education for over an hour.
A1 noun, verb /ˈiː.meɪl/

e-mail

Meaning
messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to another
Example
I sent an e-mail to my professor yesterday.
C2 adjective /ˈveɪpərəs/

Vaporous

Meaning
consisting of vapor; vague or insubstantial
Example
The morning air was filled with vaporous mist.
C2 noun /tʃɜːrl/

churl

Meaning
A rude, boorish, or ill-mannered person.
Example
The waiter was such a churl that customers left unhappy.
C1 adjective /ˈbloʊtɪd/

bloated

Meaning
swollen or puffed up, often unpleasantly
Example
After the big meal, he felt bloated and uncomfortable.
A2 noun /ˈkær.ɪk.tər/

Character

Meaning
the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual; a person in a novel, play, or film
Example
She showed great character by helping others during the crisis.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈtræn.sɪ.dʒənt/

intransigent

Meaning
Unwilling or refusing to change one's views or to agree about something.
Example
His intransigent stance delayed the agreement.
A2 noun /ˈpɛni/

penny

Meaning
a small coin of low value; a very small amount of money
Example
He found a penny on the sidewalk and smiled.
B2 verb /buːm/

boom

Meaning
to make a loud deep sound; to grow or increase rapidly
Example
The thunder boomed across the sky.
C1 noun /ˈprɒksi/

proxy

Meaning
A person authorized to act on behalf of another; a substitute.
Example
She voted by proxy at the meeting.
A2 noun /ˈsɪə.ri.əl/

cereal

Meaning
a common breakfast food made from processed grains such as wheat, oats, or corn
Example
She eats a bowl of cereal every morning before work.
C1 noun /əˈrɪs.tə.kræt/

Aristocrat

Meaning
a member of the aristocracy; a person of noble rank or birth
Example
The aristocrat lived in a magnificent castle.
A1 noun /ˈfriː taɪm/

free time

Meaning
time when a person is not working or occupied and can do activities they enjoy
Example
She likes to read books in her free time.