C1 noun ˈsɪn.tæks

syntax

Meaning

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Example

Programming languages follow strict syntax rules.

Learning the syntax of a new programming language can take some time.

A2 verb /dəˈrɛkt/ or /daɪˈrɛkt/

direct

Meaning

to manage or control the course of something; to give instructions

Example

She directed the team to complete the project on time.

B2 verb /bɪˈwɛər/

beware

Meaning

to be cautious or alert about a potential danger or problem

Example

Beware of the dog near the gate.

C1 adjective /ɡrəˈtjuːɪtəs/

gratuitous

Meaning

Unnecessary, unwarranted, or given freely without reason or cause.

Example

The movie was criticized for its gratuitous violence.

C1 verb/noun /ˈsɒldər/

solder

Meaning

To join metal parts together by melting and putting a filler metal into the joint

Example

He soldered the broken wires back together.

C2 adjective /ˈmoʊtaɪl/

motile

Meaning

Capable of movement or locomotion.

Example

Certain bacteria are motile and can swim toward nutrients.

B1 noun /træp/

Trap

Meaning

a device or enclosure designed to catch and retain animals, or a situation from which it is difficult to escape

Example

The mouse was caught in the trap overnight.

C2 adjective /ˌjuːləˈdʒɪstɪk/

eulogistic

Meaning

Expressing praise or admiration, often formally.

Example

The speaker gave a eulogistic account of the leader’s achievements.

B2 noun /ˈdʒɜːrnəlɪzəm/

journalism

Meaning

the activity or profession of collecting, writing, and publishing news and articles for newspapers, magazines, or broadcast media

Example

He studied journalism to become a news reporter.

C2 adjective /ˈkɒs.ɪ.tɪd/

cosseted

Meaning

pampered, treated with excessive care and attention

Example

The cosseted child always got what he wanted.

A1 adjective /ˈjeloʊ/

Yellow

Meaning

having the color of the sun or gold; cowardly

Example

The yellow flowers bloomed in spring.

C2 adjective /ˌɪnkəmˈprɛsəbl/

incompressible

Meaning

Not able to be pressed or squeezed into a smaller space.

Example

Liquids are generally considered incompressible.

C2 adjective /ˈmɒnɪtəri/

monitory

Meaning

Giving a warning or cautionary advice; serving to warn.

Example

His monitory tone made everyone cautious about their next move.

B1 noun /ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/

presentation

Meaning

The manner or style in which something is given, offered, or displayed.

Example

The presentation of the new product was well received.

For her science project, Maya gave a wonderful presentation, using a colorful poster and a working volcano model to show the class how eruptions happen.

B2 verb əˈlaɪn.ɪŋ

aligning

Meaning

Placing or arranging things in a straight line or in correct relative positions.

Example

Aligning education with global standards is vital.

B2 noun /ˈpraɪ.vət ˈtuː.tər/

Private tutor

Meaning

a teacher who gives individual instruction to a student outside of regular school

Example

The private tutor helped the student improve his math skills.

B2 adverb /prɪˈzjuːməbli/

presumably

Meaning

used to convey that something is assumed to be true though not known for certain

Example

Presumably, he forgot to send the email.

C1 adjective /ˈɑːrɡjuəbl/

arguable

Meaning

open to debate or discussion; not certain and capable of being argued for or against

Example

It is arguable that technology has improved our quality of life.

B2 verb, noun, adjective /ˈtɛndər/

tender

Meaning

to offer formally; soft and delicate in texture or character; a formal offer or proposal

Example

The company tendered its resignation to the board.

C2 adjective /ˈpɑːrləs/

parlous

Meaning

Full of danger or risk; precarious.

Example

The company is in a parlous financial state.

C1 verb əˈblɪt.ə.reɪt

obliterate

Meaning

To destroy utterly; wipe out completely, to erase or remove something completely.

Example

The storm obliterated entire villages.

The giant wave crashed against the beach and managed to completely obliterate the beautiful sandcastle the children had built.

B1 noun /ˈsoʊ.lər ˌsɪs.təm/

Solar system

Meaning

the sun and all the planets, moons, asteroids and other objects that orbit around it

Example

Our solar system has eight planets orbiting the sun.

B1 noun /ˈɔː.θər/

Author

Meaning

a person who writes books, articles, or other written work

Example

The author spent three years writing her bestselling novel.

A1 verb /bɪˈɡɪn/

begin

Meaning

to start doing something; to commence

Example

I will begin my studies tomorrow.

B2 adverb /ɪkˈskluːsɪvli/

exclusively

Meaning

only; not shared with others

Example

This service is available exclusively to premium members.

C2 adjective /ræpˈtɔːriəl/

raptorial

Meaning

Relating to birds of prey or predatory behavior.

Example

The eagle is a raptorial bird with sharp talons.

C1 adjective /kəˈmɛmərətɪv/

commemorative

Meaning

Serving as a reminder or in honor of a person or event.

Example

They issued a commemorative coin for the independence anniversary.

A2 noun ˈrɛlətɪvz

Relatives

Meaning

A person connected by blood or marriage; a kinsman or kinswoman.

Example

Relatives can help you build a complete family tree.

During the holidays, all my relatives gather at my grandmother's house for a big family dinner.

C1 noun /ˌdɛrɪˈveɪʃən/

derivation

Meaning

The origin or development of something from a source.

Example

The derivation of the word comes from Latin.

C2 adverb /ˌðeərˈwɪð/

Therewith

Meaning

together with that; in addition to that

Example

He handed me the contract and the pen therewith.

C1 noun /ˈmælədi/

Malady

Meaning

A disease or ailment; a serious problem

Example

The doctor diagnosed a rare malady that affected her nervous system.

B1 noun /ˈkwɒl.ɪ.ti taɪm/

quality time

Meaning

Time spent giving someone your full attention in order to strengthen your relationship with them.

Example

Spending quality time with family enhances relationships.

Instead of watching TV, the family spent quality time together by playing board games and talking about their day.

A2 noun /ˈkiːbɔːrd/

keyboard

Meaning

a set of keys used to operate a computer, typewriter, or similar device for inputting text and commands

Example

She typed the report quickly on her keyboard.

B2 adjective /əˈdʒeɪsənt/

Adjacent

Meaning

পার্শ্ববর্তী; সংলগ্ন; নিকটবর্তী;

Example

The hotel is adjacent to the shopping mall.

B2 noun/verb /ɔːˈdɪʃən/

audition

Meaning

A trial performance by an actor, singer, or musician to demonstrate suitability for a role.

Example

She auditioned for the lead role in the school play.

C1 noun /ˈdeɪ.ə.ti/

deity

Meaning

a god or goddess

Example

The temple is dedicated to a Hindu deity.

C1 noun /ˈdiːviəns/

deviance

Meaning

Behavior that differs from accepted social or moral standards.

Example

The book studies deviance in urban youth culture.

A2 noun /reɪs/

race

Meaning

a competition of speed, or a group of people with similar characteristics

Example

The race was very exciting, with many competitors.

C1 verb /ˈɔːstrəˌsaɪz/

ostracize

Meaning

to exclude someone from a group or society; to banish or shun

Example

After the scandal, he was ostracized by his former colleagues.

C1 adjective /ədˈmɪsəbl/

admissible

Meaning

acceptable or valid, especially as evidence in a court of law

Example

The judge ruled that the document was admissible as evidence.

C2 adjective /ˈtɔɪl.səm/

toilsome

Meaning

Involving hard or exhausting work; laborious.

Example

The workers had a toilsome day in the hot sun.

C2 noun /ˈproʊtoʊˌmɑːrtɚ/

protomartyr

Meaning

The first martyr in a cause or religion, often referring to the first Christian martyr.

Example

St. Stephen is known as the protomartyr of Christianity.

C2 noun /ˈɔːspɪs/

auspice

Meaning

A sign, omen, or divine token; also refers to protection or support.

Example

The project was launched under the auspice of the government.

C1 noun, verb /bʌldʒ/

bulge

Meaning

A swelling or protruding part; to swell outward or protrude.

Example

The bag began to bulge with too many books inside.

B2 noun /prəˈmoʊ.tər/

promoter

Meaning

A person or organization that helps to organize or finance an event, business, or product launch.

Example

The promoter organized a concert for the new band.

A2 noun ˈmɛdɪsɪn

medicine

Meaning

A compound or preparation used for the treatment or prevention of disease.

Example

Modern medicine has made great strides in treating diseases.

When the little girl had a bad cough, her mother gave her some cherry-flavored medicine to help her throat feel better.

C2 adjective /heɪl/

hale

Meaning

strong and healthy, especially of an elderly person

Example

Despite his age, the man remained hale and active.

B2 adjective /ˌmʌltɪˈlɪŋɡwəl/

multilingual

Meaning

Able to speak or written in several languages.

Example

She grew up in a multilingual household.

C1 noun /ˌnoʊtəˈraɪəti/

notoriety

Meaning

The state of being famous or well-known for something bad.

Example

The criminal gained notoriety for his daring escapes.

A2 noun/verb ˈfoʊkəs

focus

Meaning

The center of interest or activity; to concentrate attention or effort

Example

Focus on one goal at a time.

She lost her focus and made a mistake.

B2 verb /θɔː/

thaw

Meaning

to melt or cause to melt after being frozen

Example

The ice began to thaw in the sun.

C2 adjective /dʒʊˈrɪdɪkəl/

juridical

Meaning

Relating to judicial proceedings or the administration of law.

Example

The case raised important juridical questions.

B2 adjective /ˈɡreɪ.ʃəs/

Gracious

Meaning

kind; courteous; generous;

Example

She was very gracious and thanked everyone for their help.

B2 adjective /ɪmˈprɒp.ər/

Improper

Meaning

inappropriate; incorrect; not suitable

Example

It would be improper to discuss personal matters in a business meeting.

A1 adverb /weər/

Where

Meaning

In or to what place or position; used to inquire about location

Example

Where did you put my keys?

C1 noun /ˌkɑːr.diˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst/

cardiologist

Meaning

A doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating heart diseases.

Example

She made an appointment with a cardiologist for her chest pain.

C2 noun /beɪz/

baize

Meaning

A type of coarse woolen cloth, often green, used for covering tables such as billiard tables.

Example

The old card table was covered with worn baize.

B2 noun /ˈtɛl.ər/

teller

Meaning

A person who counts and manages money at a bank; a person who tells or relates something

Example

The bank teller counted the cash carefully before handing it over.

B2 adjective /ˈɛəri/

airy

Meaning

Spacious and well-ventilated; light and breezy.

Example

The new apartment is bright and airy.

B2 verb /pərˈsiːvd/

perceived

Meaning

to become aware of something through the senses or the mind; to understand or interpret

Example

She perceived a hint of sadness in his voice.

A2 noun /ˈtʃer.i/

Cherry

Meaning

a small round red or black fruit with a hard seed inside

Example

She picked fresh cherries from the tree in her garden.

B1 noun /ˈprɛər/

prayer

Meaning

a solemn request for help or expression of thanks addressed to God or another deity

Example

She recited a prayer before the meal.

C1 verb /wɪns/

wince

Meaning

To make an involuntary movement of the face or body as a result of pain or distress.

Example

He winced when the doctor touched his injured arm.

B2 noun ˈkɔːrəl ˈriːfs

Coral Reefs

Meaning

Underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by corals, forming diverse marine ecosystems.

Example

Saint Martin's Island is known for its coral reefs.

A1 preposition /ˈʌndər/

under

Meaning

in or to a lower position than something

Example

The cat is under the table.

C1 noun /pɔl/

Pall

Meaning

a cloth spread over a coffin; a dark covering that creates a gloomy atmosphere

Example

A pall of smoke hung over the burning building.

C1 noun ˌdʒiːəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈstrʌktʃər

geological structure

Meaning

The arrangement and composition of rocks, minerals, and landforms in the Earth's crust.

Example

Scientists will study the Moon's geological structure.

C1 adjective /ˈspaɪni/

spiny

Meaning

covered with or full of spines; having sharp points

Example

The spiny cactus stood tall in the desert.

C2 noun /ˈpɛtrəˌɡræf/

petrograph

Meaning

a description or representation of rocks, especially in detailed scientific writing

Example

The scientist studied the petrograph to understand the rock composition.

C1 noun /ɪkˈspʌlʃən/

expulsion

Meaning

The act of forcing someone to leave a place, especially a school or country.

Example

His constant misbehavior led to his expulsion from school.

C2 noun /ˌkʌmˈʌpəns/

comeuppance

Meaning

A deserved punishment or fate; just deserts.

Example

The corrupt official finally got his comeuppance in court.

B2 noun /dɪsˈɡreɪs/

Disgrace

Meaning

loss of reputation or respect as the result of a dishonorable action; a shameful situation

Example

His arrest brought disgrace upon his entire family and reputation.

B1 noun

Kingdom

A2 verb /ʌpˈdeɪt/

update

Meaning

to make something more modern or current; to provide new information

Example

Please update your software regularly.

B2 noun ˈθrɛʃhəʊld

threshold

Meaning

A point of entry or beginning; the magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction to occur.

Example

Once the threshold for pest population is reached, measures must be taken.

After picking up the bride, the groom happily carried her over the threshold and into their new home for the very first time.

B1 noun rɪˈflɛkʃən

reflection

Meaning

Serious thought or consideration about something.

Example

The reflection of the past filled his heart with sadness.

B2 adjective /əkˈsel.ə.reɪ.tɪd/

accelerated

Meaning

Happening or developing faster than usual.

Example

The project progressed at an accelerated pace.

C2 adjective /ˈfʌsti/

fusty

Meaning

smelling stale, damp, or stuffy; old-fashioned

Example

The room smelled fusty after being closed for months.

C2 noun /ˈdɛrɪk/

derrick

Meaning

A framework or tower used for supporting a crane, especially for oil drilling or lifting heavy loads.

Example

The workers assembled a derrick at the oil drilling site.

C2 adjective /ˈbɑː.bər.əs/

Barbarous

Meaning

extremely cruel; uncivilized; savage

Example

The barbarous treatment of prisoners was condemned by human rights organizations.

C1 noun /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθɛtɪk ɪˈfɪʃənsi/

photosynthetic efficiency

Meaning

The measure of how effectively plants convert light energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis, directly affecting plant growth and crop yield.

Example

Improving photosynthetic efficiency can increase crop yields.

Scientists are researching ways to improve the photosynthetic efficiency of crops to increase food production.

B1 noun /ˈætɪˌtjuːd/

attitude

Meaning

A settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, often reflected in behavior.

Example

Her positive attitude helped her overcome many challenges.

B2 adjective /ˈtaɪm.li/

Timely

Meaning

happening at the right time; punctual

Example

His timely arrival saved the meeting.

C1 noun /ˈhɛzɪtənsi/

hesitancy

Meaning

The tendency to pause or delay due to uncertainty or fear.

Example

His hesitancy in answering made everyone doubt his confidence.

C2 verb /əˈbreɪd/

abrade

Meaning

to scrape or wear away the surface by friction or erosion

Example

The rough cloth can easily abrade the skin.

C1 adjective ˈɪn.lənd

Inland

Meaning

Situated in the interior of a country; away from the coast.

Example

Inland transport boosts local trade.

B2 verb /əˈvɜːrt/

avert

Meaning

to prevent something bad from happening or to turn away one's eyes or thoughts

Example

Quick action helped avert a disaster.

C1 adjective dɪsˈfʌŋkʃənl

dysfunctional

Meaning

Not operating normally or properly.

Example

The dysfunctional system led to numerous delays and errors.

C1 adjective /æmˈbɪvələnt/

ambivalent

Meaning

Having mixed or contradictory feelings about something or someone.

Example

She was ambivalent about accepting the new job offer.

C1 noun /ˈsuːdənɪm/

pseudonym

Meaning

a fictitious name used by an author instead of their real name

Example

Mark Twain was the pseudonym of Samuel Clemens.

C2 noun /ˈklɪpər/

clipper

Meaning

a tool used for cutting, or a fast sailing ship of the 19th century

Example

The barber used clippers to trim his hair.

C2 adjective /ˈnjuːbaɪl/

nubile

Meaning

of a young woman, sexually mature and suitable for marriage

Example

The village was celebrating the festival with its nubile maidens dancing.

C2 noun /ˈɡɪbən/

gibbon

Meaning

a small to medium-sized tailless ape with long arms, native to the forests of Southeast Asia

Example

The gibbon swung gracefully through the trees using its long arms.

C2 noun ˌɒbfəsˈkeɪʃən

obfuscation

Meaning

The action of making something obscure, unclear, or unintelligible.

Example

The obfuscation of the data made it difficult to interpret.

The politician's speech was full of obfuscation.

A1 noun /ʃɜːrt/

Shirt

Meaning

a piece of clothing worn on the upper body with sleeves and buttons

Example

He wore a white shirt to the office.

C1 noun /ˈwɔː.tər ˈtʃes.nʌt/

Water Chestnut

Meaning

aquatic plant with edible white crisp tubers

Example

Water chestnuts add a nice crunch to stir-fry dishes.

C1 adjective /ˈliːf.ləs/

Leafless

Meaning

without leaves; bare

Example

The leafless trees looked bare in winter.

C2 adjective /ˌɛvəˈnɛsənt/

evanescent

Meaning

Quickly fading or disappearing; lasting for only a very short time.

Example

The beauty of the sunset was evanescent, fading within minutes.

C1 noun /ˈeɪ.kər.ɪdʒ/

acreage

Meaning

An area of land measured in acres.

Example

The farmer owns a large acreage of fertile land.

B2 noun /lɪˈdʒɪtɪməsi/

legitimacy

Meaning

the quality of being accepted as right, proper, or lawful

Example

The legitimacy of the election was questioned by observers.

A1 noun /tiː/

Tea

Meaning

a hot drink made by pouring boiling water onto dried leaves

Example

We drink tea every morning at breakfast.

B2 noun /prækˈtɪʃ.ən.ər/

practitioner

Meaning

a person actively engaged in a profession, especially medicine or law

Example

She is a skilled medical practitioner.

C2 adjective /ˈlɔːdəˌtɔːri/

laudatory

Meaning

Expressing praise or admiration.

Example

She wrote a laudatory review of the new book.

C2 noun /ˌdɪʃəˈbiːl/

dishabille

Meaning

The state of being only partly or loosely dressed; casual or careless attire.

Example

She answered the door in a state of dishabille, wearing just a robe.

B2 verb /ˈwaɪdən/

widen

Meaning

to make or become wider or broader

Example

They plan to widen the road next year.

C2 noun /kɒn.tɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/

contiguity

Meaning

the state of being in direct contact or next to each other

Example

The contiguity of the two countries facilitates trade.

C1 adjective /prɪˈpɒstərəs/

preposterous

Meaning

completely ridiculous or absurd; contrary to reason or common sense

Example

The idea that pigs could fly is preposterous.

C2 noun /ˈænsɛstrɪs/

ancestress

Meaning

a female ancestor; a woman from whom one is descended

Example

She discovered that her ancestress came from a small village in Bengal.

B2 noun /kəˈmɪʃənər/

commissioner

Meaning

an official in charge of a particular department or area

Example

The police commissioner addressed the media about the incident.

C1 noun /ˈstɛnsəl/

stencil

Meaning

A thin sheet of material with a design cut out, used to produce the design on the surface below by applying paint or ink through the cut-out holes.

Example

The artist used a stencil to paint identical stars on the wall.

C1 noun /ˈmɔːr.nər/

Mourner

Meaning

a person who attends a funeral or shows grief for someone who has died

Example

The mourners gathered at the cemetery to pay their respects.

C2 noun /ˌæk.rəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/

acrophobia

Meaning

An extreme or irrational fear of heights.

Example

Her acrophobia prevented her from climbing the tall building.

B1 noun /doʊˈneɪ.ʃən/

Donation

Meaning

something that is given to a charity, especially a sum of money; the act of giving

Example

The generous donation helped the hospital purchase new medical equipment.

B2 noun /ˌfæs.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

Fascination

Meaning

the power to fascinate someone; the state of being intensely interested

Example

Her fascination with ancient history led her to become an archaeologist.

C1 noun /ˈpær.ə.kiːt/

Parakeet

Meaning

a small colorful parrot with a long tail, often kept as a pet

Example

The green parakeet learned to say hello.

C1 noun ˈmaɪ.krəʊˌnjuː.tri.ənts

micronutrients

Meaning

Essential nutrients required by organisms in small quantities throughout life to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.

Example

Micronutrients are essential for cellular function.

Vitamins and minerals are important micronutrients that your body only needs in small amounts, but they are essential for staying healthy.

B1 noun dɛt

debt

Meaning

A sum of money that is owed or due.

Example

High levels of debt can lead to a financial crisis.

A2 noun /ˈdaɪət/

diet

Meaning

the kinds of food that a person usually eats

Example

He follows a strict vegetarian diet.

C1 adjective /pərˈmɪsəbl̩/

permissible

Meaning

allowed or permitted by rules or law

Example

It is permissible to park here after 6 p.m.

B1 adjective /ˈkɔːʃəs/

cautious

Meaning

careful to avoid potential problems or dangers

Example

She was cautious about trusting strangers.

A2 noun rɪˈpɔːt

report

Meaning

An account given of a particular matter, especially in the form of an official document after thorough investigation or consideration.

Example

The report highlights critical issues.