stoppage
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C1 noun /ˈstɒpɪdʒ/

stoppage

Meaning
The act of stopping or ceasing; a halt in operation or activity
Example
The sudden stoppage of the train caused delays for all passengers.
B2 noun /ˈpɛzənt/

peasant

Meaning
a poor farmer or agricultural laborer who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation
Example
The peasant worked hard in the fields from dawn to dusk.
B2 adverb /ˈəʊvəli/

overly

Meaning
to an excessive degree or extent
Example
She was overly concerned about the results.
C1 adjective /ˈmæliəbl̩/

malleable

Meaning
Easily shaped or influenced; capable of being bent or adapted.
Example
Gold is a highly malleable metal used in jewelry.
B1 adjective ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt

efficient

Meaning
Working in a well-organized way; competent and effective in performance.
Example
Efficient farming methods improve yields.
C1 noun ˌhaɪ.drəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl ˈsaɪ.kəl

hydrological cycle

Meaning
The cycle of processes by which water circulates between the earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land.
Example
The hydrological cycle ensures continuous water movement in nature.
C1 noun, adjective /ˈrɛvərənd/

reverend

Meaning
A title of respect used for members of the clergy; deserving deep respect.
Example
The Reverend gave an inspiring sermon at the church.
C1 verb dɪˈsɜːn

discern

Meaning
To perceive or recognize something; to distinguish with difficulty by sight or with the other senses.
Example
He could barely discern the distant figure in the fog.
C2 adjective /rɪˈfræɡəbəl/

refragable

Meaning
Capable of being refuted or disproved.
Example
His argument was weak and easily refragable.
B2 adjective /ˈluː.nər/

Lunar

Meaning
relating to the moon; of or concerning the moon
Example
The lunar eclipse was visible last night.
C2 noun /ˈvoʊkəbəl/

vocable

Meaning
a word, term, or sound that has meaning
Example
The dictionary contained thousands of vocables from different languages.
B2 verb /ɪkˈskluːd/

exclude

Meaning
To deliberately leave out or prevent someone or something from being included.
Example
The list excludes temporary workers.
C2 verb /ˈsʌn.dər/

sunder

Meaning
To split apart or separate, especially with force.
Example
The war sundered families and friends.
A2 noun ˈpʌblɪk træns ˈpɔːt

public transport

Meaning
Transportation systems available for use by the general public, typically including buses, trains, and metros.
Example
Public transport systems are essential for reducing traffic congestion.
B2 verb /koʊˈɔːrdɪˌneɪt/

coordinate

Meaning
to organize people or things so that they work together effectively
Example
We need to coordinate our efforts to finish the project on time.
B2 noun /səkˈsɛʃ.ən/

succession

Meaning
The process of ecological change in which one community of organisms is gradually replaced by another.
Example
Forest succession occurs when old ecosystems are replaced by new ones.
B1 noun /kæmˈpeɪn/

Campaign

Meaning
an organized course of action to achieve a particular goal; a series of military operations
Example
The environmental campaign successfully raised awareness about climate change.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈvaɪələt/

inviolate

Meaning
free from violation, injury, or desecration; kept safe and untouched
Example
The ancient temple remained inviolate for centuries.
C2 noun /ˈræŋɡlər/

wrangler

Meaning
a person who argues noisily; or someone who takes care of livestock on a ranch
Example
The cowboy worked as a wrangler on the ranch.
C1 noun /ˌprɒk.ləˈmeɪ.ʃən/

Proclamation

Meaning
an official public announcement, especially one made by someone in authority
Example
The king issued a proclamation declaring peace.
B1 adjective /ɪˈsɛnʃəl/

essential

Meaning
Absolutely necessary; extremely important.
Example
Water is essential for life.
A2 adjective /ˈfuː.lɪʃ/

Foolish

Meaning
lacking good sense or judgment; unwise; silly
Example
It was foolish of him to drive in such heavy rain.
C2 noun /ˈdaɪɡræf/

digraph

Meaning
A pair of letters representing a single sound, such as 'sh' in 'ship'.
Example
In the word 'phone', the letters 'ph' form a digraph.
B2 noun /dɪˌtɜː.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

determination

Meaning
Firmness of purpose; the quality of being determined; resolve.
Example
His determination to succeed was unwavering.
B1 verb /ˌɪntərˈækt/

interact

Meaning
to communicate or work together with someone or something
Example
Students interact with teachers during class discussions.
B2 adjective /ˈrɪɡ.ər.əs/

rigorous

Meaning
Extremely thorough and demanding in analysis or practice.
Example
A rigorous study plan helps students achieve better results.
C1 noun /ˈneɪ.vəl fɔːrs/

Naval Force

Meaning
the branch of a nation's armed services that conducts military operations at sea
Example
The naval force protected the country's coastline from enemy attacks.
C1 noun /ɪnˈædɪkwəsi/

inadequacy

Meaning
lack of sufficient ability, quality, or strength; a feeling of not being good enough
Example
She struggled with feelings of inadequacy at work despite her strong qualifications.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnɪkˈspiːdiənt/

inexpedient

Meaning
Not advisable, suitable, or practical in the circumstances.
Example
It would be inexpedient to invest without proper research.
C2 noun /daɪˈɡrɛʃən/

digression

Meaning
A temporary departure from the main subject in speech or writing.
Example
Her story was full of interesting digressions.
B2 adjective /ɪnˈtaɪtəld/

entitled

Meaning
having the right to do or have something; feeling deserving of special treatment
Example
Employees are entitled to paid leave.
C1 adjective /ˈæmərəs/

amorous

Meaning
Showing, feeling, or relating to romantic love or desire.
Example
He sent her an amorous letter filled with declarations of love.
B1 noun /dɒt/

dot

Meaning
a small round mark or spot
Example
She drew a red dot on the paper.
B2 noun, adjective /ˌpəʊstˈɡrædʒuət/

postgraduate

Meaning
A student who has completed a first degree and is studying for a further degree.
Example
She is doing postgraduate research in physics.
C2 adjective /ˈvɜːrdənt/

verdant

Meaning
Green with grass or other rich vegetation; lush and fertile.
Example
The hills looked verdant after the monsoon rains.
C1 noun /blɒˈkeɪd/

Blockade

Meaning
an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving
Example
The naval blockade prevented supplies from reaching the port.
B2 noun /əbˈdʒek.ʃən/

Objection

Meaning
an expression of disagreement or disapproval; a reason for disagreeing
Example
The lawyer raised an objection during the trial.
B2 noun /ˈmeɪn.tən.əns/

maintenance

Meaning
The process of keeping something in proper working condition; upkeep.
Example
Regular maintenance increases the lifespan of machines.
C2 verb /prəˈroʊɡ/

prorogue

Meaning
to discontinue a session of a parliament or assembly without dissolving it
Example
The president decided to prorogue parliament until the crisis was resolved.
C1 verb /ˈtɛðər/

tether

Meaning
To tie an animal with a rope or chain so it cannot move far.
Example
The farmer tethered the goat to a post.
C2 noun /ˈhen.ə/

Henna

Meaning
a reddish-brown dye made from the powdered leaves of a tropical shrub, used to color hair and decorate skin
Example
The bride's hands were beautifully decorated with intricate henna patterns for her wedding ceremony.
C1 noun /ˈhæŋ.ər/

Hangar

Meaning
a large building with extensive floor area, typically for housing aircraft; an aircraft shelter
Example
The airplane was stored safely in the hangar during the severe thunderstorm.
C1 adjective /ˌmet.əˈbɒl.ɪk/

metabolic

Meaning
Relating to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
Example
Regular exercise enhances metabolic efficiency.
C1 verb /bæsk/

bask

Meaning
to lie in warmth and light; to enjoy something pleasurable
Example
The cat basks in the sunny window.
C1 noun /moʊl/

Mole

Meaning
a small burrowing mammal with tiny eyes and soft fur
Example
The mole dug tunnels under the garden.
B1 noun /klɑːrk/

clerk

Meaning
A person employed in an office or bank to keep records, accounts, and undertake other routine administrative duties.
Example
The clerk helped me find the correct form.
B2 noun/verb /ˈlɪtər/

litter

Meaning
rubbish or waste left lying in a public place; to make a place untidy by leaving rubbish
Example
The park was full of litter after the festival.
B2 noun /ˌproʊɪˈbɪʃən/

prohibition

Meaning
The act of forbidding something by law or authority.
Example
The government announced the prohibition of smoking in public places.
A1 noun /faɪv/

five

Meaning
The number 5; one more than four and one less than six.
Example
She bought five apples from the market.
C1 verb /ˈrɛplɪkeɪt/

replicate

Meaning
to copy, reproduce, or duplicate something exactly
Example
The scientist tried to replicate the experiment for accuracy.
C1 adjective ˌkaʊntəprəˈdʌktɪv

counterproductive

Meaning
Having the opposite of the desired effect; tending to hinder rather than help.
Example
Counterproductive activities often stem from dissatisfaction.
C2 verb /ˈærəˌɡeɪt/

arrogate

Meaning
To claim or take something without justification.
Example
The dictator arrogated all powers to himself.
C1 noun /ˈtrɪkəri/

trickery

Meaning
The use of dishonest methods to deceive or cheat someone.
Example
The politician was accused of winning the election through trickery.
B2 verb /maʊnt/

mount

Meaning
to climb up, rise, or fix something in place
Example
They plan to mount a camera on the wall.
B1 noun /məˈkænɪk/

mechanic

Meaning
a person who repairs and maintains machines or vehicles
Example
The mechanic fixed the engine in less than an hour.
C1 noun /ˈsiːskeɪp/

seascape

Meaning
A view or painting of the sea.
Example
The artist painted a beautiful seascape at sunset.
B2 verb /fliː/

flee

Meaning
To run away from danger or a threatening situation.
Example
The villagers had to flee during the flood.
B2 noun /tɔːrˈneɪdoʊ/

tornado

Meaning
a rapidly rotating column of air in contact with the ground and clouds, often destructive
Example
The tornado destroyed several houses in the village.
A1 verb /peɪ/

pay

Meaning
to give money in exchange for goods or services
Example
I need to pay my bills on time.
B1 noun /ɪnˈdʒɔɪmənt/

enjoyment

Meaning
the state or process of taking pleasure or satisfaction in something
Example
She felt great enjoyment while reading her favorite book.
A2 noun /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/

difficulty

Meaning
the state or condition of being hard to do, deal with, or understand
Example
He faced great difficulty in learning a new language.
B1 noun /ˈded.laɪn/

Deadline

Meaning
the latest time or date by which something should be completed
Example
The deadline for submitting the project is next Friday.
B2 noun /ˈwaɪld.laɪf ˌkɒnsərˈveɪʃən/

wildlife conservation

Meaning
The practice of protecting wild animal species and their habitats in order to maintain healthy wildlife species or populations and to restore, protect or enhance natural ecosystems.
Example
Wildlife conservation aims to protect endangered species.
B2 adjective ˈskɒl.ə.li

scholarly

Meaning
Having or showing great knowledge or learning; academic in approach or method.
Example
He wrote a scholarly article on ancient philosophy.
B2 noun /faʊl/

Fowl

Meaning
a domesticated bird kept for meat or eggs; chicken or other poultry
Example
The farmer raised fowl in his backyard for fresh eggs and meat.
C1 noun /ˈædʒʌŋkt/

adjunct

Meaning
a thing added to something else as a supplementary part
Example
The professor worked as an adjunct at the university.
C2 noun /bleɪn/

Blain

Meaning
an inflammatory swelling or sore on the skin; a blister or pustule
Example
The doctor examined the blain on his arm.
C1 verb /ˌoʊvərˈpaʊər/

overpower

Meaning
To defeat or gain control over someone or something by using greater strength or force.
Example
The soldiers managed to overpower the enemy forces.
C1 adjective /fərˈlɔːrn/

forlorn

Meaning
extremely sad, lonely, or abandoned
Example
The abandoned puppy looked so forlorn in the rain.
B1 noun ˌɔː.ɡən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃənz

organizations

Meaning
Organized groups of people with a particular purpose
Example
Organizations play a key role in policymaking.
C2 noun /djuːˈplɪsɪti/

duplicity

Meaning
Deceitfulness or double-dealing; dishonesty.
Example
Her duplicity was revealed during the investigation.
A2 adverb /ɪɡˈzækt.li/

Exactly

Meaning
precisely; accurately; in complete agreement
Example
Tell me exactly what happened during the meeting.
C1 noun /ˈpəʊstˌskrɪpt/

postscript

Meaning
an additional remark at the end of a letter or text, after the signature
Example
She added a brief postscript to thank him again.
B2 noun /ˈpæm.flət/

pamphlet

Meaning
a small booklet or brochure containing information or arguments about a subject
Example
The health department distributed a pamphlet about nutrition.
B2 noun /spɑːrk/

Spark

Meaning
a small fiery particle thrown off from a fire; a flash of light; something that triggers or initiates
Example
A spark from the campfire ignited the dry leaves.
C1 adjective /ˌaʊt əv ðə ˈweɪ/

out-of-the-way

Meaning
remote or unusual; not in a convenient or usual location
Example
They stayed in an out-of-the-way village.
A2 noun /ɡoʊl/

Goal

Meaning
the object of a person's ambition or effort; an aim or desired result; a point scored in sports
Example
Her goal is to become a doctor and help people in underserved communities.
C1 noun /pɛnˈtæθlɒn/

pentathlon

Meaning
An athletic contest featuring five different events.
Example
She trained hard to compete in the modern pentathlon.
A2 adjective /ɪmˈbærəst/

embarrassed

Meaning
feeling awkward, ashamed, or self-conscious about something
Example
He felt embarrassed when he forgot her name.
A2 verb /riːˈsaɪ.kəl/

recycle

Meaning
to process used materials so they can be used again instead of being thrown away
Example
We should recycle paper and plastic to reduce waste.
C2 noun /ˈpɒlɪti/

polity

Meaning
an organized society or form of government
Example
The ancient Greek polity had a system of city-states.
B1 noun /ˈrʌbər/

rubber

Meaning
a tough elastic substance made from the latex of tropical plants or synthetically, used for making tires, boots, and other products.
Example
The tires are made of natural rubber.
B2 noun /ˈstɑːrt.ʌp/

startup

Meaning
A newly established business, especially a small technology or business company that is just beginning operations.
Example
The startup secured funding from investors.
C1 noun /ˈskwɒlər/

squalor

Meaning
the state of being extremely dirty and unpleasant, especially due to poverty or neglect
Example
They lived in squalor without basic facilities.
B2 verb /ˈstrɛŋkθən/

strengthen

Meaning
To make or become stronger.
Example
Communication can strengthen bonds between people.
C1 verb /kənˈkɒkt/

concoct

Meaning
to make something, especially food or a story, by mixing or inventing
Example
He concocted a story to explain his absence.
C2 adjective /ˈluːsənt/

lucent

Meaning
shining or glowing with light
Example
The lucent stars brightened the night sky.
B2 noun /ˈtreɪdmɑːrk/

trademark

Meaning
a symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product
Example
The company’s logo is its trademark.
C2 adjective /ˈrɛd.ələnt/

redolent

Meaning
having a strong pleasant smell; strongly reminiscent or suggestive of something
Example
The kitchen was redolent of spices and fresh herbs.
B2 noun /ɪnˈkwaɪəri/ or /ˈɪnkwəri/

inquiry

Meaning
An act of asking for information; an investigation into something.
Example
The committee launched an inquiry into the financial irregularities.
A2 noun /əˈdɪʃ.ən/

Addition

Meaning
the process of adding numbers; something that is added
Example
The addition of a new room made the house more spacious.
C2 adjective /ˈrɛɡnənt/

regnant

Meaning
Reigning; currently holding power, authority, or dominance.
Example
The regnant queen introduced several reforms during her reign.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnkænˈdɛsənt/

incandescent

Meaning
emitting light as a result of being heated; extremely bright or passionate
Example
The incandescent lamp lit up the entire hall.
C2 adjective /ˈsiːmi/

seamy

Meaning
Morally degraded, unpleasant, or sordid.
Example
The novel reveals the seamy side of city life.
C1 noun /ɪkˈspoʊnənt/

exponent

Meaning
a person who supports, promotes, or explains an idea; in math, a symbol denoting power
Example
She is a leading exponent of modern dance.
B1 adverb /ˈθæŋkfəli/

thankfully

Meaning
used to express relief or gratitude
Example
Thankfully, she arrived just in time for the meeting.
A2 adjective, noun /ɡreɪ/

gray

Meaning
A color between black and white; also describes dull or gloomy situations.
Example
The sky turned gray before the storm.
C2 noun /dɪˈpləʊmətɪst/

diplomatist

Meaning
A person skilled in diplomacy; another word for diplomat.
Example
The diplomatist handled the negotiations with great tact.
B2 noun /reɪdʒ/

rage

Meaning
intense anger or fury
Example
She shouted in a fit of rage after hearing the news.
A2 verb /səˈpəʊz/

suppose

Meaning
to assume or believe something is true without proof
Example
I suppose she will be here soon.
C1 adjective /ˈprevələnt/

Prevalent

Meaning
widespread; existing very commonly; generally occurring
Example
Smoking is still prevalent among teenagers despite health warnings.
C2 noun /ˌfjuːzɪˈleɪd/

fusillade

Meaning
A series of shots fired or missiles thrown all at the same time or in quick succession.
Example
The soldiers advanced under a fusillade of bullets.
A2 noun /ˈɔːtəm/

autumn

Meaning
the season between summer and winter, when leaves fall from trees
Example
The trees look beautiful in autumn, with colorful leaves falling.
B1 noun /foʊk/

folk

Meaning
people in general, often referring to a group or community
Example
Country folk often live a simple life.
B2 verb /ˈænəlaɪz/

analyze

Meaning
to examine something in detail to understand it better or draw conclusions
Example
Scientists analyze data to discover new patterns.
A1 noun /ænt/

aunt

Meaning
the sister of your father or mother, or the wife of your uncle
Example
My aunt always gives me gifts on my birthday.
C2 noun ˌpɜː.tɪˈnæs.ɪ.ti

pertinacity

Meaning
Firm determination and persistence in achieving something.
Example
His pertinacity in achieving his goals was inspiring.
A2 noun /ˈtæksi/

taxi

Meaning
A car licensed to transport passengers in exchange for payment of a fare.
Example
We hailed a taxi to get to the airport.
B2 noun/verb /ˈsoʊ.ɪŋ/

sewing

Meaning
The activity or skill of joining fabric using a needle and thread
Example
She enjoys sewing her own clothes on weekends.
C2 verb, noun /blæb/

blab

Meaning
to talk too much or reveal secrets carelessly; excessive or foolish talk
Example
He accidentally blabbed the surprise to everyone.
C1 noun /ˈriːbeɪt/

rebate

Meaning
a partial refund given to someone who has paid too much money for something
Example
The store offered a rebate on bulk purchases.
C1 noun /ˌʌnriˈælɪti/

unreality

Meaning
the state or quality of being unreal; lack of reality or truth
Example
The dreamlike setting gave the story a sense of unreality.
C1 noun /ˈʃʊɡ.ər ˈkæn.di/

Sugar candy

Meaning
crystallized sugar formed into small pieces; rock candy made from sugar syrup
Example
The children enjoyed eating colorful sugar candy at the festival.
C1 verb /əˈsɪm.ɪ.leɪt/

assimilate

Meaning
To take in and understand fully; to absorb and integrate into one's knowledge or culture.
Example
Immigrants often struggle to assimilate into a new culture.
C1 noun /ˈælɪɡəri/

allegory

Meaning
a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, often moral or political
Example
The novel is an allegory of the struggle between good and evil.
C2 adjective /səˈprɛsəbl̩/

suppressible

Meaning
capable of being restrained, controlled, or prevented
Example
The symptoms of the disease are suppressible with medication.
C1 verb /ˈmɪt.ɪ.ɡeɪt/

mitigate

Meaning
To make less severe, serious, or painful; to lessen the severity of damage or harm.
Example
Proper planning can mitigate financial risks.
B2 verb /slæp/

slap

Meaning
to hit someone quickly with the flat part of the hand; to strike sharply
Example
She was so angry that she slapped him across the face.
C1 adjective /ˈdeɪnti/

dainty

Meaning
Delicately small, pretty, and often considered elegant.
Example
She wore a dainty necklace made of pearls.
B2 verb /poʊz/

pose

Meaning
To assume a particular position, especially for a photograph or display; to present a problem or question.
Example
She posed for a picture in front of the monument.
B2 noun /əˈplɔːz/

applause

Meaning
the sound of people clapping their hands to show approval or enjoyment
Example
The actor received loud applause after his performance.