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C2 adjective /ˈstɒlɪd/

stolid

Meaning
Calm, dependable, and showing little emotion or animation.
Example
Despite the chaos around him, he remained stolid and composed.
C2 noun /ˈfaɪər.brænd/

firebrand

Meaning
a person who is passionate about a cause, often inciting change or action
Example
The activist was a true firebrand, inspiring everyone around him to join the protest.
C2 verb /ˈkɒd.l̩/

coddle

Meaning
to treat someone with excessive care or kindness, often in a way that is overprotective
Example
Parents should support their children without coddling them.
C1 adjective /moʊˈmentəs/

Momentous

Meaning
of great importance or significance; having far-reaching consequences
Example
The signing of the peace treaty was a momentous occasion for both countries.
B1 verb /ˈwɪspər/

whisper

Meaning
to speak very softly using one's breath without vocal cords
Example
She whispered a secret in my ear.
C2 noun /ˈvæləns/

valance

Meaning
A decorative drapery hung across the top of a window or bed.
Example
She chose a floral valance to match the curtains in her bedroom.
C1 noun/verb /ˈsuː.tʃər/

suture

Meaning
A stitch or row of stitches holding together the edges of a wound or surgical incision.
Example
The doctor used a suture to close the wound.
C1 noun /dʒɪst/

Gist

Meaning
the substance or essence of a speech or text; the main point
Example
I missed the beginning of the lecture, but I caught the gist of the professor's argument.
A2 verb /ˌɪntrəˈduːs/

introduce

Meaning
to present someone; to bring in for the first time
Example
Let me introduce you to my friend.
B1 noun pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.pənts

participants

Meaning
People who take part in something; those involved in an activity or event.
Example
Participants will enjoy breathtaking views.
A1 verb /pliːz/

please

Meaning
to make someone happy or satisfied; used as a polite request
Example
His performance pleased the audience.
C2 noun /ˌkɒnvəˈluːʃən/

convolution

Meaning
a twist, coil, or a complex and intricate shape or arrangement
Example
The brain has many convolutions that increase its surface area.
C2 verb /ˈɔːreɪt/

orate

Meaning
To speak in a formal, often pompous manner
Example
He began to orate at the ceremony.
C2 verb /pɑːrtʃ/

parch

Meaning
to make something extremely dry, especially by exposure to heat
Example
The scorching sun began to parch the fields.
B2 verb, noun, adjective /prɑːmpt/

prompt

Meaning
To cause someone to take action; done without delay.
Example
His speech prompted the audience to ask questions.
C1 noun /ˈfæs.ɪt/

facet

Meaning
One of the many aspects or features of something; a particular part or element of something.
Example
Every facet of the project was carefully analyzed.
B2 noun /ˈræp.ər/

Wrapper

Meaning
a loose garment worn around the body; covering material
Example
She put on a warm wrapper before going outside.
C1 adjective ˈzɛləs

zealous

Meaning
Having or showing great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or objective; fervent.
Example
The zealous volunteers worked tirelessly for the cause.
B1 noun ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn

recognition

Meaning
Acknowledgment of the existence, validity, or legality of something; appreciation or acclaim for an achievement, service, or ability.
Example
He earned recognition after years of struggle.
B2 noun /pʌŋk/

punk

Meaning
a type of popular music, or the culture associated with it, characterized by loud, fast rhythms and rebellious attitudes
Example
He’s always been into punk music and fashion.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːmiəbl/

impermeable

Meaning
Not allowing fluid or gas to pass through.
Example
The container is made of impermeable plastic.
B1 noun /tɜːm/

term

Meaning
a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept
Example
The term 'machine learning' is commonly used in technology.
C1 verb, noun /mjuːz/

muse

Meaning
to think deeply about something; a source of inspiration, especially for an artist or writer
Example
She sat by the window to muse about her future.
A2 noun /leɪk/

Lake

Meaning
a large body of water completely surrounded by land
Example
The peaceful lake reflected the mountains in its calm waters.
C2 adjective /ˈpɛstɪlənt/

pestilent

Meaning
Causing or tending to cause death or destruction; harmful or pernicious.
Example
The pestilent atmosphere of the swamp made people sick.
B2 verb /rɪˈvɜːs/

reverse

Meaning
to change something to the opposite direction, position, or result
Example
She quickly reversed the car out of the driveway.
C2 adjective /pəˈrɛmptəri/

peremptory

Meaning
Insisting on immediate attention or obedience, especially in a commanding way.
Example
The officer gave a peremptory order to evacuate the building.
A1 preposition /baɪ/

by

Meaning
indicating the agent performing an action, or the means of achieving something
Example
The book was written by a famous author.
A1 noun /end/

End

Meaning
the final part of something; termination or conclusion
Example
The end of the movie was unexpected and left everyone surprised.
C2 noun /ˌdɪləˈtænt/

dilettante

Meaning
A person who takes up an art, activity, or subject merely for amusement, especially in a superficial way.
Example
He was dismissed as a dilettante in the art world because he lacked formal training.
C1 verb məˈtæb.ə.laɪz

metabolize

Meaning
Process and use food for growth and to replace tissue, or process other substances in the body.
Example
The liver helps to metabolize toxins.
A2 noun /klaʊn/

Clown

Meaning
a comic entertainer, especially one in a circus, wearing a traditional costume and exaggerated makeup
Example
The children laughed loudly at the funny clown's silly antics.
A1 noun /wɜːrd/

word

Meaning
a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing
Example
He looked up the word in the dictionary.
C1 noun /ˈpen.əns/

Penance

Meaning
punishment that you accept for doing something wrong; an act of showing that you are sorry for sin
Example
The monk performed penance for his past mistakes.
B2 noun /ˈwɜːk.fləʊ/

workflow

Meaning
The sequence of processes through which a piece of work passes from initiation to completion.
Example
A well-structured workflow enhances productivity.
A2 verb /prəˈduːs/

produce

Meaning
to make, create, or manufacture something
Example
The factory produces cars.
B2 noun /ˈseɡ.mənt/

Segment

Meaning
each of the parts into which something is divided; a section or portion
Example
The orange was divided into eight segments.
A2 noun dɪˈskʌʃ.ənz

discussions

Meaning
The action or process of talking about something in order to reach a decision or to exchange ideas.
Example
Discussions promote collaboration.
B1 noun /pɑːrˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃən/

participation

Meaning
the action of taking part in something
Example
Her participation in the competition was commendable.
B2 adjective /ˈɒnɡəʊɪŋ/

ongoing

Meaning
continuing; still in progress
Example
The ongoing project will finish next month.
C2 noun /ˌniːoʊˈdɑːrwɪnɪzəm/

neo-darwinism

Meaning
A modern interpretation of Darwin's theory of evolution, integrating genetics and natural selection.
Example
Neo-Darwinism combines Darwin’s theory of natural selection with modern genetics.
C1 noun /ɪmˌpɒsəˈbɪlɪti/

impossibility

Meaning
the state or fact of being impossible; something that cannot be done or achieved
Example
Finishing the project in one day was an impossibility.
C1 noun /pəˈrɪm.ɪ.tər/

perimeter

Meaning
the continuous line forming the boundary of a closed geometric figure or area
Example
The soldiers guarded the perimeter of the camp.
C2 adjective /ˌen.zɪˈmæt.ɪk/

enzymatic

Meaning
Relating to or involving enzymes, which are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions in living organisms.
Example
Enzymatic reactions regulate metabolism in the human body.
B2 noun /ˌɪmpərˈfɛkʃən/

imperfection

Meaning
a flaw, defect, or weakness; the state of being imperfect
Example
She accepted her imperfection as part of being human.
C2 adjective /ˈtrʌŋkeɪtɪd/

truncated

Meaning
shortened by cutting off a part; cut short
Example
The meeting was truncated due to time constraints.
C1 adjective /ˈɒptɪk/

optic

Meaning
Relating to the eye or vision.
Example
The optic nerve carries signals from the eye to the brain.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌstriəs/

industrious

Meaning
Hardworking and diligent in one's duties.
Example
She is an industrious student who always completes her assignments on time.
C2 verb /ˈprɑː.məl.ɡeɪt/

promulgate

Meaning
To announce or make a law, decree, or idea officially known.
Example
The government promulgated new regulations on data privacy.
C2 noun /ˈhɒɡz.hɛd/

hogshead

Meaning
A large cask or barrel, traditionally used for storing liquids like wine or beer.
Example
The cellar was filled with hogsheads of ale.
A1 noun /ˈjɛstərdeɪ/

yesterday

Meaning
the day before today
Example
Yesterday, we went to the park.
B1 noun/verb /ˌɡærənˈtiː/

guarantee

Meaning
a formal promise or assurance, especially about the quality or durability of a product
Example
The company guarantees a refund if the product is faulty.
C1 noun /ˈɡlædiˌeɪtər/

gladiator

Meaning
A man trained to fight in public contests in ancient Rome.
Example
The gladiator fought bravely in the arena.
C2 noun /tɛkˈnɒɡrəfi/

technography

Meaning
the descriptive study or writing about the practical arts, technologies, or technical methods of a society
Example
The anthropologist specialized in technography to understand indigenous tool-making traditions.
C1 noun /dɪˈlɪriəm/

delirium

Meaning
An acutely disturbed state of mind characterized by restlessness, illusions, and incoherence.
Example
The patient experienced delirium after the surgery due to the strong medication.
A2 adverb /ˈɒnɪstli/

honestly

Meaning
in a truthful, sincere, or fair way
Example
She spoke honestly about her mistakes.
B2 verb /swer/

swear

Meaning
to use offensive language; to promise solemnly; to take an oath
Example
I swear to tell the truth.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnkəˈməʊdiəs/

incommodious

Meaning
Uncomfortably small, cramped, or inconvenient.
Example
We had to stay in an incommodious room during the trip.
C1 adjective /ˈkæni/

canny

Meaning
Having good judgment, especially in business or practical matters; shrewd.
Example
She made a canny investment in real estate.
B2 adverb /rɪˈmɑːrkəbli/

remarkably

Meaning
in a way that is worthy of attention or notice; surprisingly
Example
She did remarkably well in the competition.
B2 noun /spaʊs/

spouse

Meaning
a person's husband or wife
Example
Each employee may include their spouse in the health insurance plan.
A2 adjective /ˈsɪŋɡəl/

single

Meaning
only one; not one of several
Example
She bought a single ticket for the concert.
C2 noun /ˌvælədɪkˈtɔːriən/

valedictorian

Meaning
The student with the highest academic achievements in a graduating class, often chosen to give the farewell speech.
Example
She was honored as the valedictorian of her class.
C2 noun /ˈhæbɪtənt/

habitant

Meaning
An inhabitant; a person or animal that lives in a particular place.
Example
The habitants of the village were friendly and welcoming.
B2 adjective /dɪsˈɡʌstɪd/

disgusted

Meaning
feeling a strong sense of dislike or revulsion
Example
She was disgusted by the way he treated the animals.
B2 noun /ˈwɒr.i.ər/

Warrior

Meaning
a person who fights in battles; a brave or experienced fighter
Example
The brave warrior defended his village from the invaders.
C2 adjective /ˈsiːkwənt/

sequent

Meaning
Following in order or as a result.
Example
The sequent events changed the course of history.
B2 noun

Loop

B1 noun /ɪnˈɡriːdiənt/

ingredient

Meaning
A component part or element of something, especially in a recipe.
Example
Flour is a key ingredient in baking bread.
C2 noun /ˈproʊtoʊˌmɑːrtɚ/

protomartyr

Meaning
The first martyr in a cause or religion, often referring to the first Christian martyr.
Example
St. Stephen is known as the protomartyr of Christianity.
B1 noun /ˈpɑː.vər.t̬i/

Poverty

Meaning
the state of being extremely poor; lack of basic necessities
Example
Many organizations work to reduce poverty around the world.
B2 adjective sɪnˈθet̬.ɪk

synthetic

Meaning
Made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product; artificial.
Example
Synthetic chemicals are used in processed foods.
C2 noun /dɪˈtraɪtəs/

detritus

Meaning
Waste or debris of any kind; fragments left from destruction or decay.
Example
The riverbank was covered with detritus after the flood.
A2 adjective /ˈsuːpər/

super

Meaning
excellent; very good
Example
She did a super job on the project.
B2 adjective /ˌnɒnˈprɒfɪt/

nonprofit

Meaning
an organization that does not aim to make a profit, often serving a social or charitable purpose.
Example
She works for a nonprofit organization that helps children.
B2 noun /rɪˈsɪp.i.ənt/

Recipient

Meaning
a person who receives something
Example
She was the recipient of the prestigious award.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrtɪnənt/

impertinent

Meaning
rude and showing a lack of respect
Example
It was impertinent of him to question the manager's decision.
C2 noun /ˈtrɪmnəs/

trimness

Meaning
the quality of being neat, orderly, or slender and well-proportioned
Example
Her room’s trimness reflected a habit of putting everything back in its place.
C1 verb, noun /læɡ/

lag

Meaning
To fall behind in movement, progress, or development; a delay or period of falling behind.
Example
The old computer tends to lag when running new software.
A2 adjective /ˈɔːfəl/

awful

Meaning
very bad or unpleasant
Example
The weather was awful during our trip.
A1 noun ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ

language

Meaning
A method of communication used by humans, consisting of spoken and written words structured in specific ways.
Example
Learning a new language can be exciting.
C1 noun/verb /dɪsˈkwaɪət/

disquiet

Meaning
A feeling of worry or unease; to make someone feel anxious or uneasy.
Example
The strange silence filled the room with disquiet.
C2 verb /ˈræpsəˌdaɪz/

rhapsodize

Meaning
to speak or write with great enthusiasm and admiration
Example
He would often rhapsodize about his travels to Europe.
C1 adjective /raɪ/

wry

Meaning
twisted or distorted in expression; showing dry, mocking humor
Example
He gave a wry smile after hearing the sarcastic remark.
C1 verb /iːk/

eke

Meaning
to make a small amount of something last longer by using it sparingly
Example
The family tried to eke out their savings during the tough months.
C1 noun əˈɡrɛriən səˈsaɪətiz

agrarian societies

Meaning
Societies based on agriculture and farming as the primary economic activity.
Example
Agrarian societies emerged from a need for stable food sources.
C1 adjective /ɪˌlɪzəˈbiːθən/

elizabethan

Meaning
Relating to the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1558–1603), especially the style of that period.
Example
Shakespeare wrote many of his plays during the Elizabethan era.
B2 adjective /ˈsɪk.li/

Sickly

Meaning
weak and unhealthy; prone to illness; appearing weak or pale
Example
The sickly child needed extra care and attention.
C1 noun /mɑːrʃ/

Marsh

Meaning
An area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons or at high tide
Example
The endangered birds built their nests in the protected marsh.
B2 noun/verb /kjuː/

cue

Meaning
A signal or prompt for action; to give a signal.
Example
The actor waited for his cue before entering the stage.
C2 verb /ˈɪməleɪt/

immolate

Meaning
To kill or sacrifice, especially by burning.
Example
The protesters threatened to immolate themselves in front of the building.
C1 verb /ˌɪntərˈsɛpt/

intercept

Meaning
to stop, catch, or seize something on its way from one place to another
Example
The police intercepted the stolen car before it crossed the border.
C2 adjective /ˌmɔːrɡəˈnætɪk/

morganatic

Meaning
relating to a marriage in which one partner, usually of lower social rank, does not share the titles or privileges of the other
Example
The prince entered into a morganatic marriage with a commoner.
B2 verb /ˈfæs.ɪ.neɪt/

fascinate

Meaning
to attract and hold the attention of someone; to charm or captivate
Example
The magician's performance fascinated the audience.
B2 noun /ˈreɪ.dɑːr/

Radar

Meaning
a system for detecting the presence, direction, distance of aircraft, ships by sending out radio waves
Example
The radar detected an unknown aircraft approaching the base.
C1 adjective ɪnˈdel.ə.bəl

indelible

Meaning
Making marks that cannot be removed; impossible to forget or remove.
Example
Her speech left an indelible mark on the audience.
C1 verb /bɪˈreɪt/

berate

Meaning
to scold or criticize angrily
Example
The teacher berated the student for being late.
C1 verb /ˈsɪnɚdʒaɪzd/

synergized

Meaning
Combine in such a way that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects.
Example
The teams were synergized to maximize productivity.
C2 noun /ˌmɑːrtəˈnɛt/

martinet

Meaning
A strict disciplinarian who demands rigid adherence to rules.
Example
The new manager was such a martinet that even minor infractions were punished.
C2 adjective /nɑːrld/

gnarled

Meaning
Twisted, rough, and knotted, especially with age.
Example
The old man had gnarled hands from years of hard work.
C1 noun /ˌsɛlf ɪnˈdʌldʒəns/

self-indulgence

Meaning
The act of allowing oneself to enjoy pleasures or desires excessively.
Example
His weekend of self-indulgence included eating sweets and watching movies nonstop.
C1 noun əˈrɪd.ɪ.ti

aridity

Meaning
The state of being extremely dry, especially having insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.
Example
The aridity of the land is increasing due to climate change.
B2 verb /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/

constitute

Meaning
To make up, form, or establish something.
Example
These documents constitute the legal agreement between the two parties.
B2 noun /rɪˈvendʒ/

Revenge

Meaning
the action of inflicting hurt or harm on someone for an injury or wrong suffered at their hands
Example
She sought revenge against those who betrayed her trust.
C2 adjective /ˈflɒrɪd/

florid

Meaning
Having a red or flushed complexion; or excessively ornate and intricate.
Example
The speaker’s florid style made the lecture hard to follow.
B2 noun /ˈnoʊ.ʃən/

Notion

Meaning
a conception or belief about something; an idea or opinion
Example
She had a strange notion that someone was following her.
B2 verb /pruːn/

prune

Meaning
to cut off unwanted parts of a plant or tree to help it grow better
Example
Gardeners prune the trees in spring to encourage growth.
C1 noun /koʊlt/

Colt

Meaning
a young male horse, especially one under four years old
Example
The farmer trained the young colt to accept a saddle.
B1 noun /ˈtʃɛərˌwʊmən/

chairwoman

Meaning
a woman who presides over a meeting, committee, or organization; a female leader of a board or council
Example
She was elected chairwoman of the company after years of experience.
B1 adjective /ˈæk.jə.rət/

Accurate

Meaning
correct, exact, and without any mistakes
Example
The weather forecast was completely accurate.
C1 verb /dɪˈvɒlv/

devolve

Meaning
To pass power, responsibility, or duties to another person or group.
Example
The responsibility will devolve on the new manager.
B2 adjective /ˌkaɪnd ˈhɑːrtɪd/

kind-hearted

Meaning
Having a kind and generous nature; showing compassion and care for others.
Example
She is known as a kind-hearted teacher who always helps her students.
C1 noun /lɪˈbiːdoʊ/

libido

Meaning
Sexual desire or drive.
Example
Stress can sometimes lower a person's libido.
C2 noun /seɪn/

seine

Meaning
A large fishing net that hangs vertically in the water.
Example
The fishermen cast their seine into the river.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdɪɡ.nə.ti/

Indignity

Meaning
treatment or circumstances that cause one to feel shame or loss of dignity; humiliation
Example
She refused to suffer the indignity of being searched without proper cause.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛl/

impel

Meaning
to drive, force, or urge someone to do something
Example
Her curiosity impelled her to open the mysterious box.
C1 noun /ˈaʊtpoʊst/

outpost

Meaning
A small military camp or position at some distance from the main force, used especially as a guard.
Example
The soldiers were stationed at a remote outpost.
C1 noun ˌpraɪɔːrɪtaɪˈzeɪʃən

prioritization

Meaning
The action or process of deciding the relative importance or urgency of things.
Example
Effective prioritization ensures resources are used efficiently.
B2 noun ˈweə.rə.bəl dɪˈvaɪ.sɪz

wearable devices

Meaning
Electronic devices that can be worn on the body, typically incorporating smart technology for monitoring health or providing information.
Example
Wearable devices help monitor heart rate and physical activity.
C2 noun /proʊˈdʒɛnɪtər/

progenitor

Meaning
a direct ancestor; a person or thing that originates something
Example
Researchers traced the custom back to a common progenitor.
C1 noun, verb /spreɪn/

sprain

Meaning
an injury to a joint in which the ligaments are stretched or torn
Example
She sprained her ankle while running in the park.