C1 verb /ʃʌnt/

shunt

Meaning

to move or turn aside; to push or divert from one track to another

Example

The train was shunted onto a different track.

A2 verb /ɪnˈvaɪt/

invite

Meaning

to ask someone to come to an event or to do something

Example

We should invite all our friends to the party.

C2 verb /əˈsweɪdʒ/

assuage

Meaning

To make an unpleasant feeling less intense; to ease or relieve.

Example

The kind words helped assuage her anxiety.

B2 noun /ˌɪnəˈbɪləti/

inability

Meaning

the state of being unable to do something

Example

His inability to make decisions affected his career.

C1 adjective /bəˈlɪdʒ.ər.ənt/

belligerent

Meaning

Hostile and aggressive, ready to fight or argue.

Example

His belligerent attitude often leads to conflicts.

B2 noun /kroʊ/

Crow

Meaning

a large black bird known for its intelligence and harsh call

Example

The crow cawed loudly from the tree branch.

A2 noun /ˈæk.tər/

Actor

Meaning

a person whose profession is acting on the stage, in movies, or on television

Example

The famous actor won an award for his performance in the new movie.

B2 noun /ˈbjʊəroʊ/

bureau

Meaning

An office or agency that provides services or manages specific duties.

Example

The travel bureau helped them plan their vacation.

C2 noun /pɒmˈpɒsəti/

pomposity

Meaning

self-important behavior or exaggerated dignity

Example

His speech was full of pomposity and arrogance.

B2 noun /ˈwɪkɪdnəs/

wickedness

Meaning

Evil or morally bad behavior.

Example

The story highlights the wickedness of the cruel king.

A1 noun /'æn.ɪ.məl/

Animal

Meaning

a living creature that feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli

Example

The zoo has many different animals from around the world.

B2 adjective /rɪˈspɒn.sɪv/

Responsive

Meaning

reacting quickly and positively; readily reacting to suggestions or changes

Example

The website is very responsive and loads quickly on all devices.

B1 noun /ˈwelˌbiː.ɪŋ/

well-being

Meaning

The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.

Example

Eye lubrication is crucial for overall well-being.

B2 noun (plural) /skræps/

scraps

Meaning

Small pieces left over from something; also small fights or quarrels.

Example

The dog ate the scraps from the table.

B1 verb /ədˈvaɪz/

advise

Meaning

to recommend what should be done; to give advice

Example

The doctor advised him to rest for a week.

B2 adjective /ˈtaɪə.səm/

Tiresome

Meaning

causing weariness or boredom; tedious

Example

The long lecture was tiresome and repetitive.

A2 verb /rɪŋ/

ring

Meaning

to make a clear sound like a bell; to call by telephone

Example

The bell rings every hour.

A1 adjective /ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/

important

Meaning

Of great significance or value; likely to have a profound effect on success, survival, or well-being.

Example

Important steps must be taken to address pollution.

B2 verb /ˈælaɪ/

ally

Meaning

To unite or form a connection or partnership with another person, group, or nation.

Example

The two countries decided to ally against their common enemy.

C2 adjective /ˈærənt/

arrant

Meaning

complete or utter (used negatively, e.g., 'arrant nonsense')

Example

His excuse was arrant nonsense.

B1 adjective /ˈʌpər/

upper

Meaning

higher in position or rank

Example

The upper floor of the building is under renovation.

A1 verb /laɪk/

like

Meaning

to enjoy or find something pleasant; to have a preference for

Example

I like reading books in my free time.

C2 noun /dɪˈpoʊnənt/

deponent

Meaning

A person who gives testimony under oath, especially in a written deposition.

Example

The deponent confirmed the accuracy of the statement during the trial.

C2 noun /ˌɪnˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/

incapability

Meaning

lack of ability or power to do something; inability or incompetence

Example

His incapability to manage the team led to serious problems.

A2 noun /ˈmɒn.stər/

Monster

Meaning

a large, ugly, and frightening imaginary creature; a cruel person

Example

The children were scared of the monster under the bed.

C2 verb (past tense, past participle), adjective /ˈhæmstrʌŋ/

hamstrung

Meaning

crippled or severely restricted in movement or progress.

Example

The team was hamstrung by lack of resources.

C2 noun /ˌɪnvəˈlɪdɪti/

invalidity

Meaning

the state of being invalid, legally void, or lacking force or validity

Example

The court ruled that the contract suffered from invalidity.

C1 noun ɪnˌten.sɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

intensification

Meaning

The process of becoming or making something more intense or extreme.

Example

The intensification of climate change requires urgent action.

C1 adjective + noun ˌpaɪəˈnɪərɪŋ ˈmɪʃən

pioneering mission

Meaning

A groundbreaking or innovative undertaking that leads the way in a particular field.

Example

Artemis is a pioneering mission in space exploration.

C1 noun /ˈdʒiː.nəs/

genus

Meaning

a category in biological classification ranking above species and below family

Example

The tiger belongs to the genus Panthera.

B2 noun /ˈnuː.kʌm.ər/

New-comer

Meaning

a person who has recently arrived in a place or joined a group

Example

The newcomer was warmly welcomed by the team.

C1 noun ˌnæn.oʊ.tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi

nanotechnology

Meaning

The branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers.

Example

Nanotechnology is advancing medical treatments.

C1 noun səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

sophistication

Meaning

High level of complexity or refinement.

Example

The sophistication of modern AI technology is remarkable.

C1 adverb /ɪnˈvɜːrs.li/

Inversely

Meaning

in a way that is opposite or contrary; in reverse order or manner

Example

The price of goods is inversely related to their availability in the market.

C2 noun /meɪs/

Mase

Meaning

spice obtained from the reddish seed covering of the nutmeg seed

Example

A pinch of mace adds warmth to the dessert.

C1 noun /moʊˈzeɪɪk/

mosaic

Meaning

A picture or pattern produced by arranging together small pieces of stone, tile, or glass.

Example

The church ceiling was decorated with a beautiful mosaic.

C2 adjective /ˈkoʊltɪʃ/

coltish

Meaning

Playful, energetic, and not fully mature or disciplined.

Example

The coltish boy ran around the field without a care.

C2 noun /ɪnˈhɪərəns/

inherence

Meaning

The state of being an essential or permanent part of something.

Example

The inherence of risk is part of every business venture.

C2 adjective /əˈluːsɪv/

allusive

Meaning

Making indirect references or hints; suggestive without being explicit.

Example

The novel is full of allusive passages that point to classical literature.

C1 noun /væt/

vat

Meaning

A large container used for holding liquids such as dye or wine.

Example

The workers filled the vat with freshly pressed grape juice.

B1 adjective /ˈbrɪliənt/

brilliant

Meaning

Exceptionally clever, talented, or impressive; very bright or radiant.

Example

She gave a brilliant performance on stage.

B2 noun /əˈpɒstrəfi/

apostrophe

Meaning

A punctuation mark (') used to indicate possession or the omission of letters or numbers.

Example

You need an apostrophe in the word 'children’s'.

C2 adjective /ˈlɪtərəl/

littoral

Meaning

Related to or situated on the shore of the sea or a lake.

Example

The littoral zone is home to many unique marine species.

C1 adjective /ˌeɪpəˈlɪtɪkəl/

apolitical

Meaning

not interested in or not connected with politics

Example

She prefers to stay apolitical and focus on her work.

C1 adjective /ˈfɔːrθˌraɪt/

forthright

Meaning

Direct and honest in speech or behavior; straightforward.

Example

She was forthright in her criticism of the policy.

B2 noun ˈænsɛstərz

Ancestors

Meaning

A person from whom one is descended; a forefather.

Example

The family tree shows the names of all ancestors.

B2 noun /prɒkˈsɪmɪti/

proximity

Meaning

Nearness in space, time, or relationship.

Example

The proximity of the school to her house made it convenient.

C1 adjective /dɪˈklærətɪv/

declarative

Meaning

relating to a statement that declares something; in grammar, a sentence that makes a statement

Example

A declarative sentence simply states a fact or opinion.

C2 noun /ˈbɑːr.kəˌroʊl/

barcarole

Meaning

a traditional Venetian boat song, often in 6/8 time

Example

The orchestra played a beautiful barcarole that reminded me of Venice.

C1 noun /ˈkoʊmə/

coma

Meaning

A deep state of prolonged unconsciousness caused by illness or injury.

Example

The patient remained in a coma for several weeks.

C2 noun /ˈlɔːŋ.ɡən/

Longan

Meaning

a small round tropical fruit with translucent white flesh and sweet taste, related to lychee

Example

Longan fruits are often eaten fresh or dried and are popular in Asian desserts.

A1 noun /ˈmʌni/

money

Meaning

A medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes; wealth or financial resources.

Example

He saved enough money to buy a new car.

C2 noun /ˈstrɪk.tʃər/

stricture

Meaning

a restriction or limitation; a critical remark

Example

The new law placed a severe stricture on free speech.

C1 noun /ɔːˈdæs.ə.ti/

audacity

Meaning

The willingness to take bold risks; boldness or fearlessness.

Example

His audacity to question authority was admirable.

B2 noun /əbˈzɜːvər/

observer

Meaning

a person who watches or notices something

Example

The observer took notes during the meeting.

C1 noun ˌeə.rəʊ.daɪˈnæm.ɪks

aerodynamics

Meaning

The study of the properties of moving air and the interaction between the air and solid bodies moving through it.

Example

The aerodynamics of an aircraft determines its speed and efficiency.

B2 verb /ˈnɒmɪneɪt/

nominate

Meaning

to propose someone for a position or award

Example

The committee decided to nominate her for the award.

C2 adjective /ˈskʌr.ɪ.ləs/

scurrilous

Meaning

Using or expressed in coarse, abusive, or slanderous language.

Example

The politician faced criticism for his scurrilous remarks about his opponent.

B2 noun ɪnˈfleɪʃən

inflation

Meaning

A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

Example

Inflation erodes the purchasing power of consumers.

C1 noun /ˈkæpɪˌlɛri/

capillary

Meaning

a very thin blood vessel that connects arteries and veins

Example

Oxygen passes from the blood into tissues through capillaries.

B1 verb /pɑːrtɪsɪˈpeɪtɪŋ/

participating

Meaning

Taking part in an activity or event.

Example

He is participating in the Antarctic expedition.

C2 noun /trəˈveɪl/

travail

Meaning

Painful or laborious effort; suffering or hardship.

Example

After years of travail, she finally completed her degree.

A1 article /ðə/

the

Meaning

used to specify a noun as something already mentioned or known

Example

The sun rises in the east.

C1 noun /ˌprɒpəˈɡeɪʃən/

propagation

Meaning

The action of spreading and promoting an idea, theory, etc.

Example

The propagation of ideas through social media is rapid.

C1 noun sælˈveɪʃən

salvation

Meaning

Deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by Christians to be brought about by faith in Christ.

Example

The story revolves around the theme of salvation.

A2 noun /dɒl/

doll

Meaning

a small toy resembling a human figure, especially for children

Example

The little girl hugged her favorite doll tightly.

B1 noun /sɔɪl/

soil

Meaning

The upper layer of earth in which plants grow.

Example

The soil in this area is reddish.

C1 adjective /ˈpʊʃi/

pushy

Meaning

excessively assertive or aggressive, often annoyingly so

Example

The salesperson was too pushy, which drove customers away.

C1 verb /diːm/

deem

Meaning

to regard or consider in a specified way

Example

The project was deemed a success by the board.

B2 adjective, noun /ˈsɪŋɡjələr/

singular

Meaning

Remarkable, extraordinary; or grammatical form referring to one person or thing.

Example

She has a singular talent for painting.

B2 noun /ˈklær.ɪ.ti/

clarity

Meaning

The quality of being coherent and intelligible; transparency or lucidity.

Example

The speaker's clarity made the concept easy to understand.

C1 noun /ˈpɜːʃən/

Persian

Meaning

a native or inhabitant of Iran; the language spoken in Iran (Farsi)

Example

The Persian language has a rich literary history.

C1 noun /səˈlɛmnɪti/

solemnity

Meaning

the state or quality of being serious and dignified

Example

The ceremony was conducted with great solemnity.

B2 adjective /ˌʌnkənˈvɛnʃənl/

unconventional

Meaning

not based on or conforming to what is generally done or believed

Example

Her unconventional approach to teaching inspired her students to think creatively.

C1 noun /ˈkævərn/

cavern

Meaning

a large cave or chamber in a cave

Example

The explorers entered a dark cavern beneath the mountain.

A2 adjective /riːl/

Real

Meaning

actually existing; genuine; not imaginary or fake

Example

This is a real diamond, not a fake one.

C1 noun ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti

liability

Meaning

The state of being responsible for something, especially by law; a debt or financial obligation.

Example

The company's liabilities exceeded its assets.

C1 noun ˈlɪniɪdʒ

Lineage

Meaning

Direct descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree.

Example

Tracing your lineage can reveal unknown ancestors.

C1 verb /riːl/

reel

Meaning

to lose balance and stagger; to wind or spin something onto a reel

Example

He reeled backward after being punched.

C1 noun /ˈbɪtər ɡɔːrd/

Bitter Gourd

Meaning

a green, bumpy vegetable with a very bitter taste, known for its medicinal properties

Example

Bitter gourd is excellent for controlling blood sugar levels.

B1 adjective /ʃɛrd/

shared

Meaning

used, done, or experienced by two or more people together

Example

They live in a shared apartment near the university.

A2 noun /ˈriːdər/

reader

Meaning

a person who reads or who is capable of reading

Example

She is a fast reader, finishing books in a day.

C1 noun /ˈsɑːɡə/

saga

Meaning

A long story of heroic achievement, or a long, complex series of events.

Example

The company's rise and fall became a corporate saga.

C2 noun /əˈsper.ɪ.ti/

asperity

Meaning

Harshness of tone, manner, or surface.

Example

She spoke with asperity when she was interrupted.

A1 noun /tɜːrn/

Turn

Meaning

an act of moving something in a circular direction; a change of direction; an opportunity to do something

Example

It's your turn to speak at the meeting.

C2 noun /ˈhɑːstəlri/

hostelry

Meaning

An inn or lodging place, especially one for travelers.

Example

They stayed at a small hostelry near the mountains.

A1 pronoun /hɜːr/

her

Meaning

used to refer to a female person or animal already mentioned or easily identified

Example

I saw her at the park yesterday.

C1 noun /ˈmɒnəʊˌkʌltʃər/

monoculture

Meaning

The agricultural practice of growing only one type of crop over a large area and for many consecutive years, which can lead to increased vulnerability to pests and diseases.

Example

Monoculture can lead to soil depletion and increased pest vulnerability.

C1 noun /ˌɡræt.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

gratification

Meaning

Pleasure, especially when gained from the satisfaction of a desire.

Example

The instant gratification of social media affects patience.

B1 verb /dɪp/

dip

Meaning

to put something quickly into a liquid and take it out again

Example

She dipped her bread into the soup.

C1 verb /piːk/

pique

Meaning

to stimulate interest or curiosity; to arouse resentment or anger

Example

Her remarks piqued his curiosity about the secret project.

B1 verb /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/

qualify

Meaning

to successfully complete a course or pass an exam; to become eligible

Example

She worked hard to qualify for the competition.

C2 noun /dʒuːt/

jute

Meaning

a long, soft, shiny plant fiber used to make rope, bags, sacks, and coarse cloth

Example

Jute is widely used to make eco-friendly bags and ropes.

A1 pronoun /juː/

you

Meaning

used to refer to the person or people being spoken to

Example

You are doing a great job!

A2 noun (plural) /ædz/

ads

Meaning

short for advertisements; promotional messages intended to sell products or services

Example

I often skip ads when watching videos online.

C1 verb /veks/

vex

Meaning

to annoy or frustrate someone; to cause trouble

Example

The constant noise from construction vexes the residents.

B2 noun /ˈlaɪ.nər/

liner

Meaning

A large ship used for transporting people or goods regularly, or a material used as a lining inside something.

Example

The luxury liner docked at the port yesterday.

B2 verb /fʊlˈfɪl/

fulfill

Meaning

to complete or accomplish something, especially a task or promise

Example

He worked hard to fulfill his dreams.

C2 noun /ˈmæl.əˌfæk.tər/

malefactor

Meaning

A person who commits a crime or does evil.

Example

The malefactor was arrested for the robbery.

A2 adjective /əˈwɛər/

aware

Meaning

having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact

Example

She is aware of the risks involved.

C1 noun ˌprɒf.ɪ.təˈbɪl.ɪ.ti

profitability

Meaning

The degree to which a business or activity yields profit or financial gain.

Example

Increasing sales and reducing costs boosted profitability.

B2 noun /rɪˈlaɪ.əns/

Reliance

Meaning

the state of depending on something or someone for support or help

Example

His reliance on technology is concerning.

A2 noun /ˈmɪr.ər/

Mirror

Meaning

a reflective surface that shows an image of whatever is in front of it

Example

She looked at herself in the mirror.

C2 noun /naɪt kwiːn/

Night queen

Meaning

a fragrant white flower that blooms at night and releases strong sweet scent

Example

The night queen flowers filled the garden with their sweet fragrance.

C1 verb /kənˈtraɪv/

contrive

Meaning

to plan or devise cleverly or skillfully

Example

She contrived a clever plan to surprise her friends.

B2 adjective /fəˈbɪd.ən/

Forbidden

Meaning

not allowed; prohibited; banned

Example

Smoking is strictly forbidden in this building.

C1 verb /dɪˈspɜːrs/

disperse

Meaning

To scatter or spread widely in different directions.

Example

The police used tear gas to disperse the crowd.

B2 adjective /ˈɡreɪs.fəl/

Graceful

Meaning

elegant; smooth; refined; having beauty of movement or manner

Example

The dancer moved with graceful elegance.

C1 verb /ˈsælvɪdʒ/

salvage

Meaning

To save something from loss, damage, or destruction.

Example

They managed to salvage some goods from the fire.

C2 verb /ˈlɪk.wɪ.faɪ/

liquefy

Meaning

to make or become liquid

Example

The heat will liquefy the butter in a few minutes.

C2 adjective /ɪnˈkoʊ.ɪt/ or /ɪnˈkoʊ.eɪt/

inchoate

Meaning

Just begun and not fully formed; rudimentary.

Example

His inchoate ideas needed more research to be developed.

C1 adjective /ˈsɪnjuəs/

sinuous

Meaning

Having many curves, bends, or turns; winding.

Example

The hikers followed a sinuous path through the forest.

B2 noun /ɪɡˌzædʒ.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

Exaggeration

Meaning

a statement that represents something as better or worse than it really is

Example

His story about the fish he caught was clearly an exaggeration.

C2 noun /ˈluː.mən/

lumen

Meaning

A unit of luminous flux, measuring the amount of visible light emitted by a source.

Example

The bulb produces 800 lumens of light.

C2 noun /ˌæpəˈzɪʃən/

apposition

Meaning

a grammatical construction in which two elements are placed side by side, with one explaining the other

Example

In the phrase 'my friend John,' the word 'John' is in apposition to 'my friend.'

C1 noun /ˈtrænsfərəns/

transference

Meaning

The act of moving something from one place, person, or situation to another.

Example

The transference of knowledge is essential in education.

B1 noun /ɪmˈprɛʃən/

impression

Meaning

an idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone

Example

The book gave me a good first impression.

C2 adjective, noun /səbˈmɜːrsəbl/

submersible

Meaning

capable of being submerged; a small underwater craft

Example

The scientists explored the deep ocean using a submersible.

C1 noun /ˌluː.brɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

lubrication

Meaning

The action of applying a substance to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact.

Example

Lubrication of the eyes is essential for well-being.

B1 noun /ˈplæt.fɔːm/

platform

Meaning

A raised level surface on which people or things can stand.

Example

The platform was used to discuss collaboration.

B1 noun /ˈrezɪdənt/

Resident

Meaning

a person who lives somewhere permanently or on a long-term basis; living in a particular place

Example

She has been a resident of this city for over ten years.