ruth
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C2 noun /ruːθ/

ruth

Meaning
A feeling of pity, compassion, or sorrow.
Example
He felt no ruth for the people he had betrayed.
C2 noun /rɪˈfrækʃən/

refraction

Meaning
The bending of light, sound, or other waves when they pass from one medium to another of different density.
Example
The refraction of light in water makes objects appear bent.
C1 verb /rɪˈmɪt/

remit

Meaning
To send money in payment or as a gift; to cancel or refrain from exacting a debt or punishment.
Example
He promised to remit the payment by the end of the week.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈsiːt/

reseat

Meaning
to seat someone again or to fit something back into its place
Example
The usher had to reseat the guests after the interruption.
C2 adjective /rɪˈtɪkjʊlət/

reticulate

Meaning
Having a net-like pattern or structure.
Example
The leaf had a reticulate pattern of veins.
B2 noun /ˌriː.əˈʃʊr.əns/

Reassurance

Meaning
comfort or confidence given to someone to remove their fears or doubts
Example
She needed reassurance that everything would be okay.
B1 adjective rɪˈlaɪ.ə.bəl

reliable

Meaning
Consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted.
Example
Reliable systems ensure efficiency.
A1 adjective /red/

Red

Meaning
having the color of blood or fire; of the color red
Example
She wore a beautiful red dress to the party.
B1 verb /rɪˈtɜrnɪŋ/

returning

Meaning
Coming or going back to a place or person.
Example
The group is returning to the port on December 25th.
C1 adjective /ˈrɛtroʊˌɡreɪd/

retrograde

Meaning
moving backward or returning to a worse condition
Example
The policy was seen as a retrograde step for human rights.
C1 noun /ˌriː.əˈdʒʌst.mənt/

readjustment

Meaning
The act of changing or correcting something again to make it suitable or balanced.
Example
After moving to a new city, he went through a period of readjustment.
B2 noun rɪˈpʌb.lɪk

republic

Meaning
A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, with an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
Example
A republic is governed by representatives of the people.
C1 adjective /ˈriːɡəl/

regal

Meaning
Resembling or fit for a king; majestic or royal.
Example
The queen entered the hall with a regal presence.
A2 adjective /rɪˈspɒn.sə.bəl/

Responsible

Meaning
accountable; having duties; reliable and trustworthy
Example
Parents are responsible for their children's education and well-being.
C1 noun /ˈrɛtɪsəns/

reticence

Meaning
the quality of being reserved or unwilling to speak freely
Example
His reticence made it difficult to know what he was thinking.
B2 verb /ˌriːkriˈeɪt/

recreate

Meaning
to create or produce something again, especially a new version of something lost or destroyed
Example
The team recreated the lost dataset from backups.
C2 noun /ˈrɪɡməˌroʊl/

rigmarole

Meaning
a long, complicated, and confusing process or story
Example
Getting a visa was such a rigmarole of paperwork and interviews.
B1 noun /rɪˈkɔːdɪŋ/

recording

Meaning
the act or process of recording something
Example
The recording of the interview was clear and loud.
B2 noun, verb, adjective /ræŋk/

rank

Meaning
A position in a hierarchy; to place in order according to importance or quality.
Example
She quickly rose to a senior rank in the company.
C1 verb rɪˈlɪŋ.kwɪʃ

relinquish

Meaning
To give up any authority, responsibility, or property.
Example
He decided to relinquish his position as CEO.
C1 noun /ˈrɛspɪt/

respite

Meaning
A short period of rest or relief from something difficult or unpleasant.
Example
The weekend provided a welcome respite from work.
B2 adjective /ˈrɑː.ki/

Rocky

Meaning
full of rocks; unsteady; difficult
Example
The rocky path made hiking difficult for the tourists.
B2 noun /ˈrɛlɪvənsi/

relevancy

Meaning
the quality of being closely connected or appropriate
Example
The professor questioned the relevancy of the example to the topic.
C1 noun rɪˈdʌndənsi

redundancy

Meaning
The state of being not or no longer needed or useful; superfluousness.
Example
The redundancy in the company's workforce led to many layoffs.
B2 noun /ˈruːmər/

rumor

Meaning
a currently circulating story or report of uncertain or doubtful truth.
Example
There’s a rumor that the company will merge next year.
C1 noun /ˈrɒndɪvuː/

rendezvous

Meaning
a meeting or appointment at an agreed time and place
Example
They arranged a secret rendezvous at the café.
C1 verb /ˈruː.mɪ.neɪt/

ruminate

Meaning
to think deeply about something; to chew cud (for animals)
Example
She sat alone to ruminate on her decision.
C1 noun /ˈrɛtrəsˌpɛkt/

retrospect

Meaning
the act of looking back on or reviewing past events
Example
In retrospect, the decision seemed unwise.
B1 verb /rɪˈɡɑːrd/

regard

Meaning
to consider or think of in a particular way; to look at
Example
She regards him as her best friend.
C1 noun /rɪˈspɒndənt/

respondent

Meaning
A person who replies to something, especially in a survey or legal case
Example
The survey had over 1,000 respondents.
C1 adjective /rɪˈpliːt/

replete

Meaning
Filled or well-supplied with something; abundantly full.
Example
The book is replete with fascinating historical details.
C1 noun /ˈrez.ɪ.dənt ˈkəʊ.ɔː.dɪ.neɪ.tər/

resident coordinator

Meaning
A local administrator or official who coordinates activities in a specific region.
Example
The resident coordinator welcomed all representatives.
C1 adjective /ˈroʊtəri/

rotary

Meaning
Relating to or characterized by rotation; revolving around an axis.
Example
The machine uses a rotary engine to function efficiently.
B2 noun /rɪˈmeɪnz/

remains

Meaning
the parts, pieces, or substances that are left after the rest has been used or removed
Example
The remains of the meal were left on the table.
B2 adjective /ˈreɪsɪst/

racist

Meaning
showing or feeling discrimination or prejudice against people of other races
Example
He was accused of making racist comments.
B2 noun rɪˈtɛnʃən

retention

Meaning
The continued possession, use, or control of something
Example
The retention of information is essential for academic success.
C1 adjective /ˈrep.jə.tə.bəl/

Reputable

Meaning
having a good reputation; respected and trusted
Example
She works for a reputable law firm in the city.
C1 adjective /ræmˈbʌŋk.ʃəs/

rambunctious

Meaning
boisterous, energetic, and difficult to control.
Example
The rambunctious children filled the house with noise.
C1 noun /ˈreɪ.vən/

Raven

Meaning
a large, black bird with a thick bill and harsh croaking voice
Example
The raven perched on the old oak tree and cawed loudly.
C1 noun /ˌrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Ratification

Meaning
the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement
Example
The treaty required ratification by both countries' parliaments.
C2 noun /rɪˈfɛkʃən/

refection

Meaning
a meal or the act of taking food and drink
Example
The monks gathered for their evening refection.
B2 verb /riːp/

reap

Meaning
to cut or gather a crop; to receive as a consequence of actions
Example
Farmers reap wheat in the late summer.
B2 adjective /rɪˈliːvd/

relieved

Meaning
feeling happy and less worried after something stressful has been removed or resolved
Example
She felt relieved after hearing the good news.
B2 verb /rɪˈfaɪn/

refine

Meaning
to improve by making small changes; to purify
Example
The chef refines the recipe to perfection.
C1 verb /ˈrɛlɪɡeɪt/

relegate

Meaning
to assign to a lower rank, position, or category
Example
The manager decided to relegate the player to the bench.
C2 adjective /ˈruːmi/

rheumy

Meaning
Watery, especially referring to the eyes.
Example
His rheumy eyes showed signs of age and fatigue.
B2 noun /rɪˈbel.jən/

Rebellion

Meaning
an act of armed resistance to an established government or leader
Example
The rebellion against the king lasted for three years.
B2 verb /ˈrɛkən/

reckon

Meaning
To think, believe, or expect something; to calculate or estimate.
Example
I reckon it will rain later today.
C2 adjective /ˈræŋ.kər.əs/

rancorous

Meaning
Characterized by bitterness or resentment.
Example
Their rancorous debate lasted for hours.
B2 adjective /rɪˈfaɪnd/

Refined

Meaning
elegant and cultured in appearance, manner, or taste; purified
Example
She has very refined taste in art and music.
C1 noun/verb /reɪn/

rein

Meaning
A strap used to control a horse; to control or guide something.
Example
The rider pulled the rein to stop the horse.
C2 verb (archaic/rare) /rɛk/

reck

Meaning
To care about or be concerned with (something); to have regard for.
Example
He does not reck the dangers of his actions.
C1 noun /rɪˈfɜːrər/

referrer

Meaning
a person who directs someone to another person or service
Example
The referrer earned a bonus for recommending a new client.
C2 adjective /ˈrɛpərəbəl/

reparable

Meaning
able to be repaired or fixed
Example
The damage to the car was serious but still reparable.
C2 noun /rɪˈsɪʒən/

rescission

Meaning
the cancellation or annulment of a law, contract, or agreement
Example
The rescission of the contract left both parties disappointed.
C1 verb /rɪˈbʌf/

rebuff

Meaning
to reject or refuse in a sharp or abrupt way
Example
She rebuffed his invitation to dinner.
A2 noun /ræt/

Rat

Meaning
a large long-tailed rodent that is typically considered a pest
Example
The rat scurried across the kitchen floor.
B1 verb /rɪˈflekt/

reflect

Meaning
to think deeply about; to mirror back light or image
Example
The mirror reflects her beautiful face.
B1 adjective /ˈriː.zən.ə.bəl/

Reasonable

Meaning
fair and sensible; not too expensive; logical and practical
Example
The hotel offers reasonable prices for quality accommodation.
A1 adjective /raʊnd/

round

Meaning
having a circular shape; shaped like a sphere or disk
Example
The table was round and had a smooth surface.
C1 noun /ˈredʒ.ɪ.mən/

regimen

Meaning
A prescribed course of medical treatment, way of life, or diet for the promotion or restoration of health.
Example
A strict exercise regimen improves overall fitness.
C2 adjective /rəˈpeɪ.ʃəs/

rapacious

Meaning
having an extreme desire to take things for oneself, greedy
Example
The rapacious landlord raised the rent without reason.
B1 noun /ˈrʌbɪʃ/

Rubbish

Meaning
waste material; refuse or litter; nonsense or worthless things
Example
Please throw the rubbish in the bin.
B2 noun /rɪˈvaɪ.vəl/

Revival

Meaning
an improvement in the condition or strength of something; renewed interest in or attention to something
Example
There has been a revival of interest in traditional crafts.
B1 noun /rɪˈkwaɪə(r)mənt/

requirement

Meaning
something that is necessary or demanded
Example
The job has specific educational requirements.
C1 noun /ˈrɛvərəns/

reverence

Meaning
deep respect for someone or something
Example
The students showed reverence to their teacher.
C2 noun /rɪˈmɒnstrəns/

remonstrance

Meaning
A forceful protest or objection.
Example
The workers’ remonstrance against unfair treatment was ignored.
A1 noun /ruːm/

room

Meaning
A space within a building enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling
Example
She decorated her room with bright colors.
B2 adjective /rɪˈlaɪ.ənt/

reliant

Meaning
depending on someone or something for support
Example
The country is too reliant on imported goods.
C2 noun /roʊˈtʌn.də.ti/

rotundity

Meaning
the quality of being round or plump
Example
The rotundity of the balloon made it float gracefully.
B1 adjective /roʊˈmæn.tɪk/

Romantic

Meaning
relating to love; idealistic; dreamy
Example
They enjoyed a romantic dinner by candlelight.
B2 verb /ˌriː.kənˈstrʌkt/

reconstruct

Meaning
to build or form something again after it has been damaged or destroyed
Example
The city was reconstructed after the earthquake.
A2 noun /reɪs/

race

Meaning
a competition of speed, or a group of people with similar characteristics
Example
The race was very exciting, with many competitors.
A2 adjective /ˈreɡ.jə.lər/

Regular

Meaning
happening at fixed intervals; consistent; normal; frequent
Example
She goes for regular exercise every morning at 6 AM.
C1 noun /ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/

referendum

Meaning
a general vote by the population on a single political issue
Example
The government held a referendum on the new constitution.
C2 verb /ˈræm.ɪ.faɪ/

ramify

Meaning
to spread or branch out into divisions or subdivisions.
Example
The river ramifies into several smaller streams.
B2 verb /ˈreɪn.dʒɪŋ/

ranging

Meaning
Extending or varying between limits.
Example
The temperatures are ranging from 15 to 30 degrees this week.
C2 noun /ˌrɛprəˈbeɪʃən/

reprobation

Meaning
Strong disapproval or condemnation; rejection by God as beyond salvation.
Example
The teacher’s face showed clear reprobation at the student’s rude remark.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈmɒdəl/

remodel

Meaning
To change the structure or form of something, especially a building.
Example
They decided to remodel their kitchen last summer.
C1 adjective /rɪˈflek.sɪv/

Reflexive

Meaning
directed back on itself; showing deep thought about oneself
Example
She became more reflexive about her behavior after the feedback.
B1 noun rəʊlz

Roles

Meaning
A person's or thing's function in a particular situation.
Example
Defined roles improve team performance.
C2 noun /ˈræp.aɪn/

rapine

Meaning
the violent seizure of someone's property
Example
The war was marked by rapine and destruction.
B2 verb /ˌriːəˈʃʊr/

reassure

Meaning
to say or do something to remove someone's doubts or fears
Example
The teacher reassured the students before the exam.
C2 noun/adjective /rɪˈmɒnstrənt/

remonstrant

Meaning
A person who makes a forceful protest (noun); protesting or objecting (adjective).
Example
He was a remonstrant voice in the assembly.
B2 verb /rɪˈzɑlv/

resolve

Meaning
to solve a problem; to decide firmly
Example
The manager resolves the conflict between employees.
B2 adjective /ˈrʌn daʊn/

run-down

Meaning
in a poor condition; worn out or neglected
Example
They live in a run-down house at the edge of town.
B1 noun /rɪˈkwɛst/

request

Meaning
a formal or polite demand for something
Example
She made a request for additional time to complete the project.
B2 noun rɪˈsɛʃ.ən

recession

Meaning
A period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced.
Example
The country faced a severe recession due to the financial crisis.
A2 verb /rɪˈmaɪnd/

remind

Meaning
to cause someone to remember something
Example
Please remind me to call her tomorrow.
B1 noun /ˌrɛzəˈluːʃən/

resolution

Meaning
The action of solving a problem, dispute, or contentious matter.
Example
The resolution of the issue requires careful planning and action.
B2 noun /ˌriː.ɪnˈfɔːrs.mənt/

reinforcement

Meaning
Strengthening or supporting something, especially behavior or learning.
Example
Positive reinforcement helps in learning.
C2 verb /ˈrævəl/

ravel

Meaning
to tangle or complicate; to untangle or unravel depending on context
Example
She began to ravel the loose threads of the sweater.
B2 verb /rɪˈkɜːr/

recur

Meaning
to happen again, especially repeatedly or at regular intervals
Example
The headache tends to recur every few weeks.
B2 noun /rɪˈmaɪndər/

reminder

Meaning
something that helps you remember a fact, event, or action that you need to do or recall
Example
He set a reminder to call his mother on her birthday.
C1 adjective rɪˈsɛʃ.ən.er.i

recessionary

Meaning
Relating to or characterized by economic recession.
Example
Governments introduce policies to counter recessionary effects.
C2 adjective /rɪˈmɪs/

remiss

Meaning
Negligent in performing a duty or responsibility.
Example
The manager was remiss in not checking the financial reports carefully.
B2 noun /rɪˈstreɪnt/

Restraint

Meaning
the action of keeping someone or something under control; self-control
Example
She showed great restraint in not responding to the criticism.
C1 noun /ˈræʃən/

ration

Meaning
a fixed amount of something, especially food, officially allowed to each person
Example
During the war, each family received a weekly ration of rice.
C1 verb /rɪˈvɜːrbəreɪt/

reverberate

Meaning
To echo repeatedly or have continuing effects.
Example
The sound of the explosion reverberated through the valley.
C1 adjective /ˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪʃənl̩/

representational

Meaning
Relating to or depicting something in a realistic or symbolic way.
Example
The artist preferred a representational style of painting.
B1 noun /rɪsk/

Risk

Meaning
a situation involving exposure to danger; the possibility of something bad happening
Example
Taking this investment carries a high risk of losing money.
C2 noun /ˌriːkəˌpɪtjʊˈleɪʃən/

recapitulation

Meaning
The act of summarizing or repeating the main points of something.
Example
The professor gave a brief recapitulation of the lecture before ending the class.
C1 noun /rɪˈpɛərə/

repairer

Meaning
a person whose job is to fix damaged or broken things
Example
The repairer fixed the broken washing machine quickly.
C2 noun /rɪˈfræk.tər/

refractor

Meaning
A type of telescope that uses lenses to focus light.
Example
Refractor telescopes use lenses to focus light.
B2 noun /rɛlm/

realm

Meaning
A kingdom or domain; a field or area of activity or interest.
Example
He is well known in the realm of science.
B1 noun /roʊp/

rope

Meaning
a strong, thick cord made of twisted fibers or strands
Example
The climbers used a rope to scale the mountain.
C2 verb /rɪˈspaɪər/

respire

Meaning
To breathe in and out; to inhale and exhale.
Example
Plants also respire to release energy.
C2 adjective /ˌrɛpərˈtɔːriəl/

repertorial

Meaning
Relating to or characteristic of a repertoire, especially in journalism or performance contexts.
Example
The journalist's repertorial style captured every detail of the unfolding story.
C2 verb /rɪˈsɪnd/

rescind

Meaning
to revoke, cancel, or repeal a law, order, or agreement
Example
The company decided to rescind the job offer.
A1 noun /ˈrɪv.ər/

River

Meaning
a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another river
Example
The river flows through the valley and into the ocean.
B2 verb /rɪˈsaɪt/

recite

Meaning
To say aloud something learned, especially poetry or text, from memory.
Example
The child recited a poem in front of the class.
B1 verb /rɪˈper/

repair

Meaning
to fix something that is broken or damaged
Example
The mechanic will repair the car's engine tomorrow.
C1 verb /riˈɪtəreɪt/

reiterate

Meaning
To say something again or repeatedly for emphasis or clarity.
Example
The teacher reiterated the importance of honesty.
C1 verb /rɪˈkuːpəreɪt/

recuperate

Meaning
to recover from illness or regain strength
Example
She went to the countryside to recuperate after surgery.
C2 noun /rɪˈsɪdɪˌvɪzəm/

recidivism

Meaning
The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend or relapse into criminal behavior.
Example
The government introduced new programs to reduce recidivism among former inmates.
B1 adverb /ˈruːdli/

Rudely

Meaning
in an impolite or discourteous manner
Example
He rudely interrupted the speaker during the presentation.
C1 noun ˈremnənts

remnants

Meaning
A small remaining quantity of something; a surviving trace.
Example
The remnants of the wall are still visible.
B2 verb /rɪˈzuːm/

resume

Meaning
to start again after a pause or interruption
Example
We will resume the meeting after lunch.
B2 adjective /ˈrʌs.ti/

Rusty

Meaning
affected by rust; out of practice; impaired by lack of recent practice
Example
My piano skills are rusty after not playing for years.
B2 verb /rɪˈzɜːv/

reserve

Meaning
to keep something for future use; to book in advance
Example
I want to reserve a table for dinner.
B2 noun ˌrɛzɪɡˈneɪʃən

resignation

Meaning
The acceptance of something undesirable but inevitable; giving up.
Example
Her resignation from the position was unexpected.