ruler
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A2 noun /ˈruːlər/

ruler

Meaning
A person who governs or controls a country; a straight-edged tool used for measuring or drawing lines
Example
The ruler drew a straight line on the paper while the king was a powerful ruler of his kingdom.
A2 noun rɪˈspɛkt

respect

Meaning
A feeling of deep admiration for someone or something.
Example
We should show respect to the freedom fighters.
B1 verb /rɪˈfɜː/

refer

Meaning
to mention or allude to something; to direct someone to a source of information
Example
Please refer to page 45 for more details.
C1 adjective /ˈrez.ə.luːt/

Resolute

Meaning
determined; having a firm decision; unwavering
Example
She remained resolute in her decision to pursue her dreams.
C1 noun /rɪˈspɒndənt/

respondent

Meaning
A person who replies to something, especially in a survey or legal case
Example
The survey had over 1,000 respondents.
C1 noun /ˈrɒstrəm/

rostrum

Meaning
A raised platform for speakers, performers, or leaders.
Example
The politician delivered a speech from the rostrum.
B2 noun /ˌriːprəˈdʌkʃən/

reproduction

Meaning
The process of producing offspring; the act of copying or duplicating.
Example
The textbook included a detailed diagram of human reproduction.
C2 noun /rɪˈmɒnstrəns/

remonstrance

Meaning
A forceful protest or objection.
Example
The workers’ remonstrance against unfair treatment was ignored.
B2 verb /rɪˈnuː/

renew

Meaning
to make something new again or extend its period of validity
Example
I need to renew my passport before traveling.
C1 verb /ˈrɛplɪkeɪt/

replicate

Meaning
to copy, reproduce, or duplicate something exactly
Example
The scientist tried to replicate the experiment for accuracy.
C1 adjective /ˈreɪ.si/

racy

Meaning
Lively, entertaining, or slightly shocking (especially in a sexual way).
Example
The novel was full of racy dialogues.
B2 noun /ˈraɪdər/

rider

Meaning
A person who rides a horse, bicycle, motorcycle, or other vehicle.
Example
The rider fell off the horse.
B1 noun /ruːt/

Root

Meaning
the part of a plant that grows underground; the basic cause, source, or origin of something
Example
We need to find the root of this problem to solve it permanently.
C1 noun /rəˈpɪdəti/

rapidity

Meaning
The quality of moving or happening quickly; swiftness or speed.
Example
The rapidity of technological change is astonishing.
B2 noun /ˈroʊstɪd miːt/

Roasted meat

Meaning
meat cooked by dry heat in an oven or over fire
Example
The roasted meat was perfectly seasoned and tender.
B1 noun /roʊˈmæns/

Romance

Meaning
a feeling of excitement and mystery associated with love; a love affair or relationship
Example
Their romance began when they met at the university library.
C1 adjective /ˈreɪ.kɪʃ/

Rakish

Meaning
having a dashing, jaunty, or slightly disreputable quality or appearance
Example
He wore his hat at a rakish angle that gave him a charming appearance.
C1 noun /ˈrʌmpəs/

Rumpus

Meaning
a noisy disturbance; an uproar or commotion
Example
The children caused quite a rumpus in the playground.
C1 noun/verb /rɪˈlæps/

relapse

Meaning
to return to a worse condition, especially after improvement; a deterioration after recovery
Example
After months of progress, he suffered a relapse.
B1 adjective /ˈrel.ə.vənt/

Relevant

Meaning
closely connected or appropriate to what is being discussed; pertinent
Example
Please provide only relevant information for this discussion.
B2 adjective /rɪˈɡret.ə.bəl/

Regrettable

Meaning
causing or deserving regret; unfortunate; deplorable
Example
It is regrettable that so many talented people left the company.
B2 verb /ˈroʊ.teɪt/

rotate

Meaning
to turn around a central point or axis
Example
The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.
C2 adjective /ˈrævənɪŋ/

ravening

Meaning
Extremely hungry and greedy; voracious.
Example
The ravening wolves circled the camp.
B2 verb /rɪˈtriːv/

retrieve

Meaning
to get something back that was lost or taken; to recover
Example
She managed to retrieve her lost phone from the taxi.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈtʌtʃ/

retouch

Meaning
To improve or repair a picture, photograph, or image by making small changes.
Example
The photographer retouched the image to remove blemishes.
B1 verb /rɑːb/

rob

Meaning
to steal money or property from a person or place; to commit robbery
Example
The thief tried to rob the bank last night.
C2 noun /ræpˈskæliən/

rapscallion

Meaning
A mischievous or cheeky person; a rascal.
Example
The little rapscallion hid his brother’s shoes as a prank.
B2 noun /ˈrɪk.ʃɔː/

Rickshaw

Meaning
a light two-wheeled passenger vehicle drawn by one or more people
Example
We took a rickshaw to reach the busy marketplace.
B2 verb /rɪˈkʌvərɪŋ/

recovering

Meaning
the process of getting better after illness, loss, or difficulty
Example
She is still recovering from the flu.
B1 noun /rɪˈsɔːrs/

resource

Meaning
A supply of materials, money, or assets that can be used when needed.
Example
Water is a vital natural resource.
C2 verb /rɔɪl/

roil

Meaning
to make a liquid muddy or disturbed; to cause agitation or disorder
Example
The constant protests roiled the city streets.
B2 verb /ˌriːəˈreɪndʒ/

rearrange

Meaning
to change the order or position of something
Example
She decided to rearrange the furniture in her living room.
A2 noun /rɪˈlɪdʒ.ən/

religion

Meaning
a system of faith and worship involving belief in a higher power
Example
Freedom of religion is a fundamental human right.
C1 noun /ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/

referendum

Meaning
a general vote by the population on a single political issue
Example
The government held a referendum on the new constitution.
B2 noun /rɪˈfreʃ.mənt/

Refreshment

Meaning
food and drink that is served as a light meal; something that refreshes
Example
We served light refreshments after the meeting.
B2 noun/verb rɪˈfɔːm

reform

Meaning
Make changes in (something, typically a social, political, or economic institution or practice) in order to improve it.
Example
Reform in the education system was a priority.
B2 noun /ˈreɪʃoʊ/

ratio

Meaning
a relationship between two numbers showing how many times the first number contains the second
Example
The ratio of boys to girls in the class is 2:1.
A2 verb /rɪˈkwaɪər/

require

Meaning
to need something; to demand or insist on
Example
This job requires excellent communication skills.
C2 noun /ˈrɪɡməˌroʊl/

rigmarole

Meaning
a long, complicated, and confusing process or story
Example
Getting a visa was such a rigmarole of paperwork and interviews.
C2 noun /rɪˈsɪʒən/

rescission

Meaning
the cancellation or annulment of a law, contract, or agreement
Example
The rescission of the contract left both parties disappointed.
B1 adjective /rʌf/

Rough

Meaning
having an uneven surface; not smooth; harsh
Example
The rough surface of the rock hurt my hands.
B1 adjective /rɪˈpiː.tɪd/

Repeated

Meaning
done again; happening again; occurring multiple times
Example
He made repeated attempts to contact her.
C2 noun/adjective /rɪˈmɒnstrənt/

remonstrant

Meaning
A person who makes a forceful protest (noun); protesting or objecting (adjective).
Example
He was a remonstrant voice in the assembly.
B2 adjective /ˈruː.mi/

Roomy

Meaning
spacious; having a lot of room
Example
The apartment is very roomy with spacious bedrooms.
A1 noun, adjective, adverb /raɪt/

right

Meaning
something that is morally good, fair, or just; or a legal/entitled claim
Example
Everyone has the right to free speech.
A1 noun /roʊd/

road

Meaning
a wide way leading from one place to another
Example
We drove along the road to the village.
B2 adjective /ræʃ/

rash

Meaning
Acting quickly without careful consideration; reckless.
Example
It was a rash decision to invest without research.
B2 verb /rɒt/

rot

Meaning
to decay or decompose; to become corrupt
Example
The fruit will rot if left in the sun.
B1 adjective /rɔː/

Raw

Meaning
uncooked; not processed; in natural state; inexperienced
Example
The chef prefers to use raw vegetables in his salads.
B1 verb /ˈreskjuː/

rescue

Meaning
to save someone or something from danger or harm
Example
The firefighters rescued the cat from the tree.
B2 noun /rɒd/

rod

Meaning
a thin straight bar, especially of metal or wood
Example
He used an iron rod to support the structure.
B2 adjective /ˈrɪtʃ.u.əl/

Ritual

Meaning
relating to religious or ceremonial practices
Example
The wedding ceremony included many traditional ritual elements.
B2 noun /ˌrɛfəˈriː/

referee

Meaning
a person who oversees a game or match to ensure the rules are followed
Example
The referee stopped the game after a foul.
C1 verb /ˈræʃənaɪz/

rationlize

Meaning
to justify or explain something with logical reasons, even if not appropriate or true
Example
He tried to rationlize his mistake by blaming the system.
C1 noun /ˈriːbeɪt/

rebate

Meaning
a partial refund given to someone who has paid too much money for something
Example
The store offered a rebate on bulk purchases.
C1 noun /ˈrɛtrəsˌpɛkt/

retrospect

Meaning
the act of looking back on or reviewing past events
Example
In retrospect, the decision seemed unwise.
B2 noun ˈrɛvənuː

revenue

Meaning
Income, especially when of a company or organization.
Example
The company's revenue grew by 10% this year.
C1 noun /ˌriːhəˌbɪlɪˈteɪʃən/

rehabilitation

Meaning
the process of restoring someone or something to health or normal life through training or therapy
Example
After the accident, he went through months of rehabilitation to walk again.
C1 noun /rɪˈsaɪtər/

reciter

Meaning
a person who recites or repeats something aloud from memory, especially poetry, prayers, or formal texts
Example
The reciter delivered the poem with clarity and emotion.
C1 noun /ˈrɛvərəns/

reverence

Meaning
deep respect for someone or something
Example
The students showed reverence to their teacher.
C1 verb /rɪˈvoʊk/

revoke

Meaning
To officially cancel or withdraw a decision, privilege, or right.
Example
The government decided to revoke his passport.
C1 noun rɪˈdɛmpʃən

redemption

Meaning
The action of saving or being saved from sin, error, or evil.
Example
The story highlights the theme of redemption.
C1 adjective /ˈraɪtfəl/

rightful

Meaning
having a legitimate or just claim; proper or lawful
Example
She is the rightful owner of the property.
C2 noun /roʊˈtʌn.də.ti/

rotundity

Meaning
the quality of being round or plump
Example
The rotundity of the balloon made it float gracefully.
A1 adjective /red/

Red

Meaning
having the color of blood or fire; of the color red
Example
She wore a beautiful red dress to the party.
C1 verb /rɪˈpʌls/

repulse

Meaning
to drive back an attack or attacker by force; to cause intense dislike or disgust
Example
The army managed to repulse the enemy attack.
C2 noun /rɪˈsɪdɪˌvɪzəm/

recidivism

Meaning
The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend or relapse into criminal behavior.
Example
The government introduced new programs to reduce recidivism among former inmates.
B2 noun /ˈrɒbər/

robber

Meaning
a person who steals property from others, often using force or threat
Example
The robber was caught after a quick police chase.
A1 noun /reɪn/

Rain

Meaning
water that falls from clouds in small drops
Example
The heavy rain forced us to stay indoors.
C1 adjective /ˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪʃənl̩/

representational

Meaning
Relating to or depicting something in a realistic or symbolic way.
Example
The artist preferred a representational style of painting.
B2 noun ˌriːfɔːˈreɪʃən

reforestation

Meaning
The natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted.
Example
Reforestation efforts are crucial to restoring ecosystems.
B1 adjective rɪˈlaɪ.ə.bəl

reliable

Meaning
Consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted.
Example
Reliable systems ensure efficiency.
C2 verb /ˌriː.kəˈnɔɪ.tər/

reconnoiter

Meaning
to make a preliminary inspection or survey, especially of an area for military or strategic purposes
Example
The soldiers reconnoitered the area before advancing.
C2 adjective /ˈrʌdi/

ruddy

Meaning
Having a healthy red color in the face.
Example
She had a ruddy complexion from working outdoors.
C2 noun /red ˌəʊ.liˈæn.dər/

Red oleander

Meaning
a poisonous flowering shrub with bright red or pink flowers
Example
The red oleander blooms throughout the summer months.
C1 noun /ˈrep.lɪ.kə/

Replica

Meaning
an exact copy or model of something, especially one on a smaller scale
Example
The museum displayed a perfect replica of the ancient statue.
B1 noun /ˈreɪn.dɪər/

Reindeer

Meaning
a large deer with branched horns that lives in cold northern areas
Example
Santa's reindeer pulled his sleigh across the sky.
B2 noun, verb, adjective /ræŋk/

rank

Meaning
A position in a hierarchy; to place in order according to importance or quality.
Example
She quickly rose to a senior rank in the company.
C2 noun, adjective, verb /ˈrɛprəˌbeɪt/

reprobate

Meaning
A person of immoral character; to express disapproval of; morally corrupt.
Example
The old reprobate spent his days gambling and drinking.
B2 noun /ˈriːzənɪŋ/

reasoning

Meaning
the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment
Example
Her reasoning for leaving was clear and logical.
B2 noun /ˈraɪfəl/

Rifle

Meaning
a gun with a long barrel that is fired from the shoulder
Example
The soldier carried a rifle during the mission.
B1 noun riˈækʃən

reaction

Meaning
An action performed or a feeling experienced in response to a situation or event.
Example
The arrests triggered a reaction.
B2 adjective /rɪˈfreʃ.ɪŋ/

Refreshing

Meaning
making one feel energized and renewed; pleasantly new or different
Example
The cool breeze was refreshing after the hot day.
C2 adjective /rəˈpeɪ.ʃəs/

rapacious

Meaning
having an extreme desire to take things for oneself, greedy
Example
The rapacious landlord raised the rent without reason.
C1 verb /rɪˈdʒuː.vɪ.neɪt/

rejuvenate

Meaning
To make or feel young, healthy, or energetic again.
Example
A vacation can rejuvenate the mind and body.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈvaɪ.t̬əl.aɪz/

revitalize

Meaning
To restore energy and effectiveness to something.
Example
The new policies aim to revitalize the economy.
C1 verb /rɪˈpjuː.di.eɪt/

repudiate

Meaning
to refuse to accept, recognize, or support something
Example
He repudiated the claim that he was involved in the scandal.
C1 verb rɪˈplɛn.ɪʃ

replenish

Meaning
Fill something up again.
Example
Drinking water helps replenish lost fluids in the body.
B2 verb rɪˈstɔːr

restore

Meaning
To bring back to a former or original state; to reinstate.
Example
Restoring the tradition of student politics is necessary.
B1 noun /rɪˈtaɪə.mənt/

Retirement

Meaning
the action or fact of leaving one's job and ceasing to work; the period of life after leaving work
Example
He is planning his retirement after 40 years of service.
C1 verb /rɪˈklaɪn/

recline

Meaning
To lean or lie back in a relaxed position.
Example
She reclined on the sofa with a book.
C1 noun, adjective /ˈrɛvərənd/

reverend

Meaning
A title of respect used for members of the clergy; deserving deep respect.
Example
The Reverend gave an inspiring sermon at the church.
B2 noun /ˈreɪ.zər/

Razor

Meaning
a sharp-edged instrument used for shaving hair from the skin
Example
He shaved his beard with a sharp razor.
C1 noun /rɪˌdʒuːvəˈneɪʃən/

rejuvenation

Meaning
The process of restoring something to a former better state, especially referring to renewing soil fertility or revitalizing agricultural land through various restoration practices.
Example
Rejuvenation of soil is necessary for sustainable agriculture.
B1 adjective /rɪˈkwaɪəd/

required

Meaning
necessary or compulsory
Example
A visa is required to enter the country.
B2 verb /rɪˈɡeɪn/

regain

Meaning
to get back something that was lost; to recover
Example
He regains his strength after the illness.
A2 noun /rɒk/

rock

Meaning
a large, solid piece of mineral matter
Example
The mountain was made of solid rock.
C1 adjective /rɪˈflek.sɪv/

Reflexive

Meaning
directed back on itself; showing deep thought about oneself
Example
She became more reflexive about her behavior after the feedback.
B2 adjective /ˈrʌs.ti/

Rusty

Meaning
affected by rust; out of practice; impaired by lack of recent practice
Example
My piano skills are rusty after not playing for years.
B2 adjective /rɪˈsɔːrsfəl/

resourceful

Meaning
Having the ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties.
Example
She is very resourceful when it comes to solving unexpected problems.
C2 noun /rɪˈvaɪlər/

reviler

Meaning
a person who criticizes or insults others abusively
Example
He was known as a reviler of all who opposed him.
B1 noun ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn

recognition

Meaning
Acknowledgment of the existence, validity, or legality of something; appreciation or acclaim for an achievement, service, or ability.
Example
He earned recognition after years of struggle.
B2 adjective /ˈrɪdʒ.ɪd/

Rigid

Meaning
hard and stiff; not able to bend; strict and unwilling to change
Example
The company has a rigid dress code that all employees must follow.
A2 noun ˈrɛlətɪvz

Relatives

Meaning
A person connected by blood or marriage; a kinsman or kinswoman.
Example
Relatives can help you build a complete family tree.
B2 verb /rɪˈstrɪkt/

restrict

Meaning
To limit the size, amount, or range of something.
Example
The government decided to restrict the use of plastic bags.
B2 noun /ˈriːteɪlər/

retailer

Meaning
a person or business that sells goods to consumers rather than to other businesses
Example
The retailer offers discounts on electronic products.
A2 adverb /ˈrɛɡjələrli/

regularly

Meaning
at regular intervals; in a regular manner
Example
She exercises regularly to stay healthy.
B2 noun /ˈruːmər/

Rumour

Meaning
a currently circulating story or report of uncertain or doubtful truth; gossip
Example
There's a rumour that the company will close next month.
C1 noun ˈredʒ.ɪ.strɑːr

registrar

Meaning
An official responsible for keeping records or registers.
Example
The registrar oversees all administrative tasks.
A2 verb /ˈrɛkəɡnaɪz/

recognize

Meaning
To identify someone or something seen before; to acknowledge or accept.
Example
She did not recognize him in the crowd.
C2 noun /rɪˈdʒɔɪndər/

rejoinder

Meaning
a quick or witty reply; a response to a remark or argument
Example
His sharp rejoinder silenced the crowd.
C2 adjective /roʊn/

roan

Meaning
denoting an animal, especially a horse, having a coat of mixed colors, typically reddish-brown and white
Example
The rider mounted a roan horse with a speckled coat.
C1 verb /rɪˈtælieɪt/

retaliate

Meaning
to make an attack in return for a similar attack
Example
The army retaliated after the enemy attack.
B2 verb /rɪp/

rip

Meaning
to tear something quickly or violently
Example
He accidentally ripped his shirt on the fence.
B1 noun /rɪˈwɔːd/

reward

Meaning
something given in recognition of service, effort, or achievement
Example
He received a reward for returning the lost wallet.
C1 noun /ˈruːdɪmənt/

rudiment

Meaning
A basic principle, element, or fundamental part of something.
Example
He learned the rudiments of music before joining the band.
A2 noun rɪˈsɜːtʃ

research

Meaning
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
Example
Research on radio waves began earlier in India.
C1 verb /riːˈfɜːrbɪʃ/

refurbish

Meaning
To renovate or redecorate something, especially a building.
Example
The company decided to refurbish its old office.
B1 noun /rɪˈkɔːdɪŋ/

recording

Meaning
the act or process of recording something
Example
The recording of the interview was clear and loud.
B2 verb /rɪˈtriːt/

retreat

Meaning
to move back or withdraw from a position or situation
Example
The soldiers had to retreat after losing the battle.
B1 noun /rɪˈkwɛst/

request

Meaning
a formal or polite demand for something
Example
She made a request for additional time to complete the project.