rivulet
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C2 noun /ˈrɪvjʊlət/

rivulet

Meaning
a small stream of water; a tiny brook
Example
A rivulet ran down the hillside after the rain.
C1 adjective /praɪˈmɔːrdiəl/

primordial

Meaning
Existing at or from the beginning of time; fundamental and original.
Example
Scientists study the primordial soup from which life emerged.
C2 noun /ˌkʌl.pəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

culpability

Meaning
responsibility for a fault or wrong; blameworthiness
Example
The jury considered his level of culpability in the crime.
C1 noun /pæŋ/

pang

Meaning
a sudden sharp feeling of pain or emotional distress
Example
She felt a pang of guilt after the argument.
C1 noun /ˈklɛmənsi/

clemency

Meaning
mercy, leniency, or forgiveness shown towards someone
Example
The judge showed clemency and reduced his sentence.
C2 noun /ˈspuːnərɪzəm/

spoonerism

Meaning
A verbal error in which the initial sounds of words are swapped to create a humorous effect.
Example
He made a spoonerism by saying 'queer old dean' instead of 'dear old queen'.
C2 adjective ˌnjʊə.rəʊ.prəˈtek.tɪv

neuroprotective

Meaning
Having the ability to protect nerve cells from damage, degeneration, or impaired function.
Example
Omega-3 fatty acids have neuroprotective benefits.
A2 noun /ˈkæm.əl/

Camel

Meaning
a large animal with one or two humps on its back that lives in hot dry places
Example
The camel walked slowly across the desert sand.
B1 noun aɪˈdɛntɪti

identity

Meaning
The fact of being who or what a person or thing is; the characteristics determining who or what a person or thing is.
Example
The day reinforces our national identity.
B2 adverb /ˈæŋkʃəsli/

anxiously

Meaning
in a worried, nervous, or uneasy manner; with anxious anticipation
Example
She waited anxiously for the exam results.
C2 noun /ˈnes.lɪŋ/

Nestling

Meaning
a young bird that has not yet left its nest
Example
The mother bird fed the hungry nestling with worms.
B2 noun /ˈtes.tɪ.moʊ.ni/

Testimony

Meaning
a formal written or spoken statement given in a court of law; evidence or proof
Example
The witness gave compelling testimony during the trial.
B1 verb /rɪˈdʒekt/

reject

Meaning
to refuse to accept or consider something
Example
The committee decided to reject the proposal.
C2 noun /prəˈtɛktərət/

protectorate

Meaning
A state that is controlled and protected by another.
Example
The small country became a protectorate of the empire.
B1 adverb /ˌʌpsaɪd ˈdaʊn/

Upside-down

Meaning
with the upper part at the bottom; in or into a reversed position
Example
The picture was hanging upside-down on the wall.
C1 noun, verb /wɪf/

whiff

Meaning
A brief, faint smell or puff of air; to get a quick smell of something.
Example
I caught a whiff of perfume as she passed by.
B2 noun/verb /pɜːrk/

perk

Meaning
A benefit or advantage associated with a job; or to become more lively or cheerful.
Example
One of the perks of working here is free lunch every Friday.
C2 noun /fɪˈlæt.əl.i/

philately

Meaning
the collection and study of postage stamps
Example
Philately is a hobby enjoyed by people of all ages.
A2 noun /spɔːt/

sport

Meaning
an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment
Example
Football is a popular sport around the world.
B1 noun /ˈbreɪs.lət/

Bracelet

Meaning
an ornamental band worn around the wrist
Example
She received a gold bracelet as a birthday gift.
C1 noun ˈsɛlf pəˈzɪʃən

self-possession

Meaning
The quality of being calm and confident and in control of one's emotions; composure.
Example
His self-possession during the crisis was remarkable.
C1 noun /djʊˈrɛs/

duress

Meaning
threats, violence, or pressure used to force someone to do something
Example
She signed the contract under duress.
C1 noun /ˈbɜːrθraɪt/

birthright

Meaning
A privilege or possession that a person has from birth.
Example
Freedom is considered a birthright of every individual.
C1 noun /maɪm/

Mime

Meaning
A performer who acts without words, using only gestures and body movements
Example
The street mime entertained the crowd with his invisible box routine.
B1 noun, verb /ˈmɜːrdər/

murder

Meaning
the unlawful killing of a person; to kill someone unlawfully and intentionally
Example
The detective investigated the murder that shocked the town.
C2 noun /dʒɛˌstɪkjʊˈleɪʃən/

gesticulation

Meaning
a gesture, especially a dramatic one, used instead of speaking or to emphasize speech
Example
His speech was full of passionate gesticulations.
C2 adjective /ˈnjuː.ɡə.tɔːr.i/

nugatory

Meaning
Of little or no value; worthless or insignificant.
Example
His efforts were nugatory and did not change the outcome.
C2 noun /ˌɔːrnɪˈθɒlədʒɪst/

ornithologist

Meaning
a scientist who studies birds
Example
The ornithologist spent years studying migratory birds.
A2 adjective /faɪn/

Fine

Meaning
good; excellent; thin; delicate; high quality
Example
The weather is fine today.
C1 verb /ˈkælɪˌbreɪt/

calibrate

Meaning
To adjust or mark something so it can be used accurately; to standardize.
Example
The technician calibrated the machine before starting the experiment.
C1 adjective /nɑːkˈtɜr.nəl/

Nocturnal

Meaning
active at night; happening during the night
Example
Owls are nocturnal animals that hunt at night.
B2 noun ক্লাইম্যাটিক কন্ডিশন্স

climatic conditions

Meaning
The atmospheric or weather patterns of a particular region.
Example
Specific climatic conditions are required for snowfall.
B1 adverb /ˈfɔːtʃənətli/

fortunately

Meaning
by good luck; luckily
Example
Fortunately, no one was injured in the accident.
B2 adjective ˌsɪm.əlˈteɪ.ni.əs

simultaneous

Meaning
Occurring, operating, or done at the same time.
Example
Simultaneous crop failures affect global food supply.
B2 noun, verb /ræŋks/

ranks

Meaning
Positions within a group, especially in a hierarchy or organization.
Example
He quickly moved up the ranks of the army.
B2 adverb /pəˈlɪtɪkəli/

politically

Meaning
in a way that relates to politics or government
Example
The country is politically divided between two major parties.
A2 noun /sɔːlt/

Salt

Meaning
white crystalline substance used for seasoning food; sodium chloride
Example
Please add some salt to the soup to enhance its flavor.
B1 noun/adjective /ˈmæksɪməm/

maximum

Meaning
the greatest or highest amount, value, or degree possible
Example
She scored the maximum marks in the exam.
C1 adjective /ˌfɪl.hɑːrˈmɒn.ɪk/

philharmonic

Meaning
relating to a symphony orchestra or its music
Example
The philharmonic orchestra performed a stunning rendition of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.
C1 noun /ˈtʃænsələr/

chancellor

Meaning
A senior state or legal official, or the head of a university.
Example
The chancellor delivered an inspiring speech at the graduation ceremony.
B1 noun /ˈlɪm.ɪt/

Limit

Meaning
a point or level beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass; the greatest amount allowed
Example
There is a speed limit on this road.
C1 noun /ˈsʌnˌdaʊn/

sundown

Meaning
the time in the evening when the sun goes below the horizon
Example
We planned to reach the village before sundown.
B1 noun /ˈkɔːrɪdɔːr/

corridor

Meaning
a long passage in a building from which doors lead into rooms
Example
The students waited quietly in the corridor.
A2 verb /rɪˈmeɪn/

remain

Meaning
to stay in the same place; to continue to exist
Example
Only a few guests remain at the party.
B2 verb /ˌʌndərˈɛstɪmeɪt/

underestimate

Meaning
To judge something as less important or smaller than it really is.
Example
Never underestimate the power of teamwork.
C1 noun /ˈdeɪtəm/ or /ˈdætəm/

datum

Meaning
a single piece of information; a fact used as a basis for reasoning or calculation
Example
Each datum in the survey was carefully analyzed.
C2 noun /ˈsɑːrdʒənt ət ɑːrmz/

sergeant-at-arms

Meaning
An officer responsible for maintaining order during meetings or legislative sessions.
Example
The sergeant-at-arms escorted the disruptive member out of the hall.
A2 noun /ˈtælənt/

talent

Meaning
natural aptitude or skill
Example
She has a great talent for painting.
B2 adjective /ˈdæz.lɪŋ/

Dazzling

Meaning
extremely bright and impressive; brilliant and stunning
Example
The dazzling lights of the city amazed the tourists.
C1 noun /ˈfɛtɪʃ/

fetish

Meaning
an excessive or irrational devotion to something
Example
He has a fetish for collecting rare stamps.
C1 adjective /ˈwɪr.i.səm/

Wearisome

Meaning
causing tiredness; tedious; boring and exhausting
Example
The wearisome journey took twelve hours to complete.
C1 noun /naɪˈiːvɪti/

naivety

Meaning
The quality of being innocent, simple, and lacking experience or sophistication.
Example
Her naivety made her trust people too easily.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈɜːrθli/

unearthly

Meaning
Strange or unnatural in a way that seems not of this world
Example
The forest was filled with an unearthly glow.
B2 adjective /ˈwɪt.i/

Witty

Meaning
having or showing quick intelligence; amusing in a clever way
Example
Her witty response to the critic's question impressed the entire audience.
C1 noun /ˈspɛktər/

specter

Meaning
A ghost or spirit; something that causes fear or dread.
Example
The specter of war still haunts the region.
C1 adjective /ˈpiːkənt/

piquant

Meaning
having a pleasantly sharp or spicy taste; interestingly provocative
Example
The chef added a piquant sauce to the dish to enhance its flavor.
C1 adjective /ˈflɪmzi/

flimsy

Meaning
weak, fragile, or lacking in strength; not convincing
Example
The chair was too flimsy to support his weight.
C1 noun /kənˈsiːt/

conceit

Meaning
excessive pride in oneself; vanity
Example
His conceit made him unpopular among his colleagues.
C1 noun /pɪˌdɛs.tri.ə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/

pedestrianization

Meaning
Making areas pedestrian-friendly, closing any area to vehicle traffic and making it open only for pedestrians.
Example
The pedestrianization of city centers reduces pollution.
B2 verb /ˈvæksɪneɪt/

vaccinate

Meaning
to give a vaccine to protect against a disease
Example
Children are usually vaccinated before starting school.
C1 noun /ˈvæntɪdʒ/

vantage

Meaning
a position or situation that gives an advantage or a good view
Example
From this vantage, we could see the entire valley.
B2 verb /ˈtɜːrmɪˌneɪt/

terminate

Meaning
to bring something to an end or to stop something from continuing
Example
The company decided to terminate his contract.
C2 noun /muˈleθi/

Mulethi

Meaning
licorice root, a sweet-tasting herb used in traditional medicine and cooking
Example
She prepared a herbal tea with mulethi to soothe her sore throat.
B2 verb /triːd/

tread

Meaning
to step or walk on something; to crush with feet
Example
Don't tread on the flowers.
A2 adverb /wenˈevər/

Whenever

Meaning
at any time that; every time that; no matter when
Example
Call me whenever you need help.
B1 adjective /ˈvɪz.ə.bəl/

Visible

Meaning
able to be seen; noticeable; apparent
Example
The mountain peak was clearly visible from our hotel room.
B2 noun /ˈwɔtər ˈpjʊrəˌfaɪər/

Water purifier

Meaning
A device that removes contaminants and impurities from water to make it safe for drinking
Example
We installed a water purifier in our kitchen to ensure clean drinking water.
B2 noun, adjective, adverb /ˌnɔːrθˈwest/

northwest

Meaning
the direction that is between north and west; situated in or moving toward this direction
Example
Seattle is located in the northwest of the United States.
C2 noun /ræŋˈɡuːn ˈkriːpər/

Rangoon creeper

Meaning
A climbing vine with fragrant flowers that change color from white to pink to red
Example
The Rangoon creeper covered the entire fence with its sweet-smelling flowers.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpiːd/

impede

Meaning
To obstruct or hinder the progress or development of something.
Example
Lack of funds can impede business growth.
A1 noun ˈræbɪt

rabbit

Meaning
A small mammal with long ears, long hind legs, and a short tail
Example
The rabbit ran quickly into the forest.
A1 adjective, adverb, verb /ˈbɛtər/

better

Meaning
of a more excellent or effective type or quality; to surpass or improve
Example
He felt better after taking the medicine.
C1 noun ˈdʒɛnɪsɪs

genesis

Meaning
The origin or mode of formation of something.
Example
The genesis of the internet changed the world forever.
C1 noun /dɪˈlɪriəm/

delirium

Meaning
An acutely disturbed state of mind characterized by restlessness, illusions, and incoherence.
Example
The patient experienced delirium after the surgery due to the strong medication.
B2 noun /ˈrɛfjuːdʒ/

refuge

Meaning
a place that provides shelter or protection from danger or distress
Example
The villagers took refuge in the temple during the storm.
A1 verb /θroʊ/

throw

Meaning
to send something through the air with force using your hand
Example
He can throw the ball very far.
B1 noun /bʊl/

bull

Meaning
a male animal of the cattle family; sometimes refers to a strong or aggressive man
Example
The bull charged across the field towards the red flag.
B2 noun /ˌsuːpərɪnˈtɛndənt/

superintendent

Meaning
a person who oversees, manages, or directs an organization, building, or project
Example
The superintendent visited the classrooms to check on progress.
C2 noun /ˌɪntərˈrɛɡnəm/

interregnum

Meaning
A period between rulers or governments when normal leadership is suspended.
Example
The country faced instability during the interregnum after the king’s death.
B2 noun ˈmɪdl klæs

middle-class

Meaning
The social group between the upper and working classes, typically consisting of well-educated people.
Example
The middle-class was largely affected by the decision.
B1 adverb; adjective /ˈkaɪndli/

kindly

Meaning
in a kind or gentle manner; showing kindness or goodwill
Example
She kindly helped the old man cross the street.
C1 verb /priːn/

preen

Meaning
To groom or dress oneself with care; to show pride in one's appearance.
Example
She preened in front of the mirror before leaving for the party.
B2 noun /ˈrep.taɪl/

Reptile

Meaning
a cold-blooded animal with scaly skin that lays eggs on land
Example
The lizard is a common reptile found in gardens.
A2 noun/verb /ˈsaɪkl/

cycle

Meaning
a series of events that repeat in the same order; or to ride a bicycle
Example
She cycles to school every day.
B1 noun /ˈblen.dər/

Blender

Meaning
an electric kitchen appliance used to mix, purée, or emulsify food and liquids
Example
She used the blender to make a delicious smoothie.
B1 noun /ˈɪnkʌm/

income

Meaning
money received for work or through investments
Example
His monthly income is enough to support his family.
C1 noun/verb /ˈtʌtʃ.ʌp/

touch-up

Meaning
Small corrections or improvements made to something.
Example
The artist gave a quick touch-up to the painting.
B1 verb /rɪˈlaɪ/

rely

Meaning
to depend on or trust someone or something
Example
I rely on my friends for support.
A2 verb /pʊʃ/

push

Meaning
to exert force to move something away from oneself; to press against
Example
Push the button to ring the bell.
C2 noun /lɪˈvaɪəθən/

leviathan

Meaning
a huge sea monster or something very large and powerful.
Example
The ship looked like a leviathan on the horizon.
A2 adverb /ˈrɛə(r)li/

rarely

Meaning
not often, infrequently
Example
She rarely eats sweets because of her diet.
B1 noun /roʊˈmæns/

Romance

Meaning
a feeling of excitement and mystery associated with love; a love affair or relationship
Example
Their romance began when they met at the university library.
B1 noun kəˈmɪt.i

committee

Meaning
A group of people appointed for a specific function by a larger group.
Example
A 65-member committee was formed.
B2 adjective /ˈdɛlɪkət/

delicate

Meaning
Easily broken or damaged; requiring careful handling.
Example
The vase is very delicate, so handle it with care.
C2 adjective /ˌsuːpərˈæn.ju.eɪ.tɪd/

superannuated

Meaning
old and no longer useful or valid; retired due to age
Example
The factory was filled with superannuated machines that slowed production.
C1 verb /əˈkrɛdɪt/

accredit

Meaning
to officially recognize, authorize, or approve someone or something
Example
The university is accredited by the national education board.
B1 noun /məˈtɪəriəl/

Material

Meaning
The matter from which a thing is or can be made; fabric or cloth
Example
The building was constructed using the finest materials available.
C1 noun /kliːk/

clique

Meaning
a small, exclusive group of people
Example
The students formed a clique that excluded others.
A2 noun /ˈdʌzən/

dozen

Meaning
a group of twelve
Example
She bought a dozen eggs from the market.
C1 adjective /ˈsɪlkən/

Silken

Meaning
made of silk; smooth and soft like silk
Example
She wore a beautiful silken dress to the party.
A2 conjunction /ˈwɛðər/

whether

Meaning
used to express a doubt or choice between alternatives
Example
I don’t know whether I should go.
C1 noun /ˈɔːnɪŋ/

awning

Meaning
a sheet of canvas or material stretched on a frame to shelter a place from the sun or rain
Example
We sat under the awning to avoid the heavy rain.
A1 noun /ˈprɒb.ləm/

Problem

Meaning
a situation that causes difficulties and needs to be dealt with or solved
Example
We need to solve this problem quickly.
B1 noun ˈdɪsɪplɪn

discipline

Meaning
The practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience
Example
Discipline helps maintain focus and productivity.
C1 verb /ədˈmɪnɪstreɪt/

administrate

Meaning
to manage or supervise the execution of duties, laws, or resources; to formally give or apply something such as a test or medicine
Example
The committee will administrate the new policy across all departments.
B1 noun /ˈdrɛsɪŋ/

dressing

Meaning
a sauce for salads; or material used to cover a wound
Example
She prepared a delicious salad with Italian dressing.
B2 adjective /kɔːrs/

coarse

Meaning
Rough in texture or manner; not smooth or refined.
Example
The fabric felt coarse to the touch.
C2 adjective /ˈɛrzæts/

ersatz

Meaning
made or used as a substitute, typically an inferior one
Example
The cheap shoes were made of ersatz leather.
B2 adjective ɪkˈsep.ʃən.əl

exceptional

Meaning
Unusually good; outstanding; forming an exception; not typical.
Example
Exceptional talent drives innovation.
B1 verb /daɪn/

dine

Meaning
to eat a meal, especially the main meal of the day
Example
We usually dine at seven o'clock in the evening.
C2 noun /kænt/

cant

Meaning
Hypocritical and insincere talk, especially about moral or religious principles.
Example
The politician's speech was filled with cant about honesty and integrity.
C1 noun ˈkiː.stəʊn ˈspiː.ʃiːz

keystone species

Meaning
A species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.
Example
Wolves are a keystone species that regulate prey populations.
C1 adjective /ˌzɛnəˈfoʊbɪk/

xenophobic

Meaning
having or showing a dislike or fear of people from other countries
Example
The leader’s xenophobic comments sparked outrage across the country.
C2 adjective /trænzˈmɪsəbl/

transmissible

Meaning
able to be passed or spread from one person or thing to another
Example
COVID-19 is a highly transmissible disease.
B2 verb /skriːtʃ/

screech

Meaning
to make a loud, high-pitched and unpleasant sound
Example
The car screeched to a halt.
C1 noun /məˈleɪz/

malaise

Meaning
a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or unease whose exact cause is difficult to identify
Example
After the long journey, she felt a general malaise.
A2 noun /staɪl/

Style

Meaning
a particular way of doing something; a distinctive appearance or manner of expression
Example
She has her own unique style of writing that captivates readers.
B2 noun /ˈθiːərɪst/

theorist

Meaning
A person who develops, studies, or explains theories in a particular field.
Example
The political theorist explained the impact of democracy on social structures.
B1 adjective /ˈhoʊli/

Holy

Meaning
sacred; dedicated to God or religious purposes; morally and spiritually excellent
Example
The holy shrine attracts thousands of pilgrims every year.
B2 adjective ˈstrʌktʃərəl

structural

Meaning
Relating to or forming part of a structure.
Example
The structural integrity of the bridge was tested after the storm.
C1 noun /ˈdʒuː.və.naɪl/

Juvenile

Meaning
a young person below the age of adult criminal responsibility; relating to young people
Example
The juvenile court handles cases involving young offenders under eighteen.