C1 adjective /pɒˈstɪəriər/

posterior

Meaning

Situated at or toward the back; later in time.

Example

The posterior part of the brain controls vision.

C1 noun /ˈmɜːrdʒər/

merger

Meaning

The combination of two or more companies into a single entity.

Example

The merger of the two firms created the largest bank in the region.

C1 noun ɪnˈsɒl.vən.si

insolvency

Meaning

The state of being unable to pay debts owed; bankruptcy.

Example

The company declared insolvency after years of losses.

B2 noun /mɪˈθɒlədʒi/

mythology

Meaning

A collection of myths, especially belonging to a particular culture or religion.

Example

Greek mythology is filled with stories of gods and heroes.

C1 adjective ˈmer.ɪt beɪst

merit-based

Meaning

Based on or determined by individual merit, ability, or achievement rather than other factors.

Example

Merit-based recruitment strengthens the workforce.

B2 verb /ˈvɒmɪt/

vomit

Meaning

to bring up food from the stomach through the mouth; to be sick

Example

The patient began to vomit after taking the medication.

B1 adjective /ˌlɛftˈhændɪd/

left-handed

Meaning

Using or done with the left hand; also can mean clumsy or awkward.

Example

She is left-handed and writes beautifully with her left hand.

C1 adjective ˈvɪdʒ.ɪ.lənt

vigilant

Meaning

Keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties; alert and watchful.

Example

The guards remained vigilant throughout the night.

B1 noun /neɪl/

Nail

Meaning

a small metal spike with a broadened flat head; part of finger or toe

Example

He hammered the nail into the wooden board.

C1 verb rɪˈplɛn.ɪʃ

replenish

Meaning

Fill something up again.

Example

Drinking water helps replenish lost fluids in the body.

C1 verb /səbˈstænʃieɪt/

substantiate

Meaning

To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of something.

Example

The lawyer worked to substantiate the claims with solid evidence.

A2 noun, verb /fuːl/

fool

Meaning

a silly or stupid person; to trick someone

Example

He felt like a fool after believing the prank.

C1 adjective /ˈkoʊpiəs/

copious

Meaning

abundant in supply or quantity

Example

She took copious notes during the lecture.

C1 adjective ˌhaɪ.pəˈθet.ɪ.kəl

hypothetical

Meaning

Based on or serving as a hypothesis; supposed but not necessarily real or true.

Example

The discussion was based on hypothetical scenarios.

C1 noun /dɪˈlɪriəm/

delirium

Meaning

An acutely disturbed state of mind characterized by restlessness, illusions, and incoherence.

Example

The patient experienced delirium after the surgery due to the strong medication.

B1 noun dɪˈmɒk.rə.si

democracy

Meaning

A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

Example

Democracy ensures equal rights for all citizens.

C2 noun ˌpɜː.tɪˈnæs.ɪ.ti

pertinacity

Meaning

Firm determination and persistence in achieving something.

Example

His pertinacity in achieving his goals was inspiring.

C1 noun /ˈpetɪkoʊt/

Petti-coat

Meaning

an undergarment worn by women under a dress or skirt

Example

She wore a white petticoat under her dress.

B2 noun /ˌekspləˈreɪʃən/

exploration

Meaning

the action of traveling through or studying an area to learn more about it

Example

Space exploration has expanded our understanding of the universe.

C1 verb /ɪɡˈnaɪt/

ignite

Meaning

To catch fire or cause to catch fire; to start or arouse.

Example

The sparks ignited the dry leaves in seconds.

B2 noun /ˈsæksəfoʊn/

Saxophone

Meaning

a wind musical instrument with a curved metal body and a single reed mouthpiece

Example

The jazz musician played a beautiful solo on his saxophone.

B2 verb /suː/

sue

Meaning

to bring a lawsuit against someone in a court of law

Example

She decided to sue the company for damages.

B2 noun /ˈwel.wɪʃ.ər/

Well-wisher

Meaning

a person who desires happiness or success for another

Example

Many well-wishers came to congratulate her on her graduation.

B2 noun /ˌprɒb.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/

Probability

Meaning

the likelihood that something will happen; a mathematical measure of how likely something is to occur

Example

There is a high probability of rain tomorrow.

B1 verb /rɪˈvaɪz/

revise

Meaning

To change, improve, or update something, especially a written work.

Example

She had to revise her essay before submission.

C1 adjective /ˈθɪŋ.kə.bəl/

thinkable

Meaning

Capable of being imagined or conceived; possible to consider or believe

Example

It is hard to believe that such an outcome is even thinkable.

C2 adjective /prɪˈzʌmptɪv/

presumptive

Meaning

Based on probability or assumption rather than proof.

Example

She is the presumptive nominee for the party.

C1 verb/noun /ˈsɒldər/

solder

Meaning

To join metal parts together by melting and putting a filler metal into the joint

Example

He soldered the broken wires back together.

C1 adjective /ˌbaɪˈlæt.ər.əl/

bilateral

Meaning

An agreement or relationship between two parties that is mutual, two-sided, or reciprocal.

Example

The two countries signed a bilateral trade agreement.

C2 noun /ˌkʌl.pəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

culpability

Meaning

responsibility for a fault or wrong; blameworthiness

Example

The jury considered his level of culpability in the crime.

B2 noun /lɪˈdʒɪtɪməsi/

legitimacy

Meaning

the quality of being accepted as right, proper, or lawful

Example

The legitimacy of the election was questioned by observers.

C1 noun ˌmɑːr.dʒɪ.nəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

marginalization

Meaning

The treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral.

Example

Economic policies should address the marginalization of the poor.

C1 adjective /ˈwaɪ.li/

Wily

Meaning

clever; cunning; sly

Example

The wily fox escaped from the trap using his cunning intelligence.

B1 noun, verb /eɪd/

aid

Meaning

help or support, typically of a practical nature

Example

The volunteers provided aid to the flood victims.

B2 noun ˈhæbɪtæt lɒs

Habitat Loss

Meaning

The destruction or disappearance of natural environments where organisms live.

Example

Habitat loss is one of the biggest threats to butterflies.

C1 verb /kənˈdʒɛst/

congest

Meaning

To block or overcrowd a space, making movement or flow difficult.

Example

Heavy traffic can congest the city streets during rush hour.

C1 adjective /ˈmiːɡər/

meager

Meaning

Lacking in quantity or quality; inadequate.

Example

He could barely survive on his meager salary.

B2 noun/adjective /ˈkæpɪtəlɪst/

capitalist

Meaning

a person who supports or believes in capitalism; a wealthy business owner

Example

The capitalist believes in the freedom of the market.

A1 adjective /red/

Red

Meaning

having the color of blood or fire; of the color red

Example

She wore a beautiful red dress to the party.

C1 noun /ˈwɪŋˌspæn/

wingspan

Meaning

the distance from the tip of one wing to the tip of the other wing

Example

The eagle has an impressive wingspan of over two meters.

B2 adjective ˌɒn.trə.prəˈnɜː.ri.əl

entrepreneurial

Meaning

Relating to or characterized by the activity of setting up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.

Example

His entrepreneurial spirit led him to establish a successful startup.

C2 adjective /ˈprɛfətɔːri/

prefatory

Meaning

serving as an introduction or preface

Example

He made some prefatory remarks before the lecture began.

C2 noun /ɪnˈvɛktɪv/

invective

Meaning

Insulting, abusive, or highly critical language.

Example

The politician’s speech was filled with invective against his opponents.

C2 noun /ˈtʃaɪ.nə roʊz/

China-rose

Meaning

a tropical flowering plant with large, showy flowers in various colors

Example

The bright red China-rose flowers decorated the entrance of the house.

C1 noun/verb /dɛnt/

dent

Meaning

a small hollow mark on the surface of something; to make a small hollow mark

Example

The accident left a dent in the car door.

C1 noun /ˈrez.ɪ.dənt ˈkəʊ.ɔː.dɪ.neɪ.tər/

resident coordinator

Meaning

A local administrator or official who coordinates activities in a specific region.

Example

The resident coordinator welcomed all representatives.

C2 verb /ˈæpɪtaɪz/

appetize

Meaning

to stimulate the appetite; to make someone eager or interested

Example

The aroma of fresh bread will appetize the guests before dinner.

C1 adjective /ˈɑːtfəl/

Artful

Meaning

clever or skillful, especially in a cunning way

Example

She gave an artful answer that avoided the real question.

B2 verb /ɪnˈroʊl/

enroll

Meaning

to officially join or register in a school, course, or organization

Example

He decided to enroll in a computer programming course.

C1 verb ˈdwɪn.dl

dwindle

Meaning

To diminish gradually in size, amount, or strength; to become progressively smaller.

Example

His savings dwindled due to unexpected expenses.

B2 noun /spaɪt/

spite

Meaning

a desire to hurt, annoy, or offend someone

Example

She refused the gift out of spite.

B1 verb /prəˈmoʊt/

promote

Meaning

to help something develop or increase; to advance someone to a higher position

Example

The company promotes environmental awareness.

C1 noun /ˌæf.ɚˈmeɪ.ʃən/

affirmation

Meaning

The action or process of affirming something or being affirmed; emotional support or encouragement.

Example

Daily affirmation of self-worth boosts confidence.

B2 adjective/noun ˌdem.əˈɡræf.ɪk

demographic

Meaning

Relating to the structure of populations; statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

Example

The company analyzes demographic trends before launching a product.

C2 noun /juːˈdʒen.ɪks/

eugenics

Meaning

the study or practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population

Example

Eugenics has been criticized for its unethical applications in history.

C1 noun /ˈhaɪndsaɪt/

hindsight

Meaning

Understanding of a situation only after it has happened.

Example

With the benefit of hindsight, we realized the decision was a mistake.

C1 adverb /ˌðeərəˈpɒn/

Thereupon

Meaning

immediately after that; following that event

Example

He finished his speech and thereupon left the stage.

B2 verb /ɪkˈspɛl/

expel

Meaning

to officially force someone to leave a place or organization

Example

The student was expelled from school for misconduct.

B2 noun /ˈfjuː.nər.əl/

Funeral

Meaning

a ceremony typically held shortly after a person's death, usually including burial or cremation

Example

Hundreds of people attended the funeral to pay their respects to the beloved teacher.

B2 adverb /ˈskɪl.fəl.i/

Skilfully/US: Skillfully

Meaning

in a way that shows ability and training; expertly

Example

She skilfully painted the portrait in just two hours.

C1 adjective /ˈvæljuːləs/

valueless

Meaning

having no worth, importance, or usefulness

Example

The old broken phone was considered valueless.

C1 noun /ˈsɛvərəns/

severance

Meaning

the act of ending something, especially a relationship or employment; compensation paid upon termination

Example

The company offered him severance pay after his job ended.

C1 noun /lɪˈkjʊər/

liqueur

Meaning

A strong, sweet alcoholic drink flavored with fruits, herbs, or spices.

Example

She served a small glass of cherry liqueur after dinner.

B1 verb /rɪˈleɪt/

relate

Meaning

to connect or show a link between; to tell a story

Example

She relates her experience to the audience.

C2 adjective /dɛˈspɒtɪk/

despotic

Meaning

exercising power in a cruel, oppressive, or authoritarian way

Example

The king’s despotic rule left the people in misery.

B2 noun bjʊəˈrɒk.rə.si

bureaucracy

Meaning

A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Example

Excessive bureaucracy can slow down decision-making.

C1 adjective /dɪˈmɛntɪd/

demented

Meaning

behaving irrationally due to mental illness or extreme excitement

Example

He looked demented after hearing the shocking news.

C2 noun ˈsaɪəns ˈdezət

science-desert

Meaning

A region or area lacking in scientific development, research facilities, or educational institutions.

Example

J.C. Bose thrived in a science-desert.

C2 noun /ˌfɪziˈɑːɡrəfi/

physiography

Meaning

the study of the physical features of the earth's surface

Example

He specialized in physiography to understand the landscape of the region.

C2 adjective /ɪnˈtɛmpərət/

intemperate

Meaning

Lacking self-control; immoderate, especially in indulgence.

Example

The politician's intemperate remarks caused controversy.

A2 preposition /dɪˈspaɪt/

despite

Meaning

Without being affected by; in spite of.

Example

He continued his work despite the difficulties.

B2 verb /swer/

swear

Meaning

to use offensive language; to promise solemnly; to take an oath

Example

I swear to tell the truth.

B2 noun /kwest/

Quest

Meaning

a journey or search for something; an adventure to achieve a goal

Example

The knight embarked on a quest to find the legendary treasure.

B2 noun /əˈdɪkʃən/

addiction

Meaning

A strong and harmful need to regularly have or do something, such as drugs, alcohol, or habits.

Example

His addiction to video games affected his studies.

A2 noun /ɛmˈplɔɪ.iː/

employee

Meaning

A person who works for an organization or company in return for payment.

Example

The company values each employee's contribution to its success.

C2 noun /ˈspɒt.ɪd sneɪk hed/

Spotted snake head

Meaning

a type of freshwater fish with spotted markings and an elongated head resembling a snake

Example

The spotted snake head is a popular fish for aquaculture in South Asia.

C1 noun kənˈsjuː.mə.rɪ.zəm

consumerism

Meaning

The tendency to increase consumption of goods and the importance given to consuming products.

Example

Modern consumerism leads to increased demand for luxury goods.

B2 adjective ˈaɪsəˌleɪtɪd

isolated

Meaning

Alone or separated from others; having little or no contact with other people.

Example

Technological advancements often leave people isolated.

B2 noun /ˌspeʃiˈælɪti/

Speciality

Meaning

a particular area of activity or interest that someone focuses on; expertise in a specific field

Example

His speciality is Italian cuisine.

A2 adjective /ˈfaɪ.nəl/

Final

Meaning

last; concluding; decisive; ultimate

Example

This is the final exam of the semester.

C1 verb /dɛlv/

delve

Meaning

To investigate deeply; to dig into a subject or area.

Example

The researcher delved into ancient manuscripts to find clues.

B2 adjective /ˈtʃeɪn.dʒə.bəl/

Changeable

Meaning

able to be changed; likely to change frequently

Example

The weather is very changeable in spring.

A1 noun /ˈhɒs.pɪ.təl/

hospital

Meaning

an institution where sick or injured people are given medical treatment

Example

He was taken to the hospital after the accident.

C1 verb /ˌpriːdɪˈspoʊz/

predispose

Meaning

To make someone more likely to behave in a certain way or be affected by something.

Example

His genetics may predispose him to diabetes.

C2 phrase ˌdʒʊə.rɪs.pruːˈden.ʃəl ˈbentʃ.mɑːk

jurisprudential benchmark

Meaning

A legal standard or precedent that serves as a reference point for future legal decisions.

Example

The decision set a jurisprudential benchmark.

B2 noun /ˈfɪzɪsɪst/

physicist

Meaning

a scientist who studies or specializes in physics

Example

The physicist explained the theory of relativity to the students.

C1 verb /ˈɡrætɪfaɪ/

gratify

Meaning

to give pleasure or satisfaction to someone

Example

It gratified him to know his work was appreciated.

C2 adverb /əˈmʌk/

amuck

Meaning

in a frenzied, uncontrolled, or chaotic manner

Example

The bull ran amuck through the village.

C1 noun /kənˈtentmənt/

contentment

Meaning

a state of happiness and satisfaction with what one has

Example

She felt a deep sense of contentment after helping others.

B2 noun /əˈmɛnəti/

amenity

Meaning

a useful or pleasant facility or feature of a place

Example

The apartment has every amenity needed for comfortable living.

B2 adjective /kəʊˈhɪə.rənt/

coherent

Meaning

Logical and consistent; forming a unified whole; clear and easy to understand.

Example

His speech was clear and coherent.

C2 noun /ˈvoʊkəbəl/

vocable

Meaning

a word, term, or sound that has meaning

Example

The dictionary contained thousands of vocables from different languages.

B2 noun breɪn ˈtreɪ.nɪŋ

brain-training

Meaning

Mental exercises designed to improve cognitive functions, memory retention, and overall brain performance.

Example

Regular brain-training can improve memory retention.

B1 adjective /ˈtemptɪŋ/

Tempting

Meaning

appealing to or attracting someone, even if wrong or inadvisable; alluring

Example

The chocolate cake looked very tempting in the bakery window.

C1 adverb /ˌɪn.ədˈvɜːr.tənt.li/

Inadvertently

Meaning

without being aware of what you are doing; unintentionally; by mistake

Example

She inadvertently deleted the important file while cleaning her computer.

B2 noun /ˌnɒməˈneɪʃən/

nomination

Meaning

The act of formally proposing someone for a role, position, or award.

Example

Her nomination for the award surprised everyone.

C1 noun/verb /ˈhɛmərɪdʒ/

hemorrhage

Meaning

A significant loss of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, or to lose blood heavily.

Example

The patient suffered a severe brain hemorrhage.

B2 verb /stɑːv/

starve

Meaning

to suffer or die from lack of food

Example

He was left to starve in the desert.

C1 adjective /ˈbær.ən/

Barren

Meaning

sterile; unable to produce; desolate; unproductive

Example

The barren desert stretched for miles without any vegetation.

C1 noun /ˈʌndərdɒɡ/

underdog

Meaning

a competitor thought to have little chance of winning; a weaker party in a contest

Example

The underdog team surprised everyone by winning the championship.

A2 noun /juːθ/

Youth

Meaning

the period between childhood and adult age; young people collectively; the state of being young

Example

He spent his youth traveling around the world.

C2 adjective /ɜːrˈbeɪn/

urbane

Meaning

showing polished manners, refinement, and sophistication

Example

He was an urbane gentleman who charmed everyone at the party.

C1 adjective /ˈɜːrθi/

earthy

Meaning

resembling or suggestive of earth or soil; simple, natural, and sometimes coarse

Example

The dish had a rich, earthy flavor from the mushrooms.

C2 adjective /ˈfluːviəl/

fluvial

Meaning

relating to or found in a river

Example

The fluvial deposits indicated the presence of an ancient river system.

C2 noun /ˌɑːbdʒərˈɡeɪʃən/

objurgation

Meaning

a harsh scolding or strong rebuke

Example

His misconduct earned him a severe objurgation from the manager.

A2 adjective /ˈpraɪ.mɛr.i/

primary

Meaning

Most important; main; happening first.

Example

Education is a primary factor in economic growth.

C1 verb /ˌoʊvərˈriːtʃ/

overreach

Meaning

to go beyond what is proper, acceptable, or achievable; to overextend

Example

The politician overreached by making promises he couldn't keep.

B1 verb /ˈkɒntrækt/

contract

Meaning

to make smaller; to enter into a formal agreement

Example

The company will contract a new supplier for materials.

B2 adverb /əˈfɪʃəli/

officially

Meaning

in a formal or authorized way

Example

The building was officially opened by the mayor.

B2 noun /ˈɡeɪt.weɪ/

Gateway

Meaning

an entrance or opening that provides access to a place; a means of achieving a particular state or condition

Example

The ancient stone gateway served as the entrance to the magnificent palace.

C2 noun /kəˈdʒoʊləri/

cajolery

Meaning

Flattering or coaxing talk intended to persuade someone.

Example

Through cajolery, he convinced his boss to grant him a raise.

C1 adjective ɡəˈlæktɪk

galactic

Meaning

Of or relating to a galaxy or galaxies.

Example

The galactic phenomena observed by the telescope were mesmerizing.

C2 noun /ˈbrɪn.dʒəl/

Brinjal

Meaning

a large purple vegetable that is white inside; also called eggplant

Example

My mother cooked brinjal curry for lunch.

B1 noun /kriˈeɪ.ʃənz/

creations

Meaning

Things that have been created, especially works of art or imaginative works.

Example

His creations astonished the world.

C1 adjective /ˈmɒnstrəs/

Monstrous

Meaning

extremely large; shockingly evil or wrong; abnormal or unnatural

Example

The monstrous crime shocked the entire community.

B2 noun daɪˈvɜːsɪti

diversity

Meaning

The state of being diverse; variety.

Example

Biodiversity promotes ecosystem stability and resilience.

B2 noun /ˈɜːnɪŋz/

earnings

Meaning

money obtained in return for labor or services

Example

Her monthly earnings are enough to support her family.

B1 adjective /ˈfrʌstreɪtɪd/

frustrated

Meaning

feeling annoyed or upset because of inability to achieve something

Example

She felt frustrated after failing the exam.

A2 noun /fɔːrk/

Fork

Meaning

a tool with two or more prongs used for eating or serving food

Example

Please use a fork to eat your salad.

C2 verb /dɪsˈpɔːrt/

disport

Meaning

To amuse oneself in a lively or playful way.

Example

The children disported themselves in the garden.

C1 adjective /ˌæprɪˈhɛnsɪv/

apprehensive

Meaning

feeling anxious or fearful that something bad will happen

Example

He was apprehensive about starting a new job in a foreign country.