B1 noun
C2 noun /ˌfəʊ.təʊ.sen.sɪˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/
photosensitivity
Meaning
Sensitivity to light, especially abnormal sensitivity that may cause discomfort or damage.
Example
Overrubbing can increase photosensitivity.
C1 adjective /prəˈlɪf.ɪk/
prolific
Meaning
Present in large numbers or quantities; plentiful; producing many works, results, or offspring.
Example
The author is prolific, having written over 30 books.
C1 noun /ˈplez.ən.tri/
Pleasantry
Meaning
a remark made in order to be polite or friendly; light conversation or jokes
Example
They exchanged pleasantries before the meeting began.
B1 verb /pɔːr/
pour
Meaning
to flow or cause to flow in a steady stream; to rain heavily
Example
Please pour the water into the glass carefully.
C1 noun proʊˈæktɪv ˈseɪvɪŋ
proactive saving
Meaning
Actively planning and setting aside money in advance to prepare for future financial needs
Example
Proactive saving ensures financial stability in old age.
B2 adjective /pɪˈkjuː.li.ər/
Peculiar
Meaning
strange or odd; unusual; belonging exclusively to
Example
She has a peculiar way of speaking.
B2 noun /proʊˈbeɪʃən/
probation
Meaning
a period of testing or supervision, especially for offenders or new employees
Example
He was placed on probation for six months.
B1 noun /ˈpɔːrʃən/
portion
Meaning
A part or share of something.
Example
She ate only a small portion of the meal.
B2 noun/verb /preɪ/
prey
Meaning
an animal hunted by another for food; to hunt and feed on
Example
Lions prey on zebras in the wild.
B2 noun /fɪˈzɪʃən/
physician
Meaning
a person qualified to practice medicine; a doctor
Example
The physician prescribed some medicine to treat the condition.
C2 noun /prɪˈsɛʃən/
precession
Meaning
The slow movement of the axis of a spinning body around another axis, often referring to Earth's rotation.
Example
Astronomers study the precession of the equinoxes.
C2 noun /ˌpɒlɪˈhiːdrən/
polyhedron
Meaning
a solid object with flat polygonal faces, straight edges, and vertices
Example
The mathematician studied a complex polyhedron model.
B2 noun pərˈsɛpʃən
perception
Meaning
The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses
Example
Our perception of the situation was shaped by our prior experiences.
C1 noun /ˈprɒv.ɜːb/
Proverb
Meaning
a short saying that expresses a general truth or gives advice
Example
The proverb 'Early to bed, early to rise' teaches us about good habits.
A2 noun, verb, adjective /ˈprɛzənt/
present
Meaning
existing or happening now; to give something to someone in a formal way
Example
She presented her report to the team yesterday.
B2 adverb /ˈprez.ənt.li/
Presently
Meaning
at the present time; soon; in a little while
Example
The doctor will see you presently.
A2 adjective /praʊd/
Proud
Meaning
feeling deep pleasure from one's achievements; having high self-respect
Example
She was proud of her daughter's academic achievements.
C1 adjective /prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/
precipitous
Meaning
Extremely steep or sudden; done quickly without careful consideration.
Example
The hikers struggled to climb the precipitous slope.
C1 noun /ˈpreɪsiː/
precis
Meaning
A concise summary of a text or speech.
Example
The student submitted a précis of the long article.
C1 adjective /pəˈrɛniəl/
perennial
Meaning
lasting or existing for a long time, or recurring continually
Example
Climate change is a perennial concern for scientists.
B2 adjective ˌprəʊˈæk.tɪv
proactive
Meaning
Taking action by causing change and not only reacting to change when it happens.
Example
Proactive strategies are needed to combat scarcity.
C1 noun /ˈpɛnɪtəns/
penitence
Meaning
The action or feeling of showing sorrow and regret for having done wrong.
Example
His eyes were full of penitence after realizing his mistake.
C2 noun /prəˈfʌn.dɪ.ti/
profundity
Meaning
Deep insight; great depth of knowledge or thought.
Example
The profundity of his words left a lasting impact.
B1 noun /ˈprɪnsɪpl/
principle
Meaning
A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior.
Example
Honesty is a key principle of leadership.
A1 noun ˈpɛrənts
Parents
Meaning
One's father and mother.
Example
The family tree starts with the child's parents.
B1 noun /ˈpɜr.fjuːm/
Perfume
Meaning
a fragrant liquid made from essential oils and alcohol; a pleasant smell
Example
She wore her favorite perfume to the party.
B1 noun /ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃən/
publication
Meaning
the act of making something publicly known or available
Example
The publication of the report sparked a debate.
C2 adjective /prɪˈzʌmptɪv/
presumptive
Meaning
Based on probability or assumption rather than proof.
Example
She is the presumptive nominee for the party.
C2 noun ˌpɜː.pɪˈtʃuː.ɪ.ti
perpetuity
Meaning
Permanence, eternity, continuity.
Example
The contract ensures payments in perpetuity.
A2 noun /ˈpoʊst ˌɒfɪs/
post office
Meaning
a public building or agency where mail is sent, received, and other postal services are provided
Example
I went to the post office to mail a package.
C1 adjective /priˈɛmptɪv/
preemptive
Meaning
Serving or intended to prevent something by taking action first.
Example
The government took preemptive measures to control inflation.
A2 noun /pəˈluː.ʃən/
pollution
Meaning
The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.
Example
Industrial pollution harms marine life.
C2 adjective /ˌpəʊstˈprændɪəl/
postprandial
Meaning
Occurring after a meal.
Example
He went for a postprandial walk after dinner.
C1 verb /ˈpɪlɪdʒ/
pillage
Meaning
to rob or plunder a place, especially during war
Example
The invading army pillaged the village and took all valuables.
A2 noun /ˈprəʊɡræm/
program
Meaning
a planned series of events or activities
Example
The program starts at 9 AM sharp.
A2 adverb /ˈprɒb.ə.bli/
Probably
Meaning
almost certainly; very likely; in all likelihood
Example
He will probably arrive late tonight.
A2 noun /ˈpeɪmənt/
payment
Meaning
the action or process of paying money for something
Example
The payment for the order was received yesterday.
C1 noun /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθɛtɪk ɪˈfɪʃənsi/
photosynthetic efficiency
Meaning
The measure of how effectively plants convert light energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis, directly affecting plant growth and crop yield.
Example
Improving photosynthetic efficiency can increase crop yields.
B1 noun /pɜːrs/
purse
Meaning
a small bag used by women to carry money and personal items
Example
She kept her wallet in her purse.
B2 adjective /ˈpɛti/
petty
Meaning
Of little importance or trivial; also describes a person overly concerned with small or unimportant matters.
Example
She often gets upset over the most petty things.
C1 noun /ˈpɛs.tɪ.saɪd ˈrɛz.ɪ.djuː/
pesticide-residue
Meaning
Chemical remnants left over from pesticides used on crops or in soil.
Example
Excess pesticide-residue in food can be harmful to health.
C1 noun /pəˈpaɪrəs/
papyrus
Meaning
An ancient writing material made from the pith of the papyrus plant; also refers to the plant itself.
Example
The ancient scroll was written on papyrus.
B2 adjective /ˈplɛʒərəbl/
pleasurable
Meaning
giving pleasure or enjoyment
Example
Reading a good book is a pleasurable activity.
B1 adjective /prɪˈsaɪs/
precise
Meaning
Marked by exactness and accuracy of expression or detail.
Example
She gave precise instructions for the experiment.
C1 adjective /prɪˈkoʊʃəs/
precocious
Meaning
Showing advanced development or maturity at an unusually early age.
Example
The precocious child was reading novels at the age of five.
A2 preposition/conjunction/noun/adjective /plʌs/
plus
Meaning
in addition to; a positive aspect or advantage
Example
She received an A plus on her exam.
C2 noun /ˌpaɪrəˈmeɪniə/
pyromania
Meaning
An uncontrollable desire to set things on fire.
Example
The suspect was diagnosed with pyromania after repeated incidents of arson.
C1 noun /ˈpaɪ.ə.ti/
Piety
Meaning
the quality of being religious or reverent; devout religious belief and practice
Example
His piety was evident in his daily prayers.
B2 noun /ˌpɪə.riˈɒd.ɪ.kəl/
periodical
Meaning
a magazine or journal published at regular intervals
Example
She subscribed to a science periodical.
A2 noun ˈpræktɪs
practice
Meaning
The actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method; repeated exercise in or performance of an activity or skill.
Example
Daily practice improves fluency.
B2 adjective /ˈpʌz.lɪŋ/
Puzzling
Meaning
confusing; perplexing;
Example
The scientist found the results puzzling.
C1 noun /ˈpær.ət biːk/
Parrot Beak
Meaning
a climbing plant with curved red and orange flowers resembling a parrot's beak
Example
The parrot beak flower's unique curved shape makes it a fascinating addition to any garden.
B1 noun, verb /praɪz/
prize
Meaning
something given as a reward for achievement; to value highly
Example
He won the first prize in the competition.
C1 noun /ˈprəʊ.lɒɡ/
prologue
Meaning
an introduction to a book, play, or event
Example
The novel begins with a short prologue set in the past.
B1 noun /ˈpæk.ɪt/
packet
Meaning
a small package or container holding items or information
Example
He bought a packet of biscuits from the shop.
C2 noun ˌpɜː.tɪˈnæs.ɪ.ti
pertinacity
Meaning
Firm determination and persistence in achieving something.
Example
His pertinacity in achieving his goals was inspiring.
B2 noun ˈprɑː.sest fuːdz
processed foods
Meaning
Foods that have been altered from their natural state through various methods such as canning, freezing, refrigeration, dehydration and aseptic processing.
Example
Excessive consumption of processed foods leads to health issues.
A2 noun /ˈpɛpər/
pepper
Meaning
a pungent spice obtained from pepper plants, used to flavor food
Example
I like to add pepper to my soup.
C1 adjective /pərˈsɛptəbl̩/
perceptible
Meaning
Able to be noticed or recognized by the senses or the mind.
Example
There was a perceptible change in the atmosphere.
C1 noun /ˌfɪziˈɑːlədʒi/
physiology
Meaning
the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms in a living system
Example
She is majoring in human physiology at the university.
C2 verb /pɔːrˈtɛnd/
portend
Meaning
To be a sign or warning that something, especially something bad, is going to happen.
Example
Dark clouds portend a storm.
C2 adjective /ˈpɑːmi/
palmy
Meaning
prosperous, flourishing, or relating to palm trees
Example
He often reminisced about the palmy days of his youth.
B2 verb /pliːd/
plead
Meaning
to make an emotional appeal; to present a case in court
Example
She pleaded for mercy.
C2 adjective /ˌfoʊtoʊɪˈlɛktrɪk/
photoelectric
Meaning
relating to the emission of electrons or other free carriers when light shines on a material
Example
The photoelectric effect is fundamental in solar panels.
C1 adjective /pəˈrɪfərəl/
peripheral
Meaning
Relating to or situated on the edge or outer parts of something.
Example
The town is located on the peripheral area of the city.
C1 noun /ˈpɔɪ.nən.si/
poignancy
Meaning
the quality of evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret; emotionally touching
Example
The poignancy of the farewell brought tears to everyone's eyes.
C2 adjective /ˈpɛneɪt/
pennate
Meaning
Having parts or structures arranged like a feather; feather-shaped.
Example
The fern has a pennate leaf structure.
B2 noun /ˈpref.ər.əns/
Preference
Meaning
a greater liking for one alternative over another or others
Example
She has a preference for classical music over pop music.
C2 noun /ˌpɛntəˈhiːdrən/
pentahedron
Meaning
A solid geometric figure with five faces.
Example
In geometry class, the teacher explained the structure of a pentahedron.
C1 noun /ˈplʌn.dər.ər/
Plunderer
Meaning
a person who steals goods, especially during war or civil disorder
Example
The plunderers ransacked the village after the battle.
C1 verb /ˈpæs.ɪ.faɪ/
pacify
Meaning
To quell the anger, agitation, or excitement of someone.
Example
The mother tried to pacify her crying child.
C1 noun /ˈprɒvənəns/
provenance
Meaning
The origin or source of something.
Example
The museum verified the provenance of the ancient manuscript.
C2 noun /pəˈlɛmɪk/
polemic
Meaning
a strong verbal or written attack on someone or something
Example
The article was a fierce polemic against the government's policies.
B1 verb /ˈpʌblɪʃ/
publish
Meaning
to print and distribute books, magazines, etc.; to make information available
Example
The author will publish her new novel next month.
A2 verb /prɪˈvent/
prevent
Meaning
to stop something from happening; to keep from occurring
Example
Vaccination helps prevent many diseases.
B2 adjective /ˈprɪv.ə.lɪdʒd/
Privileged
Meaning
having special advantages; favored; elite
Example
She comes from a privileged background with many opportunities.
A2 noun /pəˈliːsmən/
policeman
Meaning
a man whose job is to enforce the law and keep public order
Example
The policeman directed the traffic at the intersection.
C1 adjective /ˈpɪt.i.ləs/
pitiless
Meaning
showing no pity or compassion; cruel
Example
The pitiless ruler ignored the suffering of his people.
C1 adjective /ˈplɒd.ɪŋ/
plodding
Meaning
slow-moving and unexciting; showing steady effort
Example
The movie was entertaining but a bit plodding in the middle.
C2 noun /ˈpæntəˌskoʊp/
pantoscope
Meaning
An optical instrument that provides a wide or panoramic view.
Example
The scientist used a pantoscope to observe the entire horizon.
C1 verb /prɒd/
prod
Meaning
to poke or push someone or something with a finger, foot, or pointed object
Example
She prodded him in the arm to get his attention.
B2 noun /ˌpʌɪ.əˈnɪr/
Pioneer
Meaning
a person who is among the first to explore or settle a new area; someone who develops new ideas or methods
Example
She was a pioneer in the field of computer science.
C1 noun /ˈpɑːrtʃmənt/
parchment
Meaning
a thin material made from animal skin, used in the past for writing
Example
The ancient manuscript was written on parchment.
C1 noun /ˈpɜːʃən/
Persian
Meaning
a native or inhabitant of Iran; the language spoken in Iran (Farsi)
Example
The Persian language has a rich literary history.
C1 adjective /praɪˈmiːvəl/
primeval
Meaning
Relating to the earliest ages in history; ancient and primitive.
Example
The explorers ventured into the primeval forest untouched by humans.
B2 adjective /pəˈθet.ɪk/
Pathetic
Meaning
arousing pity; extremely poor or inadequate
Example
His pathetic attempt to apologize made things worse.
B2 noun /pledʒ/
Pledge
Meaning
a solemn promise or undertaking; something given as security for a loan; a commitment or guarantee
Example
He made a pledge to donate money to charity.
B2 noun /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/
psychology
Meaning
the scientific study of the mind and behavior
Example
Psychology helps us understand how people think and act.
C2 noun /ˌpliːnɪpəˈtɛnʃəri/
plenipotentiary
Meaning
a person invested with full power to act on behalf of another, especially in diplomacy
Example
The ambassador was a plenipotentiary sent to negotiate the treaty.
C1 noun /pɜːrl drɒp/
Pearl drop
Meaning
a single pearl used as jewelry, often in earrings or pendants
Example
The elegant pearl drop earrings complemented her outfit perfectly.
C1 noun /ˈpriːsɪŋkt/
precinct
Meaning
A district or area within the boundaries of a city, often for police or electoral purposes.
Example
She went to vote at her local precinct.
B2 adjective /ˈplɔː.zə.bəl/
plausible
Meaning
Seeming reasonable or probable; credible or believable.
Example
His excuse seemed plausible, but I had my doubts.
C2 noun /ˌpærəˈnɔɪæk/
paranoiac
Meaning
A person who suffers from paranoia or exhibits extreme, irrational distrust and suspicion.
Example
The paranoiac refused to leave his house, fearing everyone was against him.
B2 adverb /pəˈlɪtɪkəli/
politically
Meaning
in a way that relates to politics or government
Example
The country is politically divided between two major parties.
A2 noun /ˈpeɪn.tər/
Painter
Meaning
a person who paints pictures or decorates buildings
Example
The painter created a beautiful landscape on canvas.
C2 noun /ˈproʊbɪti/
probity
Meaning
The quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency.
Example
The judge was admired for his integrity and probity.
C2 adjective /pruːˈdɛnʃəl/
prudential
Meaning
involving or showing prudence, especially in financial or business matters
Example
The bank has set prudential rules to protect depositors.
B2 noun /ˈpɒlən/
pollen
Meaning
fine powder produced by flowers, used in fertilization
Example
Bees collect pollen from flowers to make honey.
C2 noun /ˈprɒsədi/
prosody
Meaning
The patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry and speech.
Example
The professor explained how prosody affects the mood of a poem.
B1 adverb /ˈpɜr.sən.ə.li/
Personally
Meaning
as a person; in one's own opinion; for oneself; in person
Example
Personally, I think the movie was excellent, though others disagree.
A2 noun /ˈpæs.ən.dʒər/
Passenger
Meaning
A person who travels in a vehicle but is not driving it
Example
The bus can carry thirty passengers.
C1 adjective prəˈvɪnʃəl
provincial
Meaning
Of or concerning a province of a country or empire.
Example
Bengali was not just a provincial language.
C2 adjective /ˈpɪd.lɪŋ/
Piddling
Meaning
trivial; insignificant; small in amount
Example
He was annoyed by the piddling amount of money he received.
C1 verb /prɪˈkluːd/
preclude
Meaning
To prevent something from happening; to make impossible.
Example
Heavy rain precluded the possibility of a picnic.
B2 verb /prɪˈzɜːv/
preserve
Meaning
to keep something in its original state; to protect from harm or decay
Example
We must preserve our natural environment.
A1 noun /fəʊn/
phone
Meaning
a device for communication, typically used to make calls or send messages
Example
I need to charge my phone.
A2 noun ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃən
population
Meaning
All the inhabitants of a particular place; the number of people living in a country or region.
Example
The population supported autonomy.
C1 adjective /ˈpɔɪ.njənt/
poignant
Meaning
evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret; deeply touching
Example
The movie's ending was so poignant that many in the audience were moved to tears.
A2 noun /pen stænd/
Pen stand
Meaning
a container or holder designed to keep pens, pencils, and other writing instruments organized
Example
He organized his pens in the pen stand on his desk.
C2 noun /pʌɡˈnæsɪti/
pugnacity
Meaning
A natural disposition to be combative or aggressive.
Example
The coach admired the player's pugnacity on the field.
A2 noun ˈpraɪsɪz
prices
Meaning
The amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something.
Example
Rising prices are affecting consumer spending.
B2 noun /ˈpaɪ.rə.si/
Piracy
Meaning
the practice of attacking and robbing ships at sea; the unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted material
Example
Software piracy costs companies billions of dollars annually.
A2 adjective /ˈprɒpər/
proper
Meaning
conforming to accepted standards of behavior or morality
Example
He made sure to wear proper attire for the interview.
B2 verb /pəˈluːt/
pollute
Meaning
to make air, water, or land dirty and harmful to people, animals, and plants
Example
Factories pollute the environment with toxic chemicals.
C2 noun /pɜːr bɔɪld raɪs/
Per boiled rice
Meaning
Rice that has been partially boiled in the husk before milling; parboiled rice
Example
Per boiled rice retains more nutrients than regular white rice.
C1 noun /ˈpɪn.sərz/
Pincers
Meaning
a tool made of two curved or hinged pieces of metal used for gripping and pulling things
Example
The chef used pincers to remove the hot pot from the stove.
C2 noun /ˈfærɪsiː/
pharisee
Meaning
A member of an ancient Jewish sect; by extension, a self-righteous or hypocritical person.
Example
He acted like a pharisee, judging others while ignoring his own faults.
B2 noun /prɪˈdɪk.ʃən/
Prediction
Meaning
a statement about what will happen in the future; a forecast
Example
The weather prediction says it will rain tomorrow.
C1 adjective /pɪˈkjuːniˌɛri/
pecuniary
Meaning
relating to money or financial matters
Example
They faced pecuniary difficulties after the business failed.
A2 noun /pɒt/
Pot
Meaning
a deep round container used for cooking food
Example
She put the vegetables in a large pot to make soup.