B1 noun
C2 noun /ˈprɒsədi/
prosody
Meaning
The patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry and speech.
Example
The professor explained how prosody affects the mood of a poem.
C1 noun /ˈper.ɪ.wɪŋ.kəl/
Periwinkle
Meaning
a small trailing plant with violet-blue or white flowers
Example
Purple periwinkles covered the garden ground beautifully.
C1 noun /ˈpeɪθɒs/
pathos
Meaning
a quality in speech, writing, or events that evokes pity or deep emotion
Example
The documentary balanced pathos with hope, making the audience both weep and think.
C2 noun /foʊˈtɑːmɪtri/
photometry
Meaning
the science of measuring visible light in terms of its perceived brightness to human eyes
Example
Photometry helps in designing efficient lighting systems.
B1 noun /ˈpɪdʒ.ən/
Pigeon
Meaning
a grey and white bird with a fat body that is common in cities
Example
The pigeon pecked at breadcrumbs on the sidewalk.
A2 noun /ˈpeɪmənt/
payment
Meaning
the action or process of paying money for something
Example
The payment for the order was received yesterday.
C2 adverb /ˈprɒksɪmətli/
proximately
Meaning
In a near or close manner; nearly.
Example
The village lies proximately to the river.
B1 adjective; verb (past and past participle of prepare) /prɪˈpɛrd/
prepared
Meaning
made ready in advance; having made plans or taken steps beforehand
Example
She was fully prepared for the final exam.
C2 noun /ˌpɛntəˈhiːdrən/
pentahedron
Meaning
A solid geometric figure with five faces.
Example
In geometry class, the teacher explained the structure of a pentahedron.
B2 noun /ˈprɒvɪns/
province
Meaning
a principal administrative division of certain countries or empires.
Example
The province is known for its rich cultural heritage and stunning landscapes.
B1 noun /plʌm/
Plum
Meaning
a small round fruit with smooth red or purple skin, sweet flesh, and a single large seed
Example
The purple plum was juicy and delicious.
C1 adjective /ˈpiːvɪʃ/
peevish
Meaning
Easily irritated, especially by unimportant things.
Example
The child grew peevish when denied candy.
B2 noun /ˈpɑːrtɪkəl/
particle
Meaning
a very small piece or amount of something
Example
Dust particles floated in the air near the window.
B1 adverb /ˈpriːviəsli/
previously
Meaning
at an earlier time or before now
Example
She had previously worked at a bank before starting her own business.
C2 adjective /ˌpəʊstˈprændɪəl/
postprandial
Meaning
Occurring after a meal.
Example
He went for a postprandial walk after dinner.
C1 verb /pərˈplɛks/
perplex
Meaning
To confuse or puzzle someone.
Example
The complex instructions perplexed the students.
C2 noun /poʊˈzɜːr/
poseur
Meaning
A person who pretends to be something they are not, often to impress others.
Example
Many considered him a poseur because he exaggerated his accomplishments.
C2 verb /ˈpʌlvəraɪz/
pulverize
Meaning
To crush or grind something into a fine powder; to completely defeat or destroy.
Example
The machine can pulverize stones into dust.
B1 verb /ˈpɜːrtʃəs/
purchase
Meaning
to buy something; to acquire by paying money
Example
I need to purchase groceries for the week.
B2 adjective /ˈplɛʒərəbl/
pleasurable
Meaning
giving pleasure or enjoyment
Example
Reading a good book is a pleasurable activity.
C2 verb /ˈpɛtɪˌfɒɡ/
pettifog
Meaning
to argue or quibble over trivial matters; to engage in petty, dishonest practices
Example
The lawyer was accused of trying to pettifog instead of addressing the real issue.
C2 noun /ˈpoʊ.ɪˌtæs.tər/
poetaster
Meaning
an inferior or trivial poet
Example
He was mocked as a poetaster by the literary critics.
C2 verb /prəˈpaʊnd/
propound
Meaning
To put forward an idea, theory, or point for consideration.
Example
The professor propounded a new theory on climate change.
C2 noun /ˌpɜːrtərˈbeɪʃn/
perturbation
Meaning
A state of anxiety, disturbance, or disorder.
Example
The announcement caused a perturbation in the financial markets.
B2 adjective /pælɛˈstɪnɪən/
palestinian
Meaning
relating to Palestine or its people
Example
The Palestinian people have a rich cultural heritage.
B2 noun ˈpærəˌlɛlz
parallels
Meaning
Similarities or comparisons between two different things or situations
Example
There are parallels between Japan's aging issues and Bangladesh's situation.
B1 noun ˈplæt.fɔːrmz
platforms
Meaning
Computing environments where software applications can be developed and run.
Example
Different platforms offer diverse digital solutions.
C2 noun /prɪˈzɛntmənt/
presentment
Meaning
The act of presenting something formally or officially; a formal statement or document.
Example
The lawyer made a presentment of the evidence to the court.
B2 noun, adjective /ˌpəʊstˈɡrædʒuət/
postgraduate
Meaning
A student who has completed a first degree and is studying for a further degree.
Example
She is doing postgraduate research in physics.
B2 adjective /ˈpɒlɪʃt/
polished
Meaning
refined, sophisticated, and elegant in appearance or behavior
Example
She gave a polished performance at the recital.
C2 verb /ˈproʊtjuːbəreɪt/
protuberate
Meaning
To swell out or bulge.
Example
The roots began to protuberate from the ground.
A2 noun /ˈprɪzən/
prison
Meaning
a building where people are kept as punishment for a crime or while waiting for trial
Example
He was sent to prison for his crimes.
C2 noun /ˈpær.ɪ.saɪd/
parricide
Meaning
The act of killing one's father, mother, or other close relative.
Example
The court tried him for parricide after the tragic incident.
C1 noun ˈfeɪz.aʊt
phase-out
Meaning
A gradual reduction and eventual elimination of something.
Example
A phase-out of fossil fuels was agreed upon.
C2 noun /ˌpɛrəɡrɪˈneɪʃən/
peregrination
Meaning
A long journey or wandering, especially on foot.
Example
Their peregrination across Asia lasted two years.
B1 noun /ˈpɜː.sən.əl ˈdeɪ.tə/
personal data
Meaning
Information that relates to an individual's private, sensitive, or identifiable data
Example
Protecting personal data is crucial in the digital age.
A2 noun /fəˈtɒɡrəfə/
photographer
Meaning
a person who takes photographs professionally
Example
The photographer captured the beauty of nature.
B1 noun /ˈpɑr.səl/
Parcel
Meaning
an object or collection of objects wrapped in paper for carrying or sending by mail; a piece of land
Example
The postman delivered a parcel to our door.
C1 verb pleɪɡd
plagued
Meaning
Troubled or afflicted persistently by problems or difficulties.
Example
People are plagued by anxiety and depression.
B1 noun /ˈpoʊ.lər beər/
Polar Bear
Meaning
a large white bear that lives in the Arctic regions
Example
The polar bear swims in the icy Arctic waters.
A1 noun /ˈpɜːrsən/
person
Meaning
an individual human being
Example
She is a kind person who always helps others.
C1 noun /prəˈpɛlənt/
propellant
Meaning
A substance that drives or pushes something forward, especially fuel in rockets or engines.
Example
The rocket uses a liquid propellant to launch into space.
B2 noun /ˈfoʊ.bi.ə/
Phobia
Meaning
an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something
Example
She has a phobia of spiders.
C2 noun /ˈpɑːrsɪmoʊni/
parsimony
Meaning
extreme unwillingness to spend money or use resources
Example
His parsimony was evident in the way he avoided any unnecessary expenses.
C1 adjective /pəˈmɪs.ɪv/
permissive
Meaning
Allowing or characterized by great or excessive freedom of behavior; very lenient or indulgent.
Example
Permissive parenting can sometimes lead to a lack of discipline in children.
C2 noun /prəˈpɪŋkwɪti/
propinquity
Meaning
the state of being close to someone or something; proximity
Example
The propinquity of their houses made them close friends.
A2 noun /ˈpɒkɪt/
Meaning
a small, enclosed space in clothing for carrying items
Example
He put his phone in his pocket.
C1 adjective /pərˈsɛptəbl̩/
perceptible
Meaning
Able to be noticed or recognized by the senses or the mind.
Example
There was a perceptible change in the atmosphere.
C1 noun /plæsˈtɪsəti/
plasticity
Meaning
the quality of being easily shaped or molded; adaptability
Example
The brain's plasticity allows it to adapt after injury.
B2 noun /pəˈtɪʃən/
petition
Meaning
a formal written request, typically signed by many people, appealing to authority about a cause
Example
They signed a petition to improve road safety in the area.
C2 noun /ˌprɪnsɪˈpæləti/
principality
Meaning
a state ruled by a prince
Example
Monaco is a famous principality in Europe.
C2 noun /ˌfɪzɪˈɑːkrəsi/
physiocracy
Meaning
an economic theory that land and its natural products are the source of wealth
Example
Physiocracy emphasized the importance of agriculture in national wealth.
C1 noun /pəˈtɜːrnəti/
paternity
Meaning
The state of being someone's father.
Example
He demanded a paternity test to confirm his relationship with the child.
C1 verb /piːk/
pique
Meaning
to stimulate interest or curiosity; to arouse resentment or anger
Example
Her remarks piqued his curiosity about the secret project.
B2 noun prɪˈsɪʒ.ən
precision
Meaning
The quality of being exact and accurate.
Example
High precision instruments are used in surgery.
C2 noun /ˈproʊtoʊˌplæzəm/
protoplasm
Meaning
The living substance inside a cell, including the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Example
Scientists observed the movement of protoplasm under the microscope.
C2 verb /ˈpɜː.fə.reɪt/
perforate
Meaning
to make a hole or holes through something
Example
The machine can perforate sheets of paper for easy tearing.
B2 noun prəˈɡreʃ.ən
progression
Meaning
The process of developing or moving gradually towards a more advanced state.
Example
Progression in technology drives innovation.
B2 adjective /ˈpəʊstwɔːr/
postwar
Meaning
occurring or existing after a war
Example
The postwar period saw significant economic growth.
B1 noun /ˈpɒlɪtɪks/
politics
Meaning
activities related to the governance of a country or area, especially the debate between parties having power
Example
Politics often involves making difficult decisions.
C2 adjective /ˈpɑːrləs/
parlous
Meaning
Full of danger or risk; precarious.
Example
The company is in a parlous financial state.
C1 verb /prɪˈzaɪd/
preside
Meaning
to be in charge of a meeting, event, or organization
Example
She will preside over the meeting tomorrow.
C1 adjective /ˈpɪθ.i/
pithy
Meaning
concise and meaningful; full of substance
Example
She gave a pithy comment that summarized the issue perfectly.
C2 noun /pruːd/
prude
Meaning
A person who is easily shocked by matters relating to sex or nudity; someone overly modest.
Example
He was called a prude for blushing at the movie scenes.
C2 noun /ˌsuːdəˈnɪmɪti/
pseudonymity
Meaning
the practice or state of using a pseudonym
Example
The author maintained pseudonymity throughout her career.
B2 adjective /ˈprɛdʒədɪst/
prejudiced
Meaning
having or showing a dislike or bias against a person or group without proper reason
Example
He was prejudiced against people from other regions.
C1 verb /ˈprɪkəl/
prickle
Meaning
to cause a slight stinging or tingling sensation on the skin
Example
Her skin began to prickle in the cold wind.
C2 noun /ˈpærəmʊr/
paramour
Meaning
a lover, especially an illicit one
Example
The secret paramour was finally revealed.
C1 noun /plɔɪ/
ploy
Meaning
a clever plan or action designed to gain an advantage
Example
She used a clever ploy to win the debate.
B2 verb /pəˈluːt/
pollute
Meaning
to make air, water, or land dirty and harmful to people, animals, and plants
Example
Factories pollute the environment with toxic chemicals.
C2 verb /poʊˈtɛnʃiˌeɪt/
potentiate
Meaning
To increase the power, effect, or likelihood of something.
Example
Caffeine can potentiate the effects of some medicines.
C1 noun /ˈpoʊtənsi/
potency
Meaning
The power or ability of something to affect or influence; strength or effectiveness.
Example
The potency of the new medicine amazed the doctors.
C1 adjective /ˈpɪt.i.ləs/
pitiless
Meaning
showing no pity or compassion; cruel
Example
The pitiless ruler ignored the suffering of his people.
C1 noun /ˈprɛəri/
prairie
Meaning
A large open area of grassland, especially in North America.
Example
The bison roamed freely across the prairie.
B2 adjective /ˈpen.dɪŋ/
Pending
Meaning
awaiting; not yet decided or settled; in the process of being completed
Example
The application is still pending approval.
C1 noun /saɪˈkoʊsɪs/
psychosis
Meaning
A severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are impaired, leading to a loss of contact with reality.
Example
The patient was diagnosed with psychosis after experiencing hallucinations.
B1 noun /pɜːrl/
Pearl
Meaning
a hard, lustrous object produced within the soft tissue of a shelled mollusk; used in jewelry
Example
She wore a beautiful pearl necklace to the wedding.
B2 verb /ˈpenɪtreɪt/
penetrate
Meaning
to go into or through something; to understand something deeply
Example
The bullet penetrated the wall.
C2 adjective /ˌpɜːrtɪˈneɪʃəs/
pertinacious
Meaning
holding firmly to an opinion, purpose, or course of action; stubbornly persistent
Example
The pertinacious lawyer refused to give up the case.
B2 noun /plʌɡ/
plug
Meaning
a device used to connect or block an opening
Example
She inserted the plug into the socket.
C1 noun /prəˈtruːʒən/
protrusion
Meaning
Something that sticks out or projects from a surface.
Example
The protrusion on the wall made it difficult to move the furniture.
B2 noun /pəˈsjuːt/
pursuit
Meaning
the act of chasing or trying to achieve something
Example
He dedicated his life to the pursuit of happiness.
C2 noun /ˈprɪvɪti/
privity
Meaning
A close, private, or special relationship; in law, the direct connection between parties to a contract.
Example
There was no privity of contract between the supplier and the customer.
C1 adjective /ˈpɜːrmiəbl̩/
permeable
Meaning
allowing liquids or gases to pass through
Example
The soil in this area is very permeable to water.
A2 noun /ˈpɑːtnər/
partner
Meaning
a person who shares or is associated with another in some action or endeavor
Example
She is my business partner in the new venture.
B2 adverb /pɪˈkju:.li.ə.li/
Peculiarly
Meaning
in a strange or unusual way; in a manner that is distinctive or characteristic
Example
She dressed peculiarly for the formal dinner, wearing bright colors and unusual patterns.
C1 noun /ˌpæn.əˈræm.ə/
panorama
Meaning
An unbroken view of the whole region surrounding an observer.
Example
From the hilltop, we enjoyed a breathtaking panorama of the city.
B2 noun /ˈpoʊ.di.əm/
Podium
Meaning
a small platform on which a person may stand to be seen by an audience
Example
The winner stood on the podium to receive the gold medal.
B2 noun /ˈfɪzɪsɪst/
physicist
Meaning
a scientist who studies or specializes in physics
Example
The physicist explained the theory of relativity to the students.
C1 adjective /fəˈnɛtɪk/
phonetic
Meaning
relating to the sounds of speech or pronunciation
Example
The teacher taught the students the phonetic spelling of difficult words.
B1 noun /ˈplʌm.ər/
plumber
Meaning
a person who installs or repairs water pipes
Example
The plumber fixed the leaking pipe in the kitchen.
A1 noun /ˈpeɪ.pər/
paper
Meaning
A material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substances, used for writing or printing on.
Example
The student submitted his research paper on artificial intelligence.
C1 adjective /ˈpjuː.ni/
puny
Meaning
Small, weak, or insignificant.
Example
He felt puny compared to his stronger classmates.
C1 noun /ˌpærəfəˈneɪliə/
paraphernalia
Meaning
Miscellaneous articles, especially equipment needed for a particular activity.
Example
The fisherman carried all his fishing paraphernalia in a large box.
C1 noun /ˈprɒfəsi/
prophecy
Meaning
a prediction or message about the future, often believed to be divinely inspired
Example
The prophecy foretold the rise of a great leader.
B2 verb /ˈprɒspər/
prosper
Meaning
to succeed or flourish, especially in financial or business matters
Example
With hard work and determination, she managed to prosper in her career.
C2 noun ˌpɜː.pɪˈtʃuː.ɪ.ti
perpetuity
Meaning
Permanence, eternity, continuity.
Example
The contract ensures payments in perpetuity.
B1 noun /pɪl/
pill
Meaning
a small round piece of medicine to be swallowed
Example
He took a pill to relieve his headache.
C1 verb /prɪˈdɒmɪneɪt/
predominate
Meaning
To be the strongest, most common, or most influential element.
Example
Traditional values still predominate in the community.
C1 verb ˈplʌmɪtɪŋ
plummeting
Meaning
Falling or dropping suddenly and steeply; decreasing rapidly
Example
The fertility rate in Bangladesh is plummeting.
B2 noun /ˈpæntri/
pantry
Meaning
A small room or cupboard where food, dishes, and kitchen supplies are stored.
Example
She stocked the pantry with fresh groceries for the week.
B1 noun /peɪs/
pace
Meaning
the speed at which something happens or is done
Example
She walked at a slow pace.
C2 noun /ˈplɛntɪtjuːd/
plentitude
Meaning
the condition of being full or abundant
Example
The garden offered a plentitude of flowers in spring.
C2 adjective /ˌpɛrɪpəˈtɛtɪk/
peripatetic
Meaning
Traveling from place to place, especially for work or based on lifestyle.
Example
He led a peripatetic life as a traveling teacher.
A1 noun /praɪs/
price
Meaning
the amount of money expected, required, or given for something
Example
The price of the car has increased recently.
C2 verb /proʊˈskraɪb/
proscribe
Meaning
to forbid something by law or authority
Example
The new law will proscribe the use of harmful chemicals in farming.
B2 noun /ˈpæθweɪ/
pathway
Meaning
a route or course along which something travels or progresses
Example
The narrow pathway led to the hidden garden.
C2 adjective /prəˈtuːbərənt/
protuberant
Meaning
Sticking out or bulging.
Example
His protuberant belly showed after the meal.
B2 noun /prɪˈskrɪpʃən/
prescription
Meaning
A written order from a doctor for the preparation and administration of a medicine; also, a recommendation or authoritative rule.
Example
The doctor gave her a prescription for antibiotics.
B1 adverb /ˈpɜr.sən.ə.li/
Personally
Meaning
as a person; in one's own opinion; for oneself; in person
Example
Personally, I think the movie was excellent, though others disagree.
C2 noun /ˈpaʊ.waʊ/
powwow
Meaning
an informal meeting or conference to discuss something
Example
The team held a quick powwow before the presentation.
C1 noun /pɪˌdɛs.tri.ə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
pedestrianization
Meaning
Making areas pedestrian-friendly, closing any area to vehicle traffic and making it open only for pedestrians.
Example
The pedestrianization of city centers reduces pollution.
C1 noun /prɪˈrɒɡətɪv/
prerogative
Meaning
a special right or privilege exclusive to a particular person or group
Example
It is the manager’s prerogative to make the final decision.
C1 adjective /ˈpɒp.jʊ.ləs/
Populous
Meaning
having a large population; densely populated; crowded with people
Example
China is the most populous country in the world.
C2 adjective /pəˈlædʒ.ɪk/
pelagic
Meaning
Relating to the open sea or ocean water column, away from the shore.
Example
Pelagic fish like tuna are found far from the coast.
B1 adjective /peɪl/
Pale
Meaning
having a light color; lacking brightness or vividness; weak or faint
Example
She looked pale after being sick for a week.
C1 adjective /ˈpʌn.dʒənt/
Pungent
Meaning
sharp; strong-smelling; acrid;
Example
The pungent smell of garlic filled the kitchen.
C1 noun /ˈprɛsɪdəns/ or /prɪˈsiːdəns/
precedence
Meaning
the condition of being considered more important than someone or something else; priority
Example
Safety takes precedence over speed in this factory.
C1 verb /præns/
prance
Meaning
To move with high, springy steps, often to show off or attract attention.
Example
The horse pranced around the field gracefully.
C1 noun /ˈprɒspɛktər/
prospector
Meaning
a person who searches for mineral deposits, especially gold
Example
The prospector spent years in the mountains searching for gold.