B2 noun ˈmɪdl klæs

middle-class

Meaning

The social group between the upper and working classes, typically consisting of well-educated people.

Example

The middle-class was largely affected by the decision.

C1 noun /ˈsɪməli/

simile

Meaning

A figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another using 'like' or 'as'.

Example

She used a simile to describe her eyes as bright as stars.

B1 noun dɪˈskʌvəriz

discoveries

Meaning

The action or process of finding or learning something for the first time; facts or things discovered.

Example

His discoveries revolutionized multiple fields.

B2 noun /ɡɪə(r)/

gear

Meaning

Equipment or apparatus for a particular purpose; also a toothed wheel in machinery.

Example

The climber packed all his gear before starting the journey.

A2 noun /ˈtʊərɪst/

tourist

Meaning

a person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure

Example

The city attracts many tourists every year.

C1 noun /ˈkærɪkətjʊə/

caricature

Meaning

A picture or description that exaggerates certain features for comic or satirical effect.

Example

The magazine published a caricature of the politician.

C2 adjective /ˈmæk.jʊˌleɪ.tɪd/

maculated

Meaning

Spotted or stained; marked with blemishes.

Example

The maculated surface of the old mirror gave it a unique charm.

C1 adjective /dɪˈsɜːrnɪŋ/

discerning

Meaning

having good judgment or insight; able to distinguish well

Example

He is a discerning reader who notices subtle details.

B2 adjective /ˌprɒb.ləˈmæt.ɪk/

Problematic

Meaning

causing problems; troublesome; difficult to deal with

Example

The new policy changes are problematic and need to be reviewed.

C2 adjective /ʌnəˈpiːzd/

unappeased

Meaning

Not satisfied or calmed; still feeling discontent or anger

Example

Despite the apology, she remained unappeased.

B2 noun /rɪˈmeɪn.dər/

Remainder

Meaning

the part that is left over; what remains after the other parts have been taken away

Example

The remainder of the food was stored in the refrigerator.

C1 noun /ˈtraɪ.fəl/

Trifle

Meaning

something of little importance or value; a small amount

Example

Don't worry about such a trifle; it's not worth your time.

A1 number /ˌfɪfˈtiːn/

fifteen

Meaning

the number 15

Example

There are fifteen students in the class.

B1 noun /ˈsɜr.fɪs/

Surface

Meaning

the outside part or uppermost layer of something

Example

The submarine emerged to the surface of the ocean.

C1 noun /ˈlɛdʒɪsleɪtər/

legislator

Meaning

a person who makes laws, especially a member of a legislative body

Example

The legislator introduced a bill to improve healthcare.

C2 noun /ˈlɔːndrəs/

laundress

Meaning

A woman whose job is washing clothes and linens.

Example

The laundress delivered the freshly cleaned clothes to the household.

C1 adjective /ˈpɒlɪtɪk/

politic

Meaning

shrewd, prudent, or tactful in practical matters

Example

It was politic of him to remain silent during the argument.

B2 noun /əˌdæptəˈbɪləti/

adaptability

Meaning

The quality of being able to adjust to new conditions or circumstances

Example

Adaptability to changing environments is crucial in business.

C1 noun ˈdaɪ.nə.sti

dynasty

Meaning

A line of hereditary rulers of a country; a succession of people from the same family who play a prominent role in business, politics, or another field.

Example

The Ming dynasty ruled China for centuries.

C2 noun /ˈsætər/

satyr

Meaning

a creature from Greek mythology depicted as a lustful being, often half-man and half-goat; by extension, a lecherous man

Example

In the museum mural, a satyr plays the panpipes while dancing in the woods.

C2 noun /spjuːm/

spume

Meaning

Froth or foam, especially found on waves or liquids.

Example

The waves crashed against the rocks, leaving spume in the air.

B2 noun əˌkjuː.mjəˈleɪ.ʃən

accumulation

Meaning

The gradual gathering or collecting of something over time.

Example

The accumulation of dust affects appliance efficiency.

B1 noun /træm kɑːr/

Tram car

Meaning

An electric vehicle that runs on rails along the street

Example

The tram car stopped at every station in the city center.

B2 noun /ˈset.əl.mənt/

Settlement

Meaning

a place where people establish a community; an agreement that ends a dispute

Example

The early settlement was built near the river for easy access to water.

B1 noun /ɪnˈstrʌkʃənz/

instructions

Meaning

Detailed information on how something should be done or operated.

Example

Please follow the instructions on the box.

C1 noun ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən

Pollination

Meaning

The process by which pollen is transferred from flowers, enabling plant reproduction.

Example

Butterflies play a vital role in pollination.

C1 adjective /prəˈfɛtɪk/

prophetic

Meaning

accurately predicting or describing what will happen in the future

Example

His prophetic words came true after many years.

C1 adverb /ˈhɒtli/

hotly

Meaning

in an intense, angry, or passionate way

Example

She hotly denied the accusations.

A1 noun /bəˈnæn.ə/

Banana

Meaning

a long curved fruit with yellow skin and soft sweet flesh

Example

Bananas are a good source of potassium.

A2 noun /ˈnɛtˌwɜrk/

network

Meaning

A system of interconnected people, things, or computers.

Example

She built a strong professional network.

C1 adjective /ˌɪntərˈtʃeɪndʒəbl/

interchangeable

Meaning

able to be exchanged with each other without difference or loss of function

Example

These machine parts are interchangeable, so they can be replaced easily.

C2 noun /ˈkreɪniəm/

cranium

Meaning

the skull, especially the part enclosing the brain

Example

The archaeologists carefully examined the ancient cranium.

C2 noun /ˈtʃæm.pæk/

Champak

Meaning

a fragrant yellow or white flower from a tree native to South Asia, used in perfumes and religious ceremonies

Example

The champak tree in the temple courtyard bloomed with golden flowers.

C1 noun /ˈtuːsəm/

twosome

Meaning

A pair of people considered together, often in a romantic or competitive context.

Example

They entered the dance competition as a twosome.

C1 noun /ˈbɛd.rɒk/

bedrock

Meaning

the solid rock layer beneath the soil; the fundamental basis of something

Example

Trust is the bedrock of a healthy relationship.

C1 noun /ˈsɛntɪnəl/

sentinel

Meaning

A soldier or guard whose job is to stand and keep watch.

Example

A sentinel stood at the entrance of the camp.

B2 adjective /ˈruːθ.ləs/

Ruthless

Meaning

showing no pity or compassion; cruel; merciless

Example

The ruthless dictator showed no mercy to his enemies.

C1 verb /ˈdæŋɡəl/

dangle

Meaning

to hang loosely or swing freely

Example

The keys dangled from his belt.

C2 verb /ˈmɔːndər/

maunder

Meaning

To speak or move aimlessly and incoherently.

Example

He maundered on about his old memories.

B2 noun səbˈstænʃəl ˈɪmpækt

substantial impact

Meaning

A significant, considerable, and meaningful effect or influence.

Example

Substantial impact is possible even with a few hours of volunteering.

B2 adjective, noun /ˈsɪŋɡjələr/

singular

Meaning

Remarkable, extraordinary; or grammatical form referring to one person or thing.

Example

She has a singular talent for painting.

C1 noun /ˌvəʊ.kəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/

vocalization

Meaning

The action of producing sounds with the voice; the expression of thoughts or feelings in spoken words.

Example

The vocalization of the singer captivated the audience.

C2 adjective /æbˈhɔːr.ənt/

Abhorrent

Meaning

extremely unpleasant and causing disgust; detestable

Example

The idea of animal cruelty is abhorrent to most people.

C2 noun /ˌɛmjʊˈleɪ.ʃən/

emulation

Meaning

Reproducing something or following someone to achieve success.

Example

The software allows the emulation of old video games on modern devices.

C1 noun /ˈmɒn.ɑːk/

Monarch

Meaning

a sovereign ruler, especially a king or queen

Example

The monarch addressed the nation on television.

C1 verb /aʊtˈwɪt/

outwit

Meaning

to defeat or gain an advantage over someone by being more clever or cunning

Example

The fox managed to outwit the hunters.

C1 noun/verb /rɪˈpoʊz/

repose

Meaning

a state of rest, sleep, or tranquility; to rest or lie in a peaceful position

Example

After the long journey, she sought repose in the quiet garden.

B2 adjective /ˈstʌb.ərn/

Stubborn

Meaning

refusing to change opinion or course of action; persistent; obstinate

Example

The stubborn child refused to eat his vegetables.

C2 adjective /ˈkreɪvən/

craven

Meaning

cowardly; lacking courage

Example

He was too craven to stand up for his beliefs.

B2 adjective /dɪˈzɜːrtɪd/

deserted

Meaning

Empty of people; abandoned.

Example

The village looked completely deserted after the storm.

B2 verb /siːz/

seize

Meaning

To take hold of suddenly and forcibly.

Example

The police managed to seize the stolen goods.

B2 verb /bɑːrk/

bark

Meaning

to make a sharp sound like a dog; to speak angrily

Example

The dog barks at strangers.

C1 verb ɪˈnɪʃɪeɪtɪd

initiated

Meaning

Caused a process or action to begin; started something.

Example

The project was initiated to enhance marine biodiversity.

B2 noun /kənˈspɪrəsi/

conspiracy

Meaning

A secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful.

Example

The police uncovered a conspiracy to overthrow the government.

C1 noun, verb /ˈliːvər/ or /ˈlɛvər/

lever

Meaning

a rigid bar used to move or lift heavy objects; to move something using leverage.

Example

He used a lever to lift the heavy stone.

C1 verb /ˈwɒd.əl/

waddle

Meaning

to walk with short steps and a clumsy swaying motion, like a duck

Example

The duck waddled across the yard.

C1 noun /ˈfiː.nɪks/

phoenix

Meaning

a mythical bird that is reborn from its ashes; symbol of immortality or renewal

Example

The legend says the phoenix rises from its ashes every 500 years.

B1 adjective ˈpræktɪkəl

practical

Meaning

Concerned with actual use rather than theory; realistic and sensible.

Example

A practical approach is needed for solving complex problems.

C2 noun /ˌpɛrəɡrɪˈneɪʃən/

peregrination

Meaning

A long journey or wandering, especially on foot.

Example

Their peregrination across Asia lasted two years.

B2 adverb /ˈstɛdɪli/

steadily

Meaning

in a regular and continuous way; without stopping or changing

Example

The company's profits have been increasing steadily.

B2 noun ˈskeə.sɪ.ti

scarcity

Meaning

The state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage.

Example

Water scarcity threatens agriculture.

C1 noun /kwɑːm/

qualm

Meaning

a feeling of doubt, worry, or fear about something

Example

She had no qualm about speaking her mind.

C1 noun /ˌmaʊntəˈnɪə/

mountaineer

Meaning

A person who climbs mountains as a sport or profession.

Example

The mountaineer reached the summit after a long climb.

C1 noun /ˈmɒk.ər.i/

Mockery

Meaning

teasing and contemptuous language or behavior; ridicule

Example

His speech was met with mockery from the audience.

B2 verb /ɪkˈspaɪər/

expire

Meaning

to come to an end, especially a period of validity or life

Example

My passport will expire next month.

C2 adjective /ˈtɜːrbɪd/

turbid

Meaning

Cloudy, opaque, or thick with suspended matter; confused or obscure in meaning.

Example

The river water became turbid after the heavy rains.

B2 noun /ˈfrʌn.tɪər/

frontier

Meaning

A new area of activity, knowledge, or development; the edge of knowledge or achievement.

Example

Robotic surgery is exploring a new frontier in medicine.

A2 verb ˈfoʊkəs

focus

Meaning

To concentrate attention or effort on something; to direct one's attention or efforts towards a particular activity, subject, or problem.

Example

Focus on what truly matters to simplify your life.

C1 noun /ˈprɛsɪpɪs/

precipice

Meaning

A very steep cliff or a situation of great danger.

Example

The hikers stood at the edge of the precipice, gazing into the valley below.

C1 noun /ˌɪnkjʊˈbeɪʃən/

incubation

Meaning

the process of keeping eggs, cells, or organisms in the right conditions for development

Example

The incubation of the eggs lasted for three weeks.

C1 noun/verb /ˈprɛdɪkət/ (noun), /ˈprɛdɪkeɪt/ (verb)

predicate

Meaning

noun: the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject; verb: to base or establish something on a particular idea

Example

His theory is predicated on sound research.

B2 noun əˈbʌndəns

abundance

Meaning

A very large quantity of something; plenty

Example

The abundance of vegetables in winter is remarkable.

B2 adjective /trɪm/

Trim

Meaning

neat and orderly in appearance; slim and fit

Example

She keeps her garden very trim and tidy.

C2 adjective /ˌjuːləˈdʒɪstɪk/

eulogistic

Meaning

Expressing praise or admiration, often formally.

Example

The speaker gave a eulogistic account of the leader’s achievements.

C1 verb /ˈkæptɪveɪt/

captivate

Meaning

to attract and hold the interest of; to charm or fascinate

Example

Her beautiful voice captivated the audience.

C2 noun /ˌsuːpərɪnˈtɛndəns/

superintendence

Meaning

the act of overseeing, supervising, or managing

Example

The superintendence of the school is the principal’s duty.

C1 verb /ˈlɪŋɡər/

linger

Meaning

to stay in a place longer than necessary; to persist

Example

The smell of coffee lingered in the kitchen.

C1 adjective /ɑːrˈkeɪn/

arcane

Meaning

understood by few; mysterious or secret

Example

The professor’s lecture was full of arcane details that only specialists could follow.

C2 noun /ˌtrænspəˈzɪʃən/

transposition

Meaning

the act of changing the order or position of something

Example

The transposition of digits caused an error in the calculation.

B2 verb /ɪnˈheɪl/

inhale

Meaning

to breathe in; to draw air into the lungs

Example

Take a deep breath and inhale slowly.

C2 noun /ˈɡʌmp.ʃən/

gumption

Meaning

Courage, resourcefulness, or initiative.

Example

It takes real gumption to start your own business.

C1 noun /ˈpeɪ.ɡən/

Pagan

Meaning

a person holding religious beliefs other than the main world religions; a heathen

Example

Ancient Romans considered early Christians to be pagans.

B2 verb /səˈluːt/

salute

Meaning

to greet with respect; to honor

Example

The soldiers saluted their commanding officer.

B2 adjective /ˈflɔːrəl/

floral

Meaning

Relating to flowers or decorated with flowers.

Example

She wore a beautiful floral dress to the party.

C2 verb /foʊˈmɛnt/

foment

Meaning

To instigate or stir up (an undesirable or violent sentiment or course of action).

Example

The rebel leader tried to foment unrest among the people.

A2 adverb /ˈsʌd.ən.li/

Suddenly

Meaning

quickly and without warning; unexpectedly

Example

The car suddenly stopped in the middle of the road.

A2 noun /fæt/

Fat

Meaning

a natural oily substance occurring in animal bodies; lipid used in cooking

Example

Too much fat in your diet can be unhealthy.

B2 verb /daɪˈvɜːrt/

divert

Meaning

to turn aside from a course; to redirect or entertain

Example

The police diverted traffic to a side road.

B1 adjective /eɪdʒd/

aged

Meaning

having lived for a specified number of years; old

Example

The aged man sat in the park, watching the children play.

B2 noun /ˌriːprəˈdʌkʃən/

reproduction

Meaning

The process of producing offspring; the act of copying or duplicating.

Example

The textbook included a detailed diagram of human reproduction.

C2 noun/verb /ˈkætˌkɔːl/

catcall

Meaning

A loud whistle or shout of disapproval or sexual harassment directed at someone.

Example

The actress ignored the catcalls from the crowd.

B1 verb /ədˈmaɪər/

admire

Meaning

To respect, appreciate, or look up to someone or something.

Example

I really admire her dedication to education.

A1 noun /bɜːrd/

bird

Meaning

a warm-blooded animal with feathers and wings that usually lays eggs and can often fly

Example

A bird was singing on the tree branch.

C1 noun /kəˈmoʊʃən/

commotion

Meaning

A state of noisy confusion or disturbance.

Example

The sudden commotion in the market drew everyone's attention.

B1 noun /ˈdʒɪn.dʒər/

Ginger

Meaning

a hot fragrant spice made from the rhizome of a plant; the plant itself

Example

The chef added fresh ginger to the stir-fry to enhance its flavor and aroma.

C2 noun /mɪˈsɑːdʒɪnɪst/

misogynist

Meaning

A person who dislikes, despises, or is strongly prejudiced against women.

Example

Many condemned his speech as the words of a misogynist.

B2 adjective /ˈrɒt.ən/

Rotten

Meaning

decayed; spoiled; bad

Example

The apple is rotten and should be thrown away.

A2 adjective /ˈbroʊkən/

Broken

Meaning

damaged; not working; fractured

Example

The broken window needs to be replaced immediately.

C1 noun /əˈnɒməli/

anomaly

Meaning

something that deviates from the norm or expected result

Example

The sudden drop in temperature was considered an anomaly.

A1 noun /keɪk/

Cake

Meaning

a sweet baked dessert made from flour, sugar, and other ingredients

Example

They ordered a chocolate cake for the birthday party.

C2 noun /troʊθ/

troth

Meaning

Faith or loyalty when pledged in a solemn agreement or vow, especially in marriage.

Example

He pledged his troth to her before the gathering.

A2 noun /kənˌɡrætʃ.əˈleɪ.ʃənz/

Congratulations

Meaning

words expressing praise for an achievement or good wishes on a special occasion

Example

Congratulations on your promotion! You really deserved this success.

C1 verb /ˈdrɪbəl/

dribble

Meaning

to let liquid flow slowly in drops or to move a ball skillfully with repeated small kicks or bounces

Example

The baby dribbled milk on his shirt.

C1 adjective /ɪˈlʌstriəs/

illustrious

Meaning

Well known, respected, and admired for past achievements.

Example

She had an illustrious career in medicine.

B1 noun ˌdemənˈstreɪʃənz

demonstrations

Meaning

The action or process of showing the existence or truth of something by giving proof or evidence.

Example

Demonstrations occurred on March 11.

C2 noun /ˈflɛdʒlɪŋ/

fledgeling

Meaning

A young bird that has just developed its feathers and is learning to fly; a beginner.

Example

The fledgeling was trying hard to take its first flight.

C2 verb /θrɛʃ/

thresh

Meaning

to separate grain from the plant by beating or by using a machine

Example

Farmers used machines to thresh the wheat after harvest.

B2 noun /ˈpɪl.ɡrɪm/

Pilgrim

Meaning

a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons; a traveler

Example

The pilgrim walked for days to reach the holy shrine.

C1 verb /əˈsɪm.ɪ.leɪt/

assimilate

Meaning

To take in and understand fully; to absorb and integrate into one's knowledge or culture.

Example

Immigrants often struggle to assimilate into a new culture.

C2 noun /ˈeɪʒən swɒmp iːl/

Asian swamp eel

Meaning

a snake-like freshwater fish that can survive in muddy waters and is considered a delicacy in South Asian cuisine

Example

Asian swamp eel can breathe air and survive in shallow muddy waters.

C2 verb /ˈæsəneɪt/

assonate

Meaning

To correspond or agree in sound, especially by vowel sounds; to rhyme approximately.

Example

The lines assonate beautifully, giving the song a unique flow.

B2 verb /pɔːˈtreɪ/

portray

Meaning

to describe or represent something or someone in a work of art or literature

Example

The novel portrays a vivid picture of life in the countryside.

A1 noun /wɒnt/

Want

Meaning

lack or shortage of something; poverty or need

Example

There is a want of fresh water in the drought-affected areas.

B2 noun /ˈek.oʊ/

Echo

Meaning

a sound that is reflected back; a repetition or imitation

Example

His voice created a clear echo in the empty cathedral.

C1 noun ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si

inefficiency

Meaning

The state or quality of not achieving maximum productivity; failure to make the best use of time or resources.

Example

Government inefficiency leads to slow project completion.

C2 noun /ˈhɔːrn.bɪl/

Hornbill

Meaning

a large tropical bird with a large curved beak and often a horn-like projection

Example

The colorful hornbill perched on the highest branch.

C1 noun /ˈsɪk.əl/

Sickle

Meaning

a tool with a curved metal blade and short handle used for cutting grain crops

Example

The farmer harvested wheat using a traditional sickle.

B1 noun /ˈθɛrəpɪst/

therapist

Meaning

a person trained to provide treatment or counseling for physical or mental health

Example

The therapist helped him overcome his anxiety.

B2 noun θrets

threats

Meaning

A statement of an intention to inflict pain, injury, damage, or other hostile action.

Example

Threats to food security are rising globally.

C1 adjective /ʌnˈmaɪndfəl/

Unmindful

Meaning

not paying attention; careless; heedless

Example

She was unmindful of the danger around her.

C1 noun /ˌdɪsəˈluːʃən/

dissolution

Meaning

the act of formally ending or breaking apart something, such as an organization or marriage

Example

The dissolution of the company was announced yesterday.