mesa
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C2 noun /ˈmeɪsə/

mesa

Meaning
An isolated flat-topped hill with steep sides, found in arid regions.
Example
The hikers stopped to admire the mesa rising above the desert floor.
C2 verb /məˈtrɪkjʊˌleɪt/

matriculate

Meaning
To enroll as a student in a college or university.
Example
She matriculated at Oxford University last year.
C1 adjective, verb /muːt/

moot

Meaning
Adjective: subject to debate or irrelevant. Verb: to suggest an idea for discussion.
Example
The issue of funding became a moot point after the project was canceled.
A2 noun /ˈmʌŋki/

Monkey

Meaning
a primate mammal that typically has a long tail and lives in trees
Example
The monkey swung from branch to branch in the jungle.
C1 verb /ˌmɪsˈriːd/

misread

Meaning
to read something incorrectly or interpret wrongly
Example
He misread the instructions and built the shelf incorrectly.
B2 noun /ˈmɒlɪkjuːl/

molecule

Meaning
The smallest unit of a chemical compound that retains its chemical properties.
Example
A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
A2 noun /ˈmoʊtərˌsaɪkəl/

motorcycle

Meaning
a two-wheeled motor-powered vehicle designed for transportation
Example
He rides his motorcycle to work every morning.
C1 noun /ˌmɑːr.kɪ.təˈbɪl.ə.ti/

marketability

Meaning
The possibility of commercial success for a product or service
Example
The new product's marketability depends on consumer demand.
B1 verb /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/

multiply

Meaning
to increase in number; to perform mathematical multiplication
Example
The bacteria multiply rapidly in warm conditions.
C1 noun /məˈmɛn.toʊ/

memento

Meaning
An object kept as a reminder of a person, place, or event.
Example
She kept the ticket as a memento of their first concert together.
B2 noun /ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃən/

medication

Meaning
a drug or other form of medicine used to treat or prevent disease
Example
The doctor prescribed medication for his headache.
C2 noun /ˈmʌs.tərd liːf/

Mustard leaf

Meaning
green leafy vegetable from the mustard plant; edible leaves used in cooking
Example
We cooked mustard leaf with fish in a traditional Bengali curry.
C1 verb /ˈmʌtər/

mutter

Meaning
to speak in a low or barely audible voice, often in dissatisfaction or irritation
Example
He muttered something under his breath as he walked away.
B1 adjective /ˈmʌl.tɪ.pl̩/

Multiple

Meaning
having many parts, elements, or members; numerous
Example
She suffered multiple injuries in the accident.
B2 noun /mɪnt/

Mint

Meaning
An aromatic plant used for flavoring; also a place where money is manufactured
Example
She added fresh mint leaves to the tea for a refreshing taste.
C2 noun /ˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/

mutability

Meaning
The quality of being changeable or capable of change.
Example
The mutability of fashion trends makes it hard to keep up.
B2 verb /ˌmɪsˈjuːz/

misuse

Meaning
To use something incorrectly or for the wrong purpose.
Example
Misusing social media profiles can harm relationships.
A2 adjective /mæd/

Mad

Meaning
angry; mentally ill; insane
Example
He was mad at his friend for being late.
A2 verb /mætʃ/

match

Meaning
to be equal to something; to find something that corresponds to another
Example
The colors of her dress match perfectly with her shoes.
A2 noun, pronoun, verb /maɪn/

mine

Meaning
a place where minerals are dug from the ground; or something belonging to me
Example
The workers went deep into the mine to extract coal.
C1 adjective /ˈmɑːrʃəl/

martial

Meaning
Related to war, soldiers, or military life.
Example
The country imposed martial law during the crisis.
C2 verb /ˌmɪsəˈproʊpriˌeɪt/

misappropriate

Meaning
to use something dishonestly or illegally for one's own purposes
Example
He was accused of misappropriating company funds.
C1 adjective /ˈmaɪzərli/

miserly

Meaning
Unwilling to spend money; stingy.
Example
She lived a miserly life, refusing to buy anything new.
B2 adjective ˈmɒn.ɪ.tri

monetary

Meaning
Relating to money or currency.
Example
The monetary implications are significant for investors.
C2 noun /mʌsk/

Musk

Meaning
a strong-smelling substance secreted by certain animals, used in perfumes and traditional medicine
Example
The perfume contained natural musk that gave it an exotic fragrance.
C2 verb /ˈmɒrəlaɪz/

moralize

Meaning
To comment on issues of right and wrong, often with an air of superiority.
Example
He tends to moralize about other people's choices.
C2 verb /ˈmɔːrtɪfaɪ/

mortify

Meaning
to cause someone to feel great embarrassment or shame
Example
She was mortified when she tripped on stage.
C2 noun /ˈmɔɪəti/

moiety

Meaning
One of two equal parts; a half or portion.
Example
The estate was divided into two moieties between the heirs.
B2 noun ˈmɒn.ə.ki

monarchy

Meaning
A form of government with a monarch at the head, where supreme power is held by a single person such as a king or queen.
Example
The monarchy was abolished during the revolution.
C2 noun /ˈmædrɪɡəl/

madrigal

Meaning
A short, lyrical poem set to music, typically from the Renaissance period.
Example
The choir performed a beautiful madrigal from the 16th century.
C2 noun /muˈleθi/

Mulethi

Meaning
licorice root, a sweet-tasting herb used in traditional medicine and cooking
Example
She prepared a herbal tea with mulethi to soothe her sore throat.
B2 noun /ˈmɒdəreɪtər/

moderator

Meaning
A person who leads or oversees discussions, debates, or forums to maintain order.
Example
The moderator asked each panelist to share their views.
C1 verb, noun /ˈmʌstər/

muster

Meaning
to gather people, especially soldiers; to summon courage or strength
Example
He mustered enough courage to face the challenge.
C2 noun /ˌmɛtəˈfɪzɪks/

metaphysics

Meaning
The branch of philosophy that deals with the fundamental nature of reality, existence, and the relationship between mind and matter.
Example
She studied metaphysics to understand the principles of existence beyond physical science.
C1 noun /ˈmædʒɪstreɪt/

magistrate

Meaning
A civil officer who administers the law, often with limited judicial authority.
Example
The magistrate presided over the minor criminal case.
C1 noun /ˌmiːtiəˈrɒlədʒi/

meteorology

Meaning
The scientific study of the atmosphere and weather.
Example
He chose to specialize in meteorology to study weather patterns.
C1 noun /mɔːrˈfɑːlədʒi/

morphology

Meaning
the study of the form and structure of things, especially in language and biology
Example
Morphology studies the structure of words and how they are formed.
C1 noun /ˈmɜːrdʒər/

merger

Meaning
The combination of two or more companies into a single entity.
Example
The merger of the two firms created the largest bank in the region.
A2 noun/verb /meɪl/

mail

Meaning
Letters, packages, or email messages sent or delivered to someone.
Example
I received an important letter in the mail.
C1 noun /mɪsˈɡɪv.ɪŋ/

Misgiving

Meaning
A feeling of doubt or apprehension about the outcome or consequences of something
Example
She had serious misgivings about accepting the job offer.
C2 noun /məˈʃiː.nɪst/

machinist

Meaning
a person who operates machine tools or makes and repairs machines
Example
The machinist carefully adjusted the gears on the lathe.
B2 noun /mɪˈθɒlədʒi/

mythology

Meaning
A collection of myths, especially belonging to a particular culture or religion.
Example
Greek mythology is filled with stories of gods and heroes.
C1 noun /ˈmɑː.kɪt ˌpen.ɪˈtreɪ.ʃən/

Market Penetration

Meaning
A measure of the amount of sales or adoption of a product or service compared to the total theoretical market for that product or service.
Example
High market penetration ensures competitive dominance.
C2 noun /ˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/

mutablility

Meaning
A misspelled form of 'mutability', meaning the quality of being changeable.
Example
The document contained the misspelled word 'mutablility' instead of 'mutability'.
C2 noun /ˈmæl.kənˌtɛnt/

malcontent

Meaning
A person who is dissatisfied or rebellious; one who is not content.
Example
The malcontent voiced his grievances against the government.
A2 noun /mjuˈziːəm/

museum

Meaning
a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited
Example
We visited the art museum to see the new exhibition.
C2 noun /mæn əv wɔːr/

Man of war

Meaning
a warship; a naval vessel equipped with weapons for warfare
Example
The man of war sailed across the ocean to defend the coast.
B2 adjective /ˈmɪstʃɪvəs/

Mischievous

Meaning
playfully naughty; causing minor trouble; impish
Example
The mischievous child hid his sister's favorite toy.
B2 noun /mjuːl/

Mule

Meaning
the offspring of a donkey and a horse, used as a working animal
Example
The farmer used a mule to carry heavy loads.
B2 noun /ˈmæt.rəs/

Mattress

Meaning
a large rectangular pad for supporting the reclining body, used as or on a bed
Example
We bought a new mattress for our bedroom.
B2 noun /ˈmeɪər/

mayor

Meaning
The elected head of a city, town, or municipality.
Example
The mayor announced a new policy to improve public transport.
C1 adjective/noun nɪˈmɒn.ɪk

mnemonic

Meaning
Assisting or intended to assist memory; a device or technique to aid memory.
Example
A mnemonic device helps students remember complex concepts.
A1 noun /mæn/

man

Meaning
an adult human male
Example
The man helped the child cross the street.
C1 verb /ˈmiː.di.eɪt/

mediate

Meaning
To act as an intermediary in bringing about agreement or reconciliation between parties.
Example
She was asked to mediate between the two companies.
C1 adjective /ˈməʊltən/

molten

Meaning
Made into liquid by heat; melted.
Example
The blacksmith poured molten metal into the mold.
C2 adjective /ˈmɒn.teɪn/

montane

Meaning
Relating to mountainous regions; found in mountain environments.
Example
Montane forests host a variety of unique species.
B1 verb /ˈmɛʒər/

measure

Meaning
to determine the size, amount, or degree of something
Example
She measured the length of the table.
C1 noun /ˈmuːdi.nəs/

moodiness

Meaning
The state of being frequently subject to changes in mood, especially irritability or sadness.
Example
Her moodiness made it difficult to predict how she would react.
C2 noun /ˌmæk.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

Machination

Meaning
a clever scheme or artful plot, usually with evil intent; crafty designing or plotting
Example
The villain's machinations were finally exposed.
C2 noun /ˈmɔːreɪz/

mores

Meaning
the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community
Example
Social mores often dictate how people behave in public.
C2 noun /məˈlɛvələns/

malevolence

Meaning
The state or condition of being malevolent; having or showing a wish to do evil to others.
Example
His malevolence was clear in the cruel way he treated his rivals.
B1 verb /məˈsɑːʒ/

massage

Meaning
to rub and press muscles to relieve pain or tension; to manipulate information
Example
The therapist will massage your back to reduce muscle tension.
A2 noun /mɔːl/ or /mæl/

mall

Meaning
a large building or series of connected buildings containing shops and restaurants
Example
They went to the mall to buy new clothes.
C1 noun ˈmɪl.ɪ.tər.i ɪnˈkɜː.ʃən

military incursion

Meaning
A sudden armed attack or invasion by military forces into a territory.
Example
The military incursion caused widespread devastation.
C1 verb /ˈmɪŋɡl/

mingle

Meaning
to mix or combine; to move among people and engage socially
Example
Guests mingled at the party, chatting and laughing together.
A1 verb /miːt/

meet

Meaning
to come into the presence of; to encounter
Example
I will meet you at the café.
C2 noun /ˈmænˌiː.tər/

man-eater

Meaning
An animal that kills and eats humans; informally, a woman who is very assertive in relationships.
Example
The tiger became a notorious man-eater in the village.
C1 adjective /ˌmɒnəˈlɪθɪk/

monolithic

Meaning
Massive, uniform, and indivisible; resembling a large single stone or structure.
Example
The company maintained a monolithic structure resistant to change.
C1 noun/adjective /ˈmæm.əθ/

mammoth

Meaning
An extinct large elephant-like animal with long curved tusks; also means something huge.
Example
The company faced a mammoth challenge during expansion.
C2 noun /ˈmɪlɪt/

millet

Meaning
a small-seeded grass cultivated as a cereal crop
Example
Millet is often used as food in rural areas.
C1 adjective /ˌmɛtəˈfɔːrɪkəl/

metaphorical

Meaning
Characteristic of or relating to metaphor; figurative rather than literal.
Example
He used metaphorical language to describe his emotions.
B2 noun /ˈmɑːrkər/

marker

Meaning
an object used to indicate a position, place, or boundary; a pen with a thick tip used for writing or drawing
Example
He used a red marker to underline the important points.
C1 noun /ˈmɔː.tər ænd ˈpes.əl/

Mortar and Pestle

Meaning
a bowl and grinding tool used to crush and grind spices, herbs, and other substances
Example
She ground the spices using a mortar and pestle.
A1 verb, noun /mɪs/

miss

Meaning
to fail to hit, reach, or meet; to feel the absence of someone or something
Example
I really miss my family when I travel abroad.
A2 noun /mɪˈsteɪk/

Mistake

Meaning
An action or judgment that is misguided or wrong; an error
Example
Making mistakes is part of the learning process.
C1 noun /mɪkst ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi/

mixed economy

Meaning
An economic system where both government and private sector operate together.
Example
Most countries today follow a mixed economy model.
C1 adjective /ˈmæliəbl̩/

malleable

Meaning
Easily shaped or influenced; capable of being bent or adapted.
Example
Gold is a highly malleable metal used in jewelry.
C1 adjective /miːk/

Meek

Meaning
gentle and submissive; humble; patient
Example
Despite his power, he remained meek and humble.
C2 noun /mɪf/

miff

Meaning
A petty quarrel or annoyance.
Example
They had a slight miff over the seating arrangement.
A2 adjective /maɪld/

mild

Meaning
not severe or strong; gentle in nature
Example
The patient had only mild symptoms.
A2 noun /mæθ/

math

Meaning
The study of numbers, quantities, and shapes, also called mathematics.
Example
She is very good at math.
C2 adjective /mɔːrˈdeɪʃəs/

mordacious

Meaning
Sharp or biting in style, tone, or remark; sarcastic.
Example
The critic’s mordacious review offended the author.
C2 verb /ˈmæɡnɪtaɪz/

magnetize

Meaning
to make something magnetic or to strongly attract
Example
The scientist managed to magnetize the iron rod.
B2 adjective /ˈmɪθɪkəl/

Mythical

Meaning
existing only in myths or legends; imaginary or fictitious
Example
Dragons are mythical creatures that appear in many cultures.
B2 adjective /ˈmɛʒərd/

measured

Meaning
carefully considered and deliberate
Example
She spoke in a calm, measured tone.
B1 noun /ˈmɛtəl/

metal

Meaning
A solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and conductive, such as iron, gold, or aluminum.
Example
The ring was made of precious metal.
C1 noun /mɑːrʃ/

Marsh

Meaning
An area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons or at high tide
Example
The endangered birds built their nests in the protected marsh.
A2 adjective /meɪn/

main

Meaning
most important; chief in size, extent, or importance
Example
The main reason for his success is hard work.
C1 noun ˈmetəl kənˌtæməˈneɪʃən

metal contamination

Meaning
The presence of toxic metals in the environment that pose health and environmental risks.
Example
Metal contamination poses severe health risks.
B1 noun/verb /ˈmætərz/

matters

Meaning
important topics, concerns, or issues; as a verb, to be of importance or significance
Example
What she thinks really matters to me.
C2 adjective /ˈmɒtli/

motley

Meaning
Made up of different, often incongruous or diverse elements.
Example
The festival attracted a motley crowd of artists, musicians, and tourists.
C2 noun /ˌmɪsæprɪˈhɛnʃən/

misapprehension

Meaning
a mistaken belief or misunderstanding
Example
There is a common misapprehension about the causes of the disease.
B2 noun /ˈmæm.əl/

mammal

Meaning
A warm-blooded animal with hair or fur, and females produce milk for their young.
Example
The whale is the largest mammal on Earth.
C1 noun ˌmek.ə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

mechanization

Meaning
The process of introducing machines or replacing manual labor with machines.
Example
Mechanization has revolutionized agriculture.
C2 adjective /mjuːˈnɪfɪsənt/

munificent

Meaning
extremely generous; giving freely and abundantly
Example
She made a munificent donation to the orphanage.
C2 noun /ˈmædʒɪstrəsi/

magistracy

Meaning
The office, authority, or district of a magistrate.
Example
He was proud to serve in the local magistracy for over a decade.
C2 noun /maɪˈkrɑː.skə.pi/

microscopy

Meaning
The use of a microscope to observe small objects or organisms.
Example
Microscopy revealed the structure of the cells.
C1 noun /ˈmɜːrsəˌnɛri/

mercenary

Meaning
a professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army; also used to describe someone motivated solely by money.
Example
The mercenary fought for whoever paid the highest wage.
B2 noun ˈmɛn.təl ˈfoʊ.kəs

mental focus

Meaning
The ability to concentrate deeply on a specific task or thought; mental concentration and attention.
Example
Meditation improves mental focus and cognitive performance.
A2 verb /mɪks/

mix

Meaning
To combine different substances or elements together.
Example
She likes to mix different colors to create new shades.
A2 verb /ˈmænɪdʒ/

manage

Meaning
to control or organize something; to succeed in doing something difficult
Example
He manages a team of twenty employees effectively.
A2 interjection /mˈhm/

mm-hmm

Meaning
A sound used to express agreement or acknowledgment in conversation.
Example
‘Do you understand?’ ‘Mm-hmm.’
B2 noun /ˈmɛr.meɪd/

Mermaid

Meaning
A mythical sea creature with the head and torso of a woman and the tail of a fish
Example
The little girl loved stories about mermaids living under the sea.
B1 noun /ˈmoʊ.ʃən/

Motion

Meaning
the action of moving or being moved; a formal proposal
Example
The car was in constant motion during the journey.
C1 noun mælˈnʌr.ɪʃ.mənt

malnourishment

Meaning
Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.
Example
Children in poverty-stricken areas suffer from malnourishment.
C1 noun ˌmiː.diˈɒk.rə.ti

mediocrity

Meaning
Being average or ordinary, not particularly good.
Example
He refused to settle for mediocrity and aimed for greatness.
C2 noun /ˌmɪsˈtʃæns/

mischance

Meaning
An unfortunate accident or event; bad luck.
Example
By mischance, he missed the last train home.
C2 adjective /ˈmɛtəlˌsʌm/

mettlesome

Meaning
Full of courage and spirit; lively and spirited.
Example
The mettlesome young rider never backed down from a challenge.
B2 noun /ˌmɛdɪˈteɪʃən/

meditation

Meaning
The practice of focusing the mind to achieve calmness, clarity, or spiritual growth.
Example
She practices meditation every morning to start her day peacefully.
C1 noun, verb /ˈmæn.deɪt/

mandate

Meaning
an official order or command; to give someone authority to act in a certain way
Example
The government issued a mandate to reduce carbon emissions.
A2 noun /ˈmoʊ.mənt/

Moment

Meaning
a very brief period of time; an exact point in time
Example
Please wait a moment while I check your order.
A2 adverb /ˈmoʊstli/

Mostly

Meaning
mainly; for the most part; usually
Example
The students are mostly from local schools.
B1 noun /məˈskiː.toʊ/

Mosquito

Meaning
a small flying insect that bites people and animals to feed on their blood
Example
The mosquito bit me on the arm last night.
C2 noun /ˈmaɪ.nə/

Mynah

Meaning
a tropical bird with dark feathers that can mimic human speech
Example
The mynah bird repeated every word I said.
C1 noun ˈmiːdiə ˈdɒmɪnəns

media dominance

Meaning
The control and powerful influence that media has over communication and information distribution in society.
Example
The internet has enhanced media dominance globally.
B1 noun /məˈkænɪk/

mechanic

Meaning
a person who repairs and maintains machines or vehicles
Example
The mechanic fixed the engine in less than an hour.
C2 noun /ˌmɛtəfɪˈzɪʃən/

metaphysician

Meaning
A person who studies or is an expert in metaphysics.
Example
The metaphysician debated the essence of reality with his peers.
C1 noun mɪˈtɪkjʊləsnɪs

meticulousness

Meaning
Great attention to detail; very careful and precise.
Example
His meticulousness made the project successful.
C2 adjective /ˌmɛrəˈtrɪʃəs/

meretricious

Meaning
apparently attractive but having no real value or integrity.
Example
The design was flashy but meretricious.
A2 adjective /miːn/

Mean

Meaning
unkind; cruel; nasty
Example
Don't be so mean to your little sister.
A2 noun /ˈmoʊtər/

motor

Meaning
a machine that produces motion or power to make something work
Example
The car’s motor stopped suddenly.