A2 noun /ˈmiːnɪŋ/

Meaning

What is meant by a word, text, or concept; significance or purpose

Example

The teacher explained the meaning of the difficult word to the students.

C1 noun ˌmʌn.ɪ.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

monetization

Meaning

Converting an asset or service into a way of earning money.

Example

YouTube allows content creators to earn money through monetization.

C2 adjective /ˈmæn.laɪk/

manlike

Meaning

Having qualities or characteristics traditionally associated with a man; manly.

Example

His manlike courage impressed everyone in the village.

C1 verb /ˈmɒd.jʊ.leɪt/

modulate

Meaning

To change the strength, tone, or pitch of something; to adjust or regulate.

Example

A good speaker knows how to modulate their voice.

C2 noun /məˈrɔː.dər/

marauder

Meaning

a person who roams around in search of things to steal or people to attack

Example

Villagers feared the marauders who raided their homes.

C1 adjective /məˈnæstɪk/

monastic

Meaning

Relating to monks, monasteries, or a life of religious seclusion.

Example

He chose to live a monastic life away from the city.

C2 noun (plural) /ˌmæk.ɪˈneɪ.ʃənz/

machinations

Meaning

complicated and secret plans, often intended to cause harm

Example

The politician was brought down by his own machinations.

B2 adjective /ˌmiː.diˈiː.vəl/

medieval

Meaning

Relating to the Middle Ages, the period in European history from about the 5th to the 15th century.

Example

The castle is a famous medieval monument.

B1 noun /məˈskiː.toʊ/

Mosquito

Meaning

a small flying insect that bites people and animals to feed on their blood

Example

The mosquito bit me on the arm last night.

B2 verb /ˈmɒdənaɪz/

modernize

Meaning

To adapt something to modern needs or styles; to update or improve.

Example

The company plans to modernize its IT infrastructure.

B2 noun /ˈmɒdjuːl/

module

Meaning

a self-contained unit of a course or system, typically part of a larger whole

Example

The module on machine learning was difficult but informative.

B1 noun /ˈmɪk.sər/

Mixer

Meaning

an electric kitchen appliance used for mixing, beating, and whipping ingredients

Example

The chef used a mixer to prepare the cake batter.

C2 adjective /ˈmɔːkɪʃ/

mawkish

Meaning

excessively sentimental, often to the point of being sickly

Example

The movie was criticized for its mawkish sentimentality.

C2 adjective ˈmiː.ni.əl

menial

Meaning

Not requiring much skill and lacking prestige.

Example

He refused to do menial work.

C2 adjective /ˈmʌnid/

Moneyed

Meaning

having much money; wealthy; rich

Example

She comes from a moneyed family with extensive real estate holdings.

C1 noun /moʊˈtiːf/

motif

Meaning

A recurring theme, subject, or idea in a work of art or literature.

Example

The motif of love is central to the novel.

C2 noun /ˈmɪs.kri.ənt/

Miscreant

Meaning

A person who behaves badly or illegally; a villain or criminal

Example

The miscreant was caught stealing from the store.

B2 verb /ˈmeməraɪz/

memorize

Meaning

to learn something by heart; to commit to memory

Example

Students need to memorize important formulas for the exam.

C2 noun /ˈmɪn.i.ən/

minion

Meaning

A follower or underling of a powerful person, especially a servile one.

Example

The dictator was surrounded by loyal minions who carried out his orders.

C2 noun /meɪndʒ/

mange

Meaning

a skin disease in animals caused by parasitic mites, leading to hair loss and sores

Example

The stray dog was suffering from mange.

B2 adjective /ˌmænˈmeɪd/

manmade

Meaning

something created or built by humans rather than occurring naturally

Example

This lake is manmade, not natural.

B1 verb /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/

multiply

Meaning

to increase in number; to perform mathematical multiplication

Example

The bacteria multiply rapidly in warm conditions.

B2 noun /ˈmɔɪs.tʃər/

Moisture

Meaning

water or dampness that exists in small amounts in the air or on a surface

Example

The skin cream helps retain moisture.

C2 noun /ˌmænjəˈmɪʃən/

manumission

Meaning

The act of a slave owner freeing their slaves.

Example

The manumission of the slaves marked a turning point in history.

B2 noun /ˈmaɪnd.fʊl.nəs/

mindfulness

Meaning

The basic human ability to be fully present, aware of where we are and what we're doing.

Example

Mindfulness practices improve focus and emotional balance.

A2 noun /ˈmaɪkroʊweɪv/

Microwave

Meaning

an electric oven that uses electromagnetic radiation to heat food quickly

Example

She heated the leftover pizza in the microwave for two minutes.

C1 noun /ˈmɪmɪkri/

mimicry

Meaning

The act of imitating someone or something, often for humor or learning.

Example

The comedian’s mimicry of celebrities made the audience laugh.

B2 noun /ˈmɪd.deɪ/

Midday

Meaning

The middle of the day; twelve o'clock in the daytime; noon

Example

The sun is brightest at midday when it's directly overhead.

A2 verb /ˈmænɪdʒ/

manage

Meaning

to control or organize something; to succeed in doing something difficult

Example

He manages a team of twenty employees effectively.

C1 noun /ˈmæroʊ/

Marrow

Meaning

A soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones; the essence of something

Example

The bone marrow produces blood cells in the human body.

C1 verb /mɑːrd/

marred

Meaning

to spoil or damage the quality or appearance of something

Example

The celebration was marred by bad weather.

B2 noun ˈme.trɪks

metrics

Meaning

A system or standard of measurement; a set of numbers that give information about a particular process or activity.

Example

Metrics are crucial for evaluating performance.

A2 /ˈmaɪ.krəˌfoʊn/

microphone

Meaning

A device that converts sound into an electrical signal, typically used to amplify or record voices or music.

Example

She spoke into the microphone during the presentation.

C1 adjective /ˈmaɪzərli/

miserly

Meaning

Unwilling to spend money; stingy.

Example

She lived a miserly life, refusing to buy anything new.

C2 noun /ˈmɛtələ(r)dʒi/

metallurgy

Meaning

The science and technology of metals, including their extraction from ores and their processing.

Example

Metallurgy plays a vital role in industrial development.

A2 noun /ˈmʌʃ.ruːm/

Mushroom

Meaning

a type of fungus that can be eaten, often used in cooking

Example

The pizza was topped with fresh mushrooms.

C2 verb /ˌmælˈtriːt/

maltreat

Meaning

To treat someone cruelly or unfairly.

Example

The law punishes those who maltreat animals.

A2 noun /mjuˈziːəm/

museum

Meaning

a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited

Example

We visited the art museum to see the new exhibition.

C1 noun, verb /məˈnuː.vər/

maneuver

Meaning

a planned or skillful movement or action; to move skillfully or carefully

Example

The pilot maneuvered the plane through the storm.

C1 noun /ˈmæntl̩/

mantle

Meaning

A cloak or covering; also the layer of the earth between the crust and the core.

Example

The leader assumed the mantle of responsibility.

C1 adjective /ˈmuː.və.bl̩/

Movable

Meaning

capable of being moved; not fixed in position

Example

The furniture is movable so we can rearrange the room easily.

C1 noun /ˈmeɪ.triˌɑːrk/

matriarch

Meaning

A woman who is the head of a family or community.

Example

The matriarch of the family made all important decisions.

B2 noun /ˈmɒlɪkjuːl/

molecule

Meaning

The smallest unit of a chemical compound that retains its chemical properties.

Example

A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

C1 adjective /ˌmiːtiˈɔːrɪk/

meteoric

Meaning

Relating to meteors; very rapid and often temporary.

Example

The singer’s meteoric rise to fame surprised everyone.

C1 noun ˌmɛməraɪˈzeɪʃən

memorization

Meaning

The process of learning or committing something to memory

Example

Memorization of important information is crucial for exams.

C1 adjective /ˈmɒnstrəs/

Monstrous

Meaning

extremely large; shockingly evil or wrong; abnormal or unnatural

Example

The monstrous crime shocked the entire community.

C2 noun /ˌmɪnəˈrɛt/

minaret

Meaning

A tall, slender tower of a mosque, from which the call to prayer is announced.

Example

The minaret of the mosque could be seen from miles away.

B2 noun /ˈmeɪnˌlænd/

mainland

Meaning

the principal landmass of a country or continent, as opposed to the surrounding islands

Example

The mainland of Australia is home to most of its population.

B2 verb /mɔːrn/

mourn

Meaning

To feel or express deep sadness or grief, especially because of someone's death.

Example

They gathered to mourn the loss of their friend.

A2 adjective /maɪˈnuːt/

Minute

Meaning

extremely small; tiny; detailed; precise

Example

The scientist examined minute details under the microscope.

C1 noun /ˈmjʊr.əl/

Mural

Meaning

a painting or artwork applied directly on a wall or ceiling

Example

The artist painted a beautiful mural on the school wall.

C1 adjective /maɪˈkroʊ.bi.əl/

microbial

Meaning

Related to bacteria, fungi, and other microscopic organisms.

Example

Microbial activity in the soil improves fertility.

A1 noun /ˈmjuːzɪk/

music

Meaning

vocal or instrumental sounds combined to produce harmony, melody, or rhythm

Example

She loves listening to classical music.

C1 noun /ˈmænər/

manor

Meaning

A large country house with lands; the main house of an estate.

Example

The old manor stood proudly on the hill for centuries.

C1 noun /ˈmaɪkrəʊˌklaɪmæt/

microclimate

Meaning

The climate of a small, specific area that may differ from the general climate of the surrounding region, often influenced by local factors like terrain, vegetation, or buildings.

Example

A microclimate can have a significant impact on plant growth.

C2 noun /ˌmɛtəmˌsaɪˈkoʊsɪs/

metempsychosis

Meaning

The supposed transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death.

Example

Ancient philosophers often debated the idea of metempsychosis.

C1 adjective məˈdʒes.tɪk

Majestic

Meaning

Having impressive beauty, dignity, or grandeur; regal and stately in appearance.

Example

The majestic Himalayas stand tall against the sky.

B2 adverb /ˈmɒdərətli/

moderately

Meaning

to a reasonable extent, not excessively

Example

She exercises moderately to stay healthy.

C1 noun /ˈmelənkəli/

Melancholy

Meaning

A feeling of pensive sadness; thoughtful or gentle sadness

Example

A deep melancholy settled over him after reading the old letters.

C1 noun /məˈrɑːl/

Morale

Meaning

the confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or group

Example

The team's morale improved after the victory.

C1 verb /ˈmɑːrdʒɪnəlaɪz/

marginalize

Meaning

To treat a person or group as unimportant or insignificant.

Example

The policy marginalized minority communities.

C2 adjective /mɔːrˈdeɪʃəs/

mordacious

Meaning

Sharp or biting in style, tone, or remark; sarcastic.

Example

The critic’s mordacious review offended the author.

A2 noun ˈmuːv.mənts

movements

Meaning

Organized efforts by groups of people working together to advance their shared political, social, or artistic ideas.

Example

Freedom movements paved the way for independence.

C1 adjective ˌmiː.ti.ər.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl

meteorological

Meaning

Relating to weather conditions and atmospheric phenomena.

Example

Meteorological conditions affect farming cycles.

C1 adjective /ˈmɒdʒʊlər/

modular

Meaning

Employing or involving a module or modules as the basis of design or construction.

Example

The modular design allows for easy customization and scalability.

B2 noun /ˌmʌltɪplɪˈkeɪʃən/

multiplication

Meaning

the mathematical process of combining numbers to get a product; the act of increasing in number or amount

Example

Multiplication is one of the basic operations taught in elementary mathematics.

B1 noun /ˈmæɡnət/

magnet

Meaning

An object that produces a magnetic field and attracts metals like iron.

Example

The magnet held the paper to the fridge door.

C1 adjective /ˈmɔːrn.fəl/

mournful

Meaning

feeling, expressing, or causing sadness or grief

Example

The mournful song reminded her of lost loved ones.

C2 noun /ˌmɪn.ɪˈstreɪ.ʃən/

ministration

Meaning

The act of providing care, assistance, or religious service.

Example

She recovered thanks to the kind ministrations of the nurses.

C2 adjective ˌmɛɡəˈlɪθɪk

megalithic

Meaning

Relating to or denoting prehistoric monuments made of or containing large stones.

Example

The megalithic structures in ancient civilizations are fascinating.

C1 adjective /ˈmɜːki/

murky

Meaning

Dark, gloomy, and difficult to see through; obscure.

Example

We avoided swimming in the murky river.

C1 noun /ˈmʌltɪplaɪər/

multiplier

Meaning

a number or factor by which another number is multiplied; something that increases the effect or value of something else

Example

In economics, government spending can act as a multiplier for economic growth.

C1 verb (past) /ˈmɛrɪtɪd/

merited

Meaning

Deserved or earned something.

Example

Her dedication merited recognition from the community.

C1 adjective ˌmæk.roʊ.iː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk

macroeconomic

Meaning

Relating to the large-scale or general economic factors, such as interest rates and national productivity.

Example

Government policies impact macroeconomic stability.

C2 noun /maɪˈæzmə/

miasma

Meaning

An unpleasant or unhealthy smell or atmosphere.

Example

A miasma of decay hung over the abandoned house.

C1 verb /mɑːr/

mar

Meaning

to spoil or damage the appearance or quality of something

Example

The scratch will mar the beauty of the painting.

B2 noun /moʊˈmɛn.təm/

momentum

Meaning

The quantity of motion of a moving body; the impetus and driving force gained by the development of a process or course of events.

Example

The company gained momentum after launching a new product.

B2 adjective /mɑːrkt/

Marked

Meaning

clearly noticeable; distinct; obvious

Example

There was a marked improvement in her performance.

A2 noun /ˈmoʊtərˌsaɪkəl/

motorcycle

Meaning

a two-wheeled motor-powered vehicle designed for transportation

Example

He rides his motorcycle to work every morning.

C2 noun /ˈmɛndɪkənt/

mendicant

Meaning

a beggar; a person who lives by asking for alms

Example

The mendicant asked for food at the monastery gate.

C2 noun /məˈlɪŋɡərər/

malingerer

Meaning

a person who pretends to be sick to avoid duty or work

Example

The manager suspected that John was a malingerer.

C2 adjective /ˈmæk.jʊˌleɪ.tɪd/

maculated

Meaning

Spotted or stained; marked with blemishes.

Example

The maculated surface of the old mirror gave it a unique charm.

B2 noun /ˈmɛtəfɔːr/

metaphor

Meaning

A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable.

Example

Time is a thief is a common metaphor for how quickly life passes.

C2 noun /məˈnæʒəri/

menagerie

Meaning

a collection of wild animals kept for exhibition; a diverse or strange group of people or things

Example

The circus had a menagerie of exotic animals.

C2 noun /miːd/

mead

Meaning

An alcoholic drink made from fermented honey and water.

Example

The Vikings were known to drink large amounts of mead during feasts.

B2 noun /məˈstɑːʃ/

Moustache

Meaning

hair that grows on the upper lip of men

Example

He grew a thick moustache for the play.

B1 noun /ˈmɪlk.mæn/

Milkman

Meaning

a person who delivers milk to homes or businesses

Example

The milkman delivers fresh milk to our house every morning.

C1 verb /mɔːrf/

morph

Meaning

to change smoothly from one form, shape, or character into another

Example

The caterpillar will morph into a butterfly.

C1 verb /məˈtɪərɪəlaɪz/

materialize

Meaning

To become real or actual; to appear suddenly or in a physical form.

Example

The opportunity he had been waiting for finally materialized.

C1 noun /ˈmætrəˌmoʊni/

matrimony

Meaning

The state of being married; marriage.

Example

They entered into matrimony after years of friendship.

C1 noun /meər/

Mare

Meaning

an adult female horse

Example

The beautiful mare galloped across the meadow.

B2 noun /ˈmæstərpiːs/

Masterpiece

Meaning

A work of outstanding artistry, skill, or workmanship

Example

The Mona Lisa is considered one of the greatest masterpieces of all time.

B2 noun /ˈmɛntɔːr/

mentor

Meaning

an experienced person who advises and guides someone less experienced

Example

She acted as a mentor for the new employees.

C2 noun /ˌmjuːlˈtɪər/

muleteer

Meaning

a person who drives or takes care of mules

Example

The muleteer guided the animals safely across the mountain path.

A2 verb /ˈmɪsɪŋ/

missing

Meaning

Being without or lacking; failing to be present or included.

Example

Many youths are missing economic opportunities.

C1 adjective /ˈmæliəbl̩/

malleable

Meaning

Easily shaped or influenced; capable of being bent or adapted.

Example

Gold is a highly malleable metal used in jewelry.

C1 adjective /ˌmʌltɪˈfæsɪtɪd/

multifaceted

Meaning

Having many different aspects or features

Example

The multifaceted approach to the problem resulted in innovative solutions.

C2 noun /ˈmæl.əˌfæk.tər/

malefactor

Meaning

A person who commits a crime or does evil.

Example

The malefactor was arrested for the robbery.

C1 verb /ˌmɪsˈkaʊnt/

miscount

Meaning

To count wrongly or inaccurately.

Example

He miscounted the number of chairs in the hall.

C2 adjective /ˈmiːzli/

measly

Meaning

contemptibly small or insignificant

Example

He was paid a measly sum for the hard work.

A2 noun ˈmuːv.mənt

movement

Meaning

A group of people working together to advance their shared political, social, or artistic ideas.

Example

The movement aimed to ensure equal rights.

B2 noun /ˈmæstəri/

Mastery

Meaning

Great skill or expertise in a subject or activity

Example

His mastery of the violin impressed audiences around the world.

C1 adjective, verb /muːt/

moot

Meaning

Adjective: subject to debate or irrelevant. Verb: to suggest an idea for discussion.

Example

The issue of funding became a moot point after the project was canceled.

C2 noun /ˈmaɪkrəˌkɒzəm/

microcosm

Meaning

A small, representative system having analogies to a larger system; a miniature version of something.

Example

The small town is a microcosm of the entire nation.

C1 adjective, verb (past tense/participle of mire) /ˈmaɪərd/

mired

Meaning

Trapped or entangled in something, typically a difficult situation.

Example

The politician was mired in scandal.

C2 noun /məˈlɛvələns/

malevolence

Meaning

The state or condition of being malevolent; having or showing a wish to do evil to others.

Example

His malevolence was clear in the cruel way he treated his rivals.

C1 adjective/noun nɪˈmɒn.ɪk

mnemonic

Meaning

Assisting or intended to assist memory; a device or technique to aid memory.

Example

A mnemonic device helps students remember complex concepts.

A1 adjective /ˈmɛni/

many

Meaning

a large number of

Example

Many students attended the lecture.

C1 adjective /maɪˈɑːpɪk/

myopic

Meaning

lacking foresight or long-term perspective; also refers to nearsightedness

Example

The company’s myopic strategy led to long-term losses.

A2 noun /muːn/

Moon

Meaning

the natural satellite of the earth, visible at night by reflected light from the sun

Example

The full moon shines brightly in the night sky.

C1 noun /mɪsˈɡɪvɪŋz/

misgivings

Meaning

feelings of doubt or concern about the outcome or propriety of something

Example

She had serious misgivings about signing the contract.

B2 noun /məˈræl.ə.ti/

Morality

Meaning

principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong behavior

Example

The debate focused on the morality of the decision.

C2 adjective, adverb /ˌmæləprəˈpoʊ/

malapropos

Meaning

inappropriate or unsuitable; at an inconvenient or inappropriate time

Example

His comment was malapropos during the serious discussion.

B2 adjective /ˈmɪl.ki waɪt/

Milky white

Meaning

a pure white color resembling milk

Example

The clouds looked milky white against the blue sky.

C1 adjective /ˌmel.ənˈkɒl.ɪk/

Melancholic

Meaning

sad and thoughtful; feeling or expressing sadness

Example

The melancholic music made everyone feel sad.

B2 adjective ˈmem.ər.ə.bəl

memorable

Meaning

Worth remembering or easily remembered, especially because of being special or unusual.

Example

Memorable events inspire generations.

B2 adjective /ˈmɪθɪkəl/

Mythical

Meaning

existing only in myths or legends; imaginary or fictitious

Example

Dragons are mythical creatures that appear in many cultures.

B2 noun /ˈmɪnərəl/

mineral

Meaning

a naturally occurring substance that is solid and inorganic, often used in industry or nutrition

Example

Calcium is an important mineral for strong bones.

C1 noun /məˈnɒtəni/

monotony

Meaning

Lack of variety and interest; tedious repetition and routine.

Example

Breaking the monotony of everyday life can improve mental health.

C2 adjective /ˌmɔːrɡəˈnætɪk/

morganatic

Meaning

relating to a marriage in which one partner, usually of lower social rank, does not share the titles or privileges of the other

Example

The prince entered into a morganatic marriage with a commoner.

A1 verb /miːt/

meet

Meaning

to come into the presence of; to encounter

Example

I will meet you at the café.