A2 noun /ˈmiːnɪŋ/

Meaning

What is meant by a word, text, or concept; significance or purpose

Example

The teacher explained the meaning of the difficult word to the students.

C1 noun /ɪmˈpɛdɪmənt/

impediments

Meaning

A hindrance or obstruction in doing something; things that prevent progress or achievement.

Example

Economic impediments often hinder social development.

B2 noun /əˈmɛnətiz/

amenities

Meaning

useful or pleasant facilities and services provided for comfort or convenience

Example

The hotel offers modern amenities such as free Wi-Fi and a swimming pool.

C1 noun /ˈdek.ə.dəns/

decadence

Meaning

Moral or cultural decline characterized by excessive indulgence in pleasure or luxury.

Example

The novel describes the decadence of the wealthy elite.

C2 noun /ɛnˈsɪklɪkəl/

encyclical

Meaning

a formal letter sent by the Pope to Catholic churches, usually addressing important issues

Example

The Pope issued an encyclical on climate change and moral responsibility.

B2 noun /səˈraʊn.dɪŋz/

surroundings

Meaning

The area around a person, place, or thing.

Example

She quickly adapted to her new surroundings.

A1 noun /bɜːrd/

bird

Meaning

a warm-blooded animal with feathers and wings that usually lays eggs and can often fly

Example

A bird was singing on the tree branch.

C1 noun/verb /rɪˈlæps/

relapse

Meaning

to return to a worse condition, especially after improvement; a deterioration after recovery

Example

After months of progress, he suffered a relapse.

C1 noun /dɪsˈɪntrəst/

disinterest

Meaning

lack of interest or concern

Example

His disinterest in the project was obvious.

C1 noun /prəˈpoʊnənt/

proponent

Meaning

a person who advocates for or supports a particular idea, cause, or plan

Example

She is a strong proponent of renewable energy.

B2 noun /bʌlk/

Bulk

Meaning

the mass or size of something large; the greater part or majority of something

Example

The bulk of the work was completed before the deadline.

A1 determiner /sʌm/

some

Meaning

an unspecified amount or number of something

Example

I have some money in my wallet.

B2 adjective /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd/

irritated

Meaning

feeling annoyed or impatient; having inflamed or sore physical condition

Example

She felt irritated by the constant noise outside her window.

C2 adjective /ˈblæs.fə.məs/

blasphemous

Meaning

showing disrespect or lack of reverence for God or sacred things

Example

The book was banned for its blasphemous content.

B2 noun /ˌɪmpərˈfɛkʃən/

imperfection

Meaning

a flaw, defect, or weakness; the state of being imperfect

Example

She accepted her imperfection as part of being human.

B2 noun/verb /swɔːrm/

swarm

Meaning

A large group of insects or people moving together.

Example

A swarm of bees surrounded the tree.

C1 noun /əˈsɛnʃən/

ascension

Meaning

The act of rising or going up, often to an important position or a higher place.

Example

His rapid ascension in the company surprised everyone.

B2 adjective /kəmˈpætəbl/

compatible

Meaning

Able to exist or work together without conflict; harmonious.

Example

This software is compatible with both Windows and Mac systems.

A2 noun /ˈsɪz.ərz/

Scissors

Meaning

a cutting instrument with two sharp blades that are joined and work against each other

Example

She used scissors to cut the paper into small pieces.

A2 noun /niː/

Knee

Meaning

the joint connecting the thigh and the lower leg in humans

Example

He fell and scraped his knee on the pavement.

B1 noun ˌɪnspɪˈreɪʃən

inspiration

Meaning

The process of being mentally stimulated to do or feel something, especially to do something creative.

Example

His journey to success became an inspiration for many.

C1 verb /ˌʌndərˈlaɪ/

underlie

Meaning

to be the hidden cause or basis of something

Example

Strong cultural traditions underlie the community's practices.

C2 noun /ˈkjuːbeb ˈpepər/

Cubeb Pepper

Meaning

aromatic spice with a slightly bitter taste and cooling aftertaste

Example

Cubeb pepper is used in traditional Indonesian cuisine.

C1 noun daɪˈkɒtəmi

dichotomy

Meaning

A division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different.

Example

The dichotomy between tradition and modernity is often debated.

B1 noun /ˈfeɪ.vər/

Favour

Meaning

approval, support, or liking for someone or something; a kind or helpful act

Example

Could you do me a favour and help me move this heavy box?

B2 verb /ˈsɜːrkjəˌleɪt/

circulate

Meaning

to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area

Example

Air circulated freely in the open hall.

C2 noun /laʊt/

lout

Meaning

An uncouth or aggressive man or boy.

Example

The drunken lout caused a scene at the party.

A2 noun /paɪ/

Pie

Meaning

a baked dish of fruit, meat, or vegetables, typically with a top and base of pastry

Example

My grandmother makes the best apple pie in town.

C2 verb /ˈkæstɪˌɡeɪt/

castigate

Meaning

To criticize someone severely or to punish harshly.

Example

The teacher castigated the students for their poor behavior.

C1 noun prəˈtɛk.ʃə.nɪ.zəm

protectionism

Meaning

The theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.

Example

The government's protectionism helped local businesses grow.

B2 adjective /ˈplɛʒərəbl/

pleasurable

Meaning

giving pleasure or enjoyment

Example

Reading a good book is a pleasurable activity.

B2 noun trænˈspær.ən.si

transparency

Meaning

The quality of being easy to perceive or detect; openness, accountability, and honesty in governance or operations.

Example

Transparency fosters trust in governance.

B2 noun /rɛlm/

realm

Meaning

A kingdom or domain; a field or area of activity or interest.

Example

He is well known in the realm of science.

B2 verb /swaɪp/

swipe

Meaning

to move your finger across a touch screen or to hit with a sweeping motion

Example

He swiped left on the photo.

C1 noun /ˌfɪziˈɑːlədʒi/

physiology

Meaning

the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms in a living system

Example

She is majoring in human physiology at the university.

B2 noun ˈbænd.wɪdθ

bandwidth

Meaning

A range of frequencies within a given band, in particular that used for transmitting a signal; the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.

Example

Increasing bandwidth enhances internet speed.

A2 noun /ˈtɛlɪfəʊn/

telephone

Meaning

a system for transmitting voices over a distance using wire or radio, typically for communication.

Example

I need to make a telephone call to my friend.

A2 noun /tjuːb/

tube

Meaning

a hollow cylinder used to convey something, typically fluid

Example

He used a tube to measure the liquid.

C1 adjective ʌnˈskruːpjʊləs

unscrupulous

Meaning

Having or showing no moral principles; not honest or fair.

Example

Unscrupulous peers can lead adolescents to delinquency.

B1 noun /ˈtʃæn.əl/

Channel

Meaning

a television or radio station; a passage for water or other liquids; a means of communication

Example

The news channel provided live coverage of the important event.

C2 adjective /ʌnˈwiːldi/

unwieldy

Meaning

Difficult to carry or move because of its size, shape, or weight.

Example

The box was too unwieldy to carry up the stairs.

B1 verb /leɪ/

lay

Meaning

to put something down in a flat position; to place carefully

Example

Please lay the book on the table.

C1 noun /əbˈstrʌkʃən/

obstruction

Meaning

Something that blocks or gets in the way; the action of obstructing.

Example

There was an obstruction on the railway track.

C1 noun /sɪlk klɔːθ/

Silk cloth

Meaning

fabric made from natural fibers produced by silkworms

Example

The bride wore a beautiful dress made of silk cloth.

C1 noun /ˈriːkɔːrs/

recourse

Meaning

a source of help or protection in a difficult situation

Example

The students had no recourse but to appeal to the principal.

B2 noun /ˈrep.taɪl/

Reptile

Meaning

a cold-blooded animal with scaly skin that lays eggs on land

Example

The lizard is a common reptile found in gardens.

C1 noun /ɪɡˈzɜːr.ʃən/

exertion

Meaning

Using energy or effort to achieve something.

Example

Excessive exertion can lead to fatigue and burnout.

A1 noun /ˈʃɒpɪŋ/

shopping

Meaning

the activity of going to shops to buy things

Example

She spent the afternoon shopping for clothes.

C1 adjective /ˈhæk.nid/

hackneyed

Meaning

Used too often and therefore lacking originality or freshness.

Example

The speech was filled with hackneyed phrases that failed to inspire the audience.

C1 adjective /frəˈtɜːrnəl/

fraternal

Meaning

Relating to brothers or brotherhood; friendly and supportive.

Example

The two nations maintain a fraternal relationship.

B1 adjective /ˈsuːtəbl/

suitable

Meaning

appropriate or right for a particular person, purpose, or situation

Example

This dress is suitable for the wedding.

C2 noun /ˈmænˌtræp/

man-trap

Meaning

A trap designed to catch or injure humans; informally, a woman considered dangerously attractive.

Example

The old castle had a man-trap at the entrance.

C1 verb /ɔːˈθɛntɪkeɪt/

authenticate

Meaning

To prove or show that something is genuine or true.

Example

The bank uses advanced technology to authenticate online transactions.

C2 noun /rɪˈkwaɪtəl/

requital

Meaning

The act of returning something, such as a favor, service, or punishment; repayment or retaliation.

Example

She offered her time in requital for his kindness.

C2 verb /ɪnˈfætʃueɪt/

infatuate

Meaning

to inspire with an intense but short-lived passion or admiration

Example

He was infatuated with her beauty.

B2 noun /ˈprɛʃər ˈkʊkər/

Pressure cooker

Meaning

a sealed cooking pot that uses steam pressure to cook food faster

Example

Using a pressure cooker reduces cooking time by more than half.

C1 noun /səˈlɪn.ə.t̬i/

salinity

Meaning

The salt content of soil or water, typically measured as a concentration.

Example

The salinity of the ocean varies depending on depth and location.

C2 noun /luːˈbrɪsɪti/

lubricity

Meaning

the quality of being slippery or smooth; sometimes also refers to lewdness

Example

The lubricity of the surface made it difficult to walk on.

C1 verb /ˌriːˈkæst/

recast

Meaning

To present or change something in a different form or style.

Example

The director decided to recast the role with a younger actor.

C1 adjective /pəˈrɛniəl/

perennial

Meaning

lasting or existing for a long time, or recurring continually

Example

Climate change is a perennial concern for scientists.

B2 noun /ˈrɪŋkəl/

Wrinkle

Meaning

a small line or fold in something, especially fabric or skin; a crease

Example

She noticed a few wrinkles around her eyes.

C2 verb /ˈdɛpɪleɪt/

depilate

Meaning

to remove hair from the skin, especially by mechanical or chemical means

Example

She decided to depilate her legs before the event.

C2 adjective /prəˈpʌlsɪv/

propulsive

Meaning

Having the power to drive or push something forward.

Example

The propulsive force of the rocket lifted it off the ground.

B2 adjective /ˈtɒl.ər.ə.bəl/

Tolerable

Meaning

able to be endured; acceptable though not ideal

Example

The heat was barely tolerable in the afternoon.

A2 noun ˌtræn.spɔːrˈteɪ.ʃən

Transportation

Meaning

The movement of people or goods from one place to another.

Example

Efficient transportation reduces costs.

C1 noun /peɪˈiː/

payee

Meaning

A person to whom money is paid or is to be paid.

Example

The payee must sign the check before cashing it.

B2 noun /ɪnˈvɛstɪˌɡeɪtər/

investigator

Meaning

a person who carries out a formal inquiry or investigation

Example

The investigator gathered evidence from the crime scene.

B2 adjective /ˈfraɪtfəl/

frightful

Meaning

causing fear or horror; very unpleasant

Example

The hikers faced frightful weather conditions on the mountain.

A2 noun /niːs/

niece

Meaning

the daughter of one's brother or sister

Example

My niece is studying at the university this year.

B1 verb /kənˈfɜːrm/

confirm

Meaning

to establish the truth, accuracy, or validity of something

Example

The hotel will confirm your reservation by email.

B2 noun /ˈset.əl.mənt/

Settlement

Meaning

a place where people establish a community; an agreement that ends a dispute

Example

The early settlement was built near the river for easy access to water.

C2 noun /əˈmæl.ɡəm/

amalgam

Meaning

a mixture or blend of different things

Example

The new policy is an amalgam of several previous laws.

C2 noun /ˈdɪfɪdəns/

diffidence

Meaning

Lack of self-confidence; shyness or modesty.

Example

Her diffidence made it hard for her to speak in public.

A2 verb /taɪ/

Tie

Meaning

to fasten with string or rope; to have equal scores in a competition

Example

Please tie your shoelaces before running.

B1 verb /rɪˈspɒnd/

respond

Meaning

to give an answer or reply; to react to something

Example

Please respond to my email as soon as possible.

B2 adjective /self səˈfɪʃənt/

Self-sufficient

Meaning

able to provide for oneself without depending on others

Example

The farm is completely self-sufficient in producing vegetables.

C2 noun /lɪˈbrɛtoʊ/

libretto

Meaning

The text of an opera or other long vocal work.

Example

She studied the libretto before attending the opera performance.

C1 noun /ˈækwɪˌdʌkt/

aqueduct

Meaning

a structure built to carry water over long distances

Example

The Romans built aqueducts to supply water to their cities.

B2 adjective /slaɪ/

sly

Meaning

Clever in a deceitful or cunning way.

Example

She gave him a sly smile.

B2 noun /ɡaʊn/

Gown

Meaning

a long dress, typically worn on formal occasions; a loose robe worn for comfort or in professional settings

Example

She looked elegant in her evening gown at the graduation ceremony.

C1 verb /ˈvæŋkwɪʃ/

vanquish

Meaning

to defeat thoroughly, especially in battle or competition

Example

The army vanquished its enemies with superior strategy.

B2 noun, verb /rɪər/

rear

Meaning

the back part of something; to bring up or raise children or animals

Example

The mother cat reared her kittens in a quiet corner.

C1 noun /ˈhɔːrtɪˌkʌltʃər/

horticulture

Meaning

The art or practice of garden cultivation and management.

Example

Horticulture plays a vital role in producing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.

A1 verb /əˈɡriː/

agree

Meaning

to have the same opinion; to consent; to be in harmony

Example

We all agree that the plan is excellent.

B2 adverb /ˈmen.tə.li/

Mentally

Meaning

relating to the mind; in terms of mental processes

Example

She was mentally preparing herself for the exam.

B2 noun /ˌrep.ɪˈtɪʃ.ən/

Repetition

Meaning

the action of repeating something that has already been said or written

Example

Constant repetition helps students memorize vocabulary effectively.

C2 adjective /ˌpɪkəˈjuːn/

picayune

Meaning

of little value or importance; trivial

Example

He complained about the picayune details of the contract.

C2 verb /miːt/

mete

Meaning

To dispense or allot justice, punishment, or harsh treatment.

Example

The judge will mete out punishment according to the crime.

B2 adjective /raɪp/

Ripe

Meaning

fully developed and ready to eat; mature; ready for action or use

Example

The bananas are ripe and ready to eat.

C1 adjective /ˈprɛdəˌtɔri/

predatory

Meaning

Relating to animals that prey on others; exploiting or victimizing others for personal gain.

Example

The predatory bird swooped down on its prey.

B1 adjective /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntl/

environmental

Meaning

relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition

Example

The company adopted new policies to reduce environmental damage.

B1 adjective /θrɪld/

thrilled

Meaning

extremely happy or excited

Example

She was thrilled with the surprise party.

A1 adjective /eɪtθ/

eighth

Meaning

coming after the seventh position in a sequence; one of eight equal parts

Example

She finished in eighth place in the race.

A2 adverb /ˈsʌm.taɪm/

sometime

Meaning

at a time that is not known or stated; occasionally

Example

Let's meet for coffee sometime next week.

A2 noun /prəˈdʌkʃən/

production

Meaning

the process of manufacturing or creating something

Example

The production of this film took over a year.

C1 adjective /ˈrævənəs/

ravenous

Meaning

Extremely hungry; famished.

Example

After the long hike, she was ravenous and ate quickly.

B2 noun /ˌsoʊsiˈɑːlədʒi/

sociology

Meaning

the study of society, human relationships, and social institutions

Example

She is studying sociology at university.

C1 noun /ˈoʊ.vər spɪl/

Over-spill

Meaning

the overflow of liquid from a container; excess that cannot be contained

Example

The overspill from the river flooded nearby farms.

C1 noun /sɪˈnɒpsɪs/

synopsis

Meaning

a brief summary of the main points of a text, film, or research

Example

The publisher asked the author to submit a one-page synopsis of the novel.

C2 adjective /ɪnˈfɜːrnəl/

infernal

Meaning

relating to hell; extremely troublesome or annoying

Example

The workers complained about the infernal noise from the construction site.

C1 noun /ˌkɒnstəˈneɪʃən/

consternation

Meaning

A feeling of anxiety, dismay, or confusion, often caused by something unexpected.

Example

The sudden announcement caused widespread consternation among the employees.

A2 noun səkˈsɛs

success

Meaning

The accomplishment of an aim or purpose; the attainment of popularity or profit

Example

Success requires focus and determination.

A1 noun /ˈwiːkˌɛnd/

weekend

Meaning

the end of the week, typically regarded as Saturday and Sunday

Example

They are planning a trip for the weekend.

B2 noun /bɪzˈnɛs sʌˈsɛs/

business success

Meaning

The achievement of desired outcomes in business operations, typically measured by profitability, growth, and sustainability.

Example

Innovation drives business success.

C2 noun /ˈɪnˌɡreɪt/

ingrate

Meaning

An ungrateful person; someone who shows no appreciation.

Example

He worked hard for his friend, but the ingrate never thanked him.

C1 adjective /ˈtækt.fəl/

Tactful

Meaning

showing skill and sensitivity in dealing with others or difficult situations

Example

He gave a tactful response to avoid hurting her feelings.

B2 noun /ˈtɛkstʃər/

texture

Meaning

the way something feels when you touch it; the quality of a surface or substance

Example

The fabric has a soft and smooth texture.

C1 noun /ˈpæs.ɪ.fɪst/

pacifist

Meaning

a person who believes in peace and opposes war or violence

Example

She is a committed pacifist who campaigns against armed conflict.

C1 noun /hjuːˈmɪl.ɪ.ti/

humility

Meaning

The quality of having a modest or low view of one's importance.

Example

She accepted the award with grace and humility.

C1 adjective /rɪˈtɜː.nə.bəl/

Returnable

Meaning

able to be returned or given back

Example

The bottle is returnable for a deposit refund.

C1 noun /ˌpændəˈmoʊniəm/

pandemonium

Meaning

Wild and noisy disorder or confusion; uproar.

Example

When the concert was canceled, pandemonium broke out among the crowd.

C2 adjective /ˌɪnkəmˈprɛsəbl/

incompressible

Meaning

Not able to be pressed or squeezed into a smaller space.

Example

Liquids are generally considered incompressible.

C2 adjective /ˈiːkwaɪn/

equine

Meaning

Relating to or resembling a horse.

Example

The veterinarian specialized in equine medicine.

C1 adjective /ɔːˈtʌmnəl/

autumnal

Meaning

relating to or characteristic of autumn; occurring in autumn

Example

The autumnal colors of red and gold filled the forest.

C2 adjective /ˈærənt/

arrant

Meaning

complete or utter (used negatively, e.g., 'arrant nonsense')

Example

His excuse was arrant nonsense.

C1 adjective /ˈɪmpjəd(ə)nt/

impudent

Meaning

not showing due respect for another person; rude

Example

The impudent child talked back to the teacher.

B2 noun/adjective /rɪˈpʌblɪkən/

republican

Meaning

a member or supporter of a republican political party or system

Example

The republican candidate won the election.

C2 noun /ˈmæl.kənˌtɛnt/

malcontent

Meaning

A person who is dissatisfied or rebellious; one who is not content.

Example

The malcontent voiced his grievances against the government.

C2 noun ˈnjʊə.rəʊ ˌfiːd.bæk

neurofeedback

Meaning

A technique that uses real-time displays of brain activity to teach self-regulation of brain function.

Example

Neurofeedback enhances cognitive performance and relaxation.

C2 noun /ˈhæbɪtənt/

habitant

Meaning

An inhabitant; a person or animal that lives in a particular place.

Example

The habitants of the village were friendly and welcoming.

A2 noun ˈhæpɪnəs

happiness

Meaning

The feeling or state of being happy; a pleasurable or satisfying experience; contentment and joy.

Example

Happiness lies in enjoying the small things in life.