mayor
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B2 noun /ˈmeɪər/

mayor

Meaning
The elected head of a city, town, or municipality.
Example
The mayor announced a new policy to improve public transport.
B1 noun /ˈpaɪn.æp.əl/

Pine Apple

Meaning
a large tropical fruit with a tough skin and sweet yellow flesh
Example
The pineapple has a crown of spiky leaves on top.
C2 noun /ˈpɛd.ən.tri/

pedantry

Meaning
Excessive concern with minor details or rules.
Example
His pedantry made the meeting unnecessarily long.
B1 verb /loʊˈkeɪt/

locate

Meaning
to find the exact position or place of something
Example
They managed to locate the missing keys under the couch.
B2 noun /kəmˈplek.ʃən/

Complexion

Meaning
the natural color, texture, and appearance of a person's skin, especially on the face
Example
Her fair complexion glowed beautifully in the morning sunlight.
C2 noun /ɪˌdʒækjʊˈleɪʃən/

ejaculation

Meaning
The action of suddenly saying something or the release of semen during sexual climax.
Example
His sudden ejaculation of joy surprised everyone in the room.
C1 verb /ˈɪmprəvaɪz/

improvise

Meaning
To create or perform something spontaneously without preparation.
Example
The actor had to improvise his lines when he forgot the script.
C1 noun /kæsˈkeɪd/

Cascade

Meaning
a waterfall; a succession of stages or operations
Example
The mountain cascade created a beautiful natural swimming pool below.
B2 noun /ˈvɜː.dɪkt/

verdict

Meaning
a decision made by a jury or judge in a court case
Example
The jury returned a guilty verdict after three hours of deliberation.
C2 noun /ˈhaɪərəˌɡlɪf/

hieroglyph

Meaning
A picture or symbol used in ancient writing systems, especially Egyptian writing.
Example
The walls of the temple were covered in hieroglyphs.
C1 verb /prəˈlɪf.ə.reɪt/

proliferate

Meaning
To increase rapidly in numbers; to grow or spread quickly and extensively.
Example
Startups tend to proliferate in a thriving economy.
A1 verb /duː/

do

Meaning
to perform an action; to carry out
Example
I do my homework every evening.
B1 noun /ˈkæləri/

calorie

Meaning
A unit of energy, often used to measure the energy content of food and drink.
Example
She checks the calorie count before eating any packaged food.
C2 noun /ˈpɒm.əl/

pommel

Meaning
the rounded knob on the handle of a sword or saddle
Example
He gripped the sword firmly by the pommel.
C1 phrase ˈriː.dʒən.əl ˈfɔː.rəm

regional forum

Meaning
A meeting or conference where representatives from countries or organizations in a specific geographical area discuss issues of common interest.
Example
The Regional Forum discussed deforestation impacts.
C1 noun ˈpɛd.ə.ɡɒ.dʒi

pedagogy

Meaning
The method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept.
Example
Modern pedagogy focuses on student-centered learning.
B1 adjective ˈpræktɪkəl

practical

Meaning
Concerned with actual use rather than theory; realistic and sensible.
Example
A practical approach is needed for solving complex problems.
C1 verb/noun /ˈkrɒn.ɪ.kəl/

chronicle

Meaning
To record events in the order in which they happened; a written record of historical events.
Example
She decided to chronicle her journey through a blog.
C1 noun /ɪnˈtaɪərəti/

entirety

Meaning
the whole of something; the complete form
Example
He watched the movie in its entirety.
B2 verb /rɪˈkɜːr/

recur

Meaning
to happen again, especially repeatedly or at regular intervals
Example
The headache tends to recur every few weeks.
C2 noun /ˈdɛvɪltrɪ/

deviltry

Meaning
Cruel or malicious behavior; mischief with an evil aspect.
Example
The villain’s deviltry terrified the townsfolk.
C2 adjective /ˈɪmənənt/

immanent

Meaning
existing or operating within; inherent
Example
He believed that moral values are immanent in human nature.
C2 adjective /ˈplændʒənt/

plangent

Meaning
having a loud, mournful sound; resonant
Example
The plangent toll of the church bell echoed through the village.
B2 noun /ˈdɪdʒɪt/

digit

Meaning
a numeral from 0 to 9; also a finger or toe
Example
You must enter a four-digit code to unlock the phone.
B2 verb /ɪmˈprɪzən/

imprison

Meaning
to put someone in prison; to confine or restrict someone's freedom
Example
The judge imprisoned the criminal for five years.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛlvəti/

velvety

Meaning
having a smooth, soft texture like velvet
Example
She spoke in a low, velvety voice.
B1 adjective /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl/

historical

Meaning
Related to history or past events.
Example
The museum has a large collection of historical documents.
B2 verb /kweɪk/

quake

Meaning
to shake or tremble, often due to fear or a natural event like an earthquake
Example
The ground began to quake during the earthquake.
C1 noun /ˈliːʒən/

lesion

Meaning
An area of damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, often caused by injury or disease.
Example
The doctor examined the skin lesion carefully.
B1 noun /ˈbed ˌkʌv.ər/

Bed cover

Meaning
a protective covering for a bed, typically a bedspread or comforter
Example
She pulled the bed cover up to her chin to stay warm.
B1 adjective /ˈbælənst/

balanced

Meaning
keeping or showing a sensible and fair view or position; evenly arranged
Example
A balanced diet is essential for good health.
B2 noun /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk ˈsɪs.təm/

economic system

Meaning
The organized framework for production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in society.
Example
Capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies are types of economic systems.
C1 noun/adjective /fɔːrˈboʊdɪŋ/

foreboding

Meaning
A feeling that something bad will happen; ominous.
Example
She felt a deep sense of foreboding as she entered the abandoned house.
A2 noun /kæmp/

Camp

Meaning
a place where soldiers live temporarily; a place with tents or huts for temporary accommodation
Example
The military established a camp near the border.
B2 noun /ˈlaɪf.taɪm/

lifetime

Meaning
The duration of a person's life or the existence of something.
Example
She achieved more in her lifetime than most people dream of.
B2 adjective ˌiːvəˈluːʃənəri

evolutionary

Meaning
Relating to or denoting the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
Example
The evolutionary changes in species are fascinating.
C1 noun /wʊd ˈæp.əl/

Wood Apple

Meaning
a hard-shelled tropical fruit with aromatic pulp used in beverages and medicine
Example
The wood apple has a hard shell but sweet pulp inside.
C2 adjective /bɪˈwɪtʃɪŋ/

bewitching

Meaning
charming, enchanting, or captivating in a magical or irresistible way
Example
She wore a bewitching smile that captivated everyone in the room.
B1 verb /ʃuːt/

shoot

Meaning
to fire a bullet or arrow from a weapon; to take a photograph or film
Example
He learned how to shoot a bow and arrow.
C1 verb /fɔːrˈɡoʊ/

forego

Meaning
to decide not to do or have something pleasant or valuable
Example
She decided to forego dessert to maintain her diet.
C1 noun /ɪkˌsperɪˈmɛnteɪʃən/

experimentation

Meaning
The process of performing a scientific procedure to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
Example
Experimentation leads to groundbreaking products.
B1 adjective /ɑːrˈtɪstɪk/

artistic

Meaning
having or revealing natural creative skill
Example
She has an artistic sense of design.
B2 noun /ˈræp.ər/

Wrapper

Meaning
a loose garment worn around the body; covering material
Example
She put on a warm wrapper before going outside.
C2 noun /ˈmɒnəˌsɪləbəl/

monosyllable

Meaning
A word consisting of only one syllable.
Example
Words like 'yes' and 'no' are monosyllables.
B2 adjective /ˈkræŋki/

cranky

Meaning
bad-tempered, easily annoyed, or irritable
Example
The child gets cranky when he is hungry.
B2 noun /dɪˈpləʊ.mə/

diploma

Meaning
an official document showing that a person has completed a course of study or training
Example
She received her diploma after finishing the nursing program.
B2 noun /rɪˈvendʒ/

Revenge

Meaning
the action of inflicting hurt or harm on someone for an injury or wrong suffered at their hands
Example
She sought revenge against those who betrayed her trust.
B2 noun /ˈwɑː.ʃər mæn/

Washer man

Meaning
a person whose job is to wash clothes and linens for others
Example
The washer man collected dirty clothes from every household in the village.
C1 noun ˈkiː.stəʊn ˈspiː.ʃiːz

keystone species

Meaning
A species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.
Example
Wolves are a keystone species that regulate prey populations.
C2 noun /ˈdræɡˌnɛt/

dragnet

Meaning
A systematic search or investigation, often by police to catch criminals.
Example
The police launched a dragnet to capture the fugitives.
C1 adjective /raɪ/

wry

Meaning
twisted or distorted in expression; showing dry, mocking humor
Example
He gave a wry smile after hearing the sarcastic remark.
B1 noun /rɪˈkɔːdɪŋ/

recording

Meaning
the act or process of recording something
Example
The recording of the interview was clear and loud.
C1 adjective /ˈaʊt.kɑːst/

Outcast

Meaning
rejected by society; excluded person
Example
He felt like an outcast in his new school.
B2 adjective /ˈfeɪvərəbəl/

favorable

Meaning
expressing approval or support; advantageous
Example
The weather conditions were favorable for the outdoor event.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnsəˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtɪd/

unsophisticated

Meaning
Lacking worldly experience, refinement, or complexity.
Example
The villagers led an unsophisticated but happy life.
A1 noun /noʊz/

nose

Meaning
the part of the face that contains the nostrils and is used for breathing and smelling
Example
He has a sharp nose and can smell things from far away.
C2 noun /ˌɒktədʒəˈnɛəriən/

octogenarian

Meaning
A person who is between 80 and 89 years old.
Example
The octogenarian still jogs every morning to stay healthy.
B2 noun ˈlaɪv.stɒk ˈfɑː.mɪŋ

livestock farming

Meaning
The breeding, raising, and care of farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs for food, fiber, and other products.
Example
Livestock farming plays a crucial role in food security.
B2 adverb /ˈprez.ənt.li/

Presently

Meaning
at the present time; soon; in a little while
Example
The doctor will see you presently.
C2 adjective /ˈmɔːdlɪn/

maudlin

Meaning
Overly sentimental, often tearfully or weakly emotional.
Example
He became maudlin after a few drinks.
C1 noun dɪˈsʌɪsɪvnɪs

decisiveness

Meaning
The ability to make decisions quickly and effectively.
Example
His decisiveness during the crisis saved the company.
B1 noun /tʃuˈɪʃ.ən/

tuition

Meaning
the fee for instruction or teaching, typically at a school or university
Example
The tuition for the college has increased this year.
A1 verb /siː/

see

Meaning
to perceive with the eyes; to understand; to meet
Example
I can see the mountain from here.
A2 verb /əˈtæk/

attack

Meaning
to use violence against someone; to criticize strongly
Example
The enemy forces attacked at dawn.
B2 adjective /ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl/

presidential

Meaning
relating to a president or presidency
Example
The presidential election is scheduled for next month.
C1 noun /ˈpəʊstˌskrɪpt/

postscript

Meaning
an additional remark at the end of a letter or text, after the signature
Example
She added a brief postscript to thank him again.
B2 noun /ˈkʌt.lət/

Cutlet

Meaning
a small piece of meat, especially veal or lamb, for frying or grilling
Example
She served delicious chicken cutlets for dinner.
C1 noun /səbˈvɜːrʒən/

subversion

Meaning
the act of trying to destroy or undermine an established system or authority
Example
The government accused the rebels of planning subversion.
C2 verb /ˈhæroʊ/

harrow

Meaning
to cause distress or torment; also to break up and smooth soil with a farm tool
Example
The tragic news harrowed the entire family.
B2 adverb /ˌnɛvəðəˈlɛs/

nevertheless

Meaning
in spite of that; however
Example
He was tired; nevertheless, he kept working.
B1 noun /ˈeɪ.dʒənt/

agent

Meaning
A person who acts on behalf of another person or organization.
Example
The real estate agent showed us several houses.
B2 noun /ˌep.ɪˈdem.ɪk/

Epidemic

Meaning
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community
Example
The flu epidemic affected thousands of people across the country.
B2 verb /reɪd/

raid

Meaning
to attack suddenly; to search and seize
Example
Police raid the illegal gambling house.
C1 noun əˈblɪv.i.ən

oblivion

Meaning
The state of being unaware or unconscious of what is happening; complete forgetfulness.
Example
His name faded into oblivion over time.
B2 adjective /ɪkˈskluːsɪv/

exclusive

Meaning
restricted to a particular person, group, or area; not shared with others
Example
The hotel offers exclusive access to a private beach.
A1 noun /lɒt/

lot

Meaning
A large number or amount; a group or portion.
Example
She bought a lot of books at the fair.
C2 noun ট্রোপোস্ফিয়ার

troposphere

Meaning
The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere where weather phenomena occur.
Example
The troposphere is where weather phenomena occur.
B2 noun/verb /ˈpriːfɪks/

prefix

Meaning
a word, letter, or number placed before another; as a verb, to add something in front of something else
Example
Developers often prefix variables with an underscore.
A2 noun /ˈæktrəs/

actress

Meaning
a female performer in plays, movies, or television
Example
The actress looked stunning on the red carpet.
C2 adjective /ˌoʊvərˈwiːnɪŋ/

overweening

Meaning
excessively arrogant or prideful
Example
His overweening pride cost him many friends.
B2 adjective /ˈrændəm/

Random

Meaning
without pattern or predetermined order; happening by chance
Example
She selected a random book from the library shelf.
C2 verb /ɪnˈsteɪt/

instate

Meaning
To set up in position, office, or authority.
Example
The board decided to instate her as the new director.
B1 adjective /ʃeɪpt/

shaped

Meaning
having a particular form or appearance
Example
The sculpture was shaped like a human figure.
A2 noun /taɪər/

tire

Meaning
a rubber covering around a wheel
Example
The car’s tire burst on the highway.
A1 verb /ˈoʊpən/

open

Meaning
to move something so as to allow access; to begin
Example
Please open the door for me.
B2 noun /ˈɡriːnhaʊs/

greenhouse

Meaning
a glass building used for growing plants, especially in cold climates
Example
The farmers built a large greenhouse to grow tomatoes in the winter.
C2 adjective /ləˈsɪviəs/

lascivious

Meaning
showing an overt and often offensive sexual desire
Example
The lascivious remarks made everyone uncomfortable.
A2 verb /ʃeɪk/

shake

Meaning
to move quickly back and forth; to tremble
Example
The earthquake made the building shake.
C2 adjective, noun /ˈɡreɪtɪŋ/

grating

Meaning
Harsh and unpleasant to the senses, especially sound; a framework of bars covering an opening.
Example
The teacher's grating voice made it hard to concentrate.
C1 adjective /ˈpɔːrəs/

porous

Meaning
Having tiny holes that allow liquid or air to pass through.
Example
The soil is very porous and drains quickly.
C2 noun /mjuːz/

mews

Meaning
A row or street of houses or apartments that have been converted from stables or built to look like former stables.
Example
They rented a small flat in a quiet London mews.
C1 verb /mɑːr/

mar

Meaning
to spoil or damage the appearance or quality of something
Example
The scratch will mar the beauty of the painting.
C1 verb /ˈpleɪdʒəraɪz/

plagiarize

Meaning
to take someone else's work or ideas and present them as your own
Example
He was warned not to plagiarize his friend's essay.
B1 adjective /ˈvælɪd/

Valid

Meaning
legally or officially acceptable; having a sound basis in logic or fact
Example
The passport is valid for ten years.
C2 noun /kəˈdævər/

cadaver

Meaning
A dead human body, especially one used for medical study.
Example
Medical students dissected the cadaver to learn about human anatomy.
C1 verb /ˈfæbrɪkeɪt/

fabricate

Meaning
to invent or concoct something, often with the intent to deceive; or to construct or manufacture
Example
The witness fabricated his testimony to protect himself.
B2 noun /pʌntʃ/

Punch

Meaning
a tool used for making holes or indentations in materials
Example
The carpenter used a punch to make holes in the leather.
C1 noun /jiːst/

Yeast

Meaning
microorganisms used in baking and brewing to cause fermentation
Example
Add yeast to the flour to make the bread rise.
B2 adjective ˌæn.əlˈɪt.ɪ.kəl

analytical

Meaning
Using or skilled in using analysis (i.e., separating a whole—intellectual or substantial—into its elemental parts or basic principles).
Example
She has an analytical approach to problem-solving.
C2 noun /ˈjɪərlɪŋ/

yearling

Meaning
an animal that is one year old, especially a horse
Example
The farmer sold the yearling at the livestock market.
C1 noun ˌdɪm.ɪˈnjuː.ʃən

diminution

Meaning
A reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something; decrease.
Example
There has been a diminution in air pollution.
A2 noun /ˈlem.ən/

Lemon

Meaning
a yellow citrus fruit with acidic juice
Example
She squeezed a lemon into her tea.
B2 noun /mɪnt/

Mint

Meaning
An aromatic plant used for flavoring; also a place where money is manufactured
Example
She added fresh mint leaves to the tea for a refreshing taste.
C1 adjective /ˈfɪs.kəl/

fiscal

Meaning
Relating to government revenue, especially taxes, or public money management.
Example
The government introduced new fiscal policies to control inflation.
B1 noun /dɪˈfens/

Defence

Meaning
the action of defending from or resisting attack; protection or support
Example
The country strengthened its defence system against potential threats.
C1 adjective dɪˈskrɪmɪnətɔːri

discriminatory

Meaning
Making or showing an unfair or prejudicial distinction between different categories of people or things.
Example
Discriminatory policies triggered protests.
C2 verb /ʧeɪf/

chafe

Meaning
To make or become sore by rubbing; to feel irritation or impatience.
Example
The tight shoes began to chafe his heels.
C1 noun /ˈmɪd.əl.mæn/

Middleman

Meaning
A person who acts as an intermediary between two parties in a business transaction
Example
They decided to cut out the middleman and sell directly to customers.
B2 noun bækˈtɪə.ri.ə

bacteria

Meaning
A member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus.
Example
Specialized bacteria aid in waste decomposition.
C2 noun /ɪmˈprɑːvɪdəns/

improvidence

Meaning
Lack of foresight or care for future needs.
Example
His improvidence led to financial difficulties.
C1 verb /ɔːɡˈmɛnt/

augment

Meaning
To increase or strengthen something.
Example
The company plans to augment its workforce.
B1 verb /əˈmjuːz/

amuse

Meaning
to entertain or make someone laugh or smile; to occupy pleasantly
Example
The clown amused the children at the party.
C1 noun (plural) /ˈhɪntərlændz/

hinterlands

Meaning
Plural of hinterland; remote or less developed regions.
Example
Explorers traveled deep into the hinterlands of the country.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈɛk.wɪ.tə.bəl/

inequitable

Meaning
Not fair or just; lacking in fairness or equality.
Example
The distribution of resources was inequitable among the workers.
C1 noun /ˈiː.dən/

Eden

Meaning
a place or state of great happiness; paradise
Example
The garden was like Eden, filled with beautiful flowers and peaceful atmosphere.
B1 adjective /ʌnˈedjʊkeɪtɪd/

Uneducated

Meaning
lacking education; not having received formal schooling or training
Example
Many uneducated workers struggle to find well-paying jobs.
A1 noun ˈfoʊtoʊz

Photos

Meaning
Photographs; pictures taken with a camera.
Example
Adding photos to a family tree makes it more personal.
B2 noun /ˈhaʊs boʊt/

House boat

Meaning
a boat that has been designed or modified to be used primarily as a home
Example
They spent their vacation on a beautiful house boat in the lake.
B2 noun /ˈluː.nər ɪˈklɪps/

Lunar eclipse

Meaning
an eclipse in which the moon appears darkened as it passes into the earth's shadow
Example
We watched the lunar eclipse from our backyard.
A2 adjective /ˈdɜː.ti/

Dirty

Meaning
not clean; covered with dirt; unpleasant; morally corrupt
Example
The kitchen was dirty after cooking.
C1 adjective /ˈnɒm.ɪ.nəl/

Nominal

Meaning
very small in size or amount; existing in name only
Example
He paid only a nominal fee for the membership since he was a student.