A1 noun
B2 adjective /ˌfʌndəˈmɛntl/
fundamental
Meaning
forming a necessary base or core; of central importance
Example
Honesty is a fundamental principle of good leadership.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɛp(ə)rəbəl/
inseparable
Meaning
Unable to be separated or always together.
Example
The two friends have been inseparable since childhood.
B2 noun ˈæsɛt
asset
Meaning
A useful or valuable thing, person, or quality.
Example
Real estate is one of the most valuable assets.
C2 verb /ˌmæn.juˈmɪt/
manumit
Meaning
to release from slavery or servitude; to set free
Example
The landowner decided to manumit his slaves.
B1 adverb /ˈber.li/
Barely
Meaning
scarcely; only just; almost not
Example
I barely passed the exam.
C2 noun /ˈskɪz.əm/ or /ˈsɪz.əm/
schism
Meaning
A division or split between strongly opposed parties, often in religion or organizations.
Example
The schism in the church led to the formation of two separate groups.
B2 noun /ˈrɒbəɹi/
robbery
Meaning
the crime of stealing from someone or somewhere using force or threat
Example
The police are investigating the robbery at the local store.
C1 noun /ɪˈlɪpsɪs/
ellipsis
Meaning
The omission of words in a sentence, represented by three dots (...).
Example
The writer used an ellipsis to show that part of the quote was omitted.
C2 noun /əˈplɒm/
aplomb
Meaning
Complete and confident self-assurance or poise.
Example
She handled the difficult questions with aplomb.
A1 verb /sɪt/
sit
Meaning
to rest in a seated position; to be located
Example
Please sit down and make yourself comfortable.
B2 noun /ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ/
Fiancee
Meaning
a woman who is engaged to be married
Example
John bought a beautiful engagement ring for his fiancee.
C2 noun /ˈseɪ.li.əns/
salience
Meaning
The quality of being particularly noticeable or important; prominence.
Example
The salience of the issue was highlighted in the debate.
B2 adjective /dɛns/
dense
Meaning
Closely compacted in substance; having parts crowded together.
Example
The forest was so dense that little sunlight reached the ground.
C1 noun /ˌfɪziˈɑːlədʒi/
physiology
Meaning
the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms in a living system
Example
She is majoring in human physiology at the university.
A2 adjective /ˈɪntrəstɪd/
interested
Meaning
Showing curiosity or concern about something.
Example
She is very interested in learning new languages.
C1 adjective /ˈbrɪtl/
brittle
Meaning
easily broken or cracked; hard but liable to break
Example
The glass was so brittle that it cracked easily.
C2 adjective, adverb /əˈbʌvˌbɔːrd/
aboveboard
Meaning
Open and honest; without deception or trickery.
Example
The business deal was completely aboveboard.
C2 noun /ˈɡloʊmɪŋ/
gloaming
Meaning
The time of day after the sun has set and before it is completely dark; twilight.
Example
We walked home together in the quiet gloaming.
B2 noun /ˈfɪlmˌmeɪkər/
filmmaker
Meaning
a person who makes films, typically as a profession
Example
He is a well-known filmmaker in the industry.
B1 noun /paɪl/
pile
Meaning
a large amount of something stacked or placed in a heap
Example
He placed the books in a pile on the table.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈæpt/
Inapt
Meaning
not suitable; inappropriate; unfit
Example
His comment was inapt for the formal meeting.
B1 verb /ɡræb/
grab
Meaning
To seize something quickly and firmly.
Example
He tried to grab the ball before it rolled away.
A2 noun /dʒiˈɒɡrəfi/
geography
Meaning
the study of the Earth’s physical features, climates, populations, and the relationships between people and their environments
Example
She studies geography to understand how landscapes and human societies interact.
C1 noun /buːn/
boon
Meaning
A thing that is helpful or beneficial.
Example
The internet is a boon to modern education.
B2 noun ˌriːkənˈstrʌkʃn
reconstruction
Meaning
The action or process of reconstructing or being reconstructed.
Example
The reconstruction project took years.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈbraɪdld/
unbridled
Meaning
Uncontrolled and unrestrained.
Example
The protesters showed unbridled enthusiasm for change.
B2 verb /ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪr/
persevere
Meaning
to continue trying to achieve something despite difficulty or delay
Example
He persevered through many failures before succeeding.
C1 noun /pəˈvɪliən/
pavilion
Meaning
A large tent or temporary building, often used for events or exhibitions.
Example
The wedding reception was held in a decorated pavilion.
C1 verb /deɪz/
daze
Meaning
to stun or confuse someone temporarily with a shock or surprise
Example
The bright lights dazed the runners as they entered the stadium.
B2 verb /ʃrʌɡ/
shrug
Meaning
To raise and lower the shoulders to express uncertainty or indifference.
Example
He shrugged when asked about the missing file.
B1 noun /bʌlb/
bulb
Meaning
a rounded glass part of an electric lamp that produces light when lit; also an underground storage organ in some plants
Example
The light bulb burned out, so she replaced it with a new one.
C2 adjective /ˈlɪsəm/
lissome
Meaning
Thin, supple, and graceful in movement.
Example
The dancer moved with a lissome elegance.
B2 noun /ˈkɒmjʊnɪst/
communist
Meaning
a person who supports or believes in the principles of communism
Example
The communist ideology aims for a classless society.
C2 noun /æbˈsɪʒən/
abscission
Meaning
The natural detachment of parts of a plant, typically leaves or fruit.
Example
The autumn season is marked by the abscission of leaves from trees.
B2 adjective /ˈniː.di/
Needy
Meaning
requiring help or support; poor; lacking basic necessities
Example
The charity helps needy families during the winter.
C2 verb /dɪˈnɒmɪˌneɪt/
denominate
Meaning
to give a name or designation to something
Example
The currency was denominated in dollars.
A2 noun /klɔːθ/
Cloth
Meaning
woven or felted fabric made from wool, cotton, or a similar fiber
Example
The tailor cut the cloth into precise pieces.
C1 verb /spɜːrn/
spurn
Meaning
To reject something or someone with disdain or contempt.
Example
She spurned his offer of help.
B1 adverb /ˈfɪzɪkəli/
physically
Meaning
in a physical manner; relating to the body
Example
She is physically strong and healthy.
C1 noun /ˌɪntərˈmɪʃən/
intermission
Meaning
A pause or break, especially during a performance or event.
Example
The play had a twenty-minute intermission.
C1 noun /pʌn/
pun
Meaning
A humorous use of words that suggests different meanings or words that sound alike.
Example
He made a clever pun about the bakery's bread rising.
B1 noun /əˈdʒen.də/
Agenda
Meaning
a list of items to be discussed at a meeting; a plan of action
Example
The meeting agenda includes budget discussions.
B2 adjective/noun ˌdem.əˈɡræf.ɪk
demographic
Meaning
Relating to the structure of populations; statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.
Example
The company analyzes demographic trends before launching a product.
B2 adjective /səˈraʊndɪŋ/
surrounding
Meaning
located all around a particular place or thing; nearby
Example
The surrounding hills were covered in mist.
B2 verb /ɪnˈlaɪtən/
enlighten
Meaning
to give someone greater knowledge or understanding about a subject or situation
Example
The teacher tried to enlighten the students about ancient history.
B1 noun /əˈkædəmi/
academy
Meaning
an institution of learning or training
Example
He enrolled in a military academy.
C2 noun ˌbaɪ.oʊ.əˈveɪ.lə.bɪl.ə.ti
bioavailability
Meaning
The degree to which a substance can be absorbed and used by the body.
Example
Turmeric's bioavailability increases when consumed with black pepper.
C2 noun /ˈlæn.sɪt/
lancet
Meaning
a small, sharp, two-edged surgical knife used for making small incisions
Example
The doctor used a lancet to prick the patient’s finger for a blood test.
C1 adjective /prɪˈtɛnʃəs/
pretentious
Meaning
Attempting to impress by affecting greater importance, talent, culture, etc., than is actually possessed.
Example
The restaurant was stylish but far too pretentious for my taste.
B2 noun /ˈpleɪˌɔːf/
playoff
Meaning
a series of games played to determine a champion among top teams
Example
The team qualified for the playoffs after a strong season.
C1 noun /ˈrɛ.trəʊ.fɪt.ɪŋ/
retrofitting
Meaning
The addition of new technology or features to older systems.
Example
The building underwent retrofitting to meet new safety standards.
B2 noun /ˈluː.nər ɪˈklɪps/
Lunar eclipse
Meaning
an eclipse in which the moon appears darkened as it passes into the earth's shadow
Example
We watched the lunar eclipse from our backyard.
C2 noun /red ˌəʊ.liˈæn.dər/
Red oleander
Meaning
a poisonous flowering shrub with bright red or pink flowers
Example
The red oleander blooms throughout the summer months.
B2 adjective /ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ.əl/
superficial
Meaning
Existing or occurring at or on the surface; not thorough or deep.
Example
His understanding of the subject was rather superficial.
B2 verb /ˈræm.bəl/
ramble
Meaning
to talk or write at length in a confused or inconsequential way; to walk for pleasure without a fixed route.
Example
He rambled on about his childhood for hours.
B1 adjective /rɪˈpiː.tɪd/
Repeated
Meaning
done again; happening again; occurring multiple times
Example
He made repeated attempts to contact her.
C1 verb /əbˈsteɪn/
abstain
Meaning
To restrain oneself from indulging in or partaking of something.
Example
People often abstain from digital devices to enhance focus.
B2 noun /ˌsoʊsiˈɑːlədʒi/
sociology
Meaning
the study of society, human relationships, and social institutions
Example
She is studying sociology at university.
C2 noun /ˌtrænsfəˈriː/
transferee
Meaning
A person to whom a right, property, or responsibility is transferred.
Example
The transferee must sign the contract before taking ownership.
B1 noun /ˈpæsɪdʒ/
passage
Meaning
a narrow way through or between; a section of text or music; the process of moving from one state or place to another
Example
The narrow passage led from the courtyard to the library.
A2 noun /ˈreɪl.weɪ/
Railway
Meaning
a track made of steel rails along which trains run; a system of tracks with trains, stations, and other facilities
Example
The railway connects major cities across the country.
C2 adjective /ˈtjuːmɪd/
tumid
Meaning
Swollen, enlarged, or pompous in style.
Example
His tumid prose was difficult to read.
C1 adjective /hjuːˈmeɪn/
humane
Meaning
Showing compassion or benevolence.
Example
The doctor provided humane treatment to the injured animals.
B2 noun /ˌɪntərˈsɛkʃən/
intersection
Meaning
a point where two or more things intersect, especially a road or path
Example
The intersection of Main Street and 5th Avenue is always busy.
B2 noun prəʊb
probe
Meaning
An unmanned exploratory spacecraft designed to transmit information about its environment.
Example
The probe collected data from the planet's surface.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈstɪŋk.tɪv/
instinctive
Meaning
Based on instinct; done without conscious thought; natural and automatic.
Example
His instinctive reaction saved his life.
B1 verb /wɔːrn/
warn
Meaning
to alert about danger; to give notice of risk
Example
The weather service warns of heavy rain tonight.
C2 noun /ˈɔːrɪndʒfɪn ˈleɪbiːoʊ/
Orangefin labeo
Meaning
a freshwater fish species native to South Asian rivers, commonly found in Bangladesh and India
Example
The orangefin labeo is an important food fish in Bangladesh.
C2 verb /ˈvɪvɪfaɪ/
vivify
Meaning
to give life or energy to something; to animate or enliven
Example
The teacher’s enthusiasm helped vivify the boring lecture.
C1 phrase ˌhjuː.məˈnɪt.ər.i.kəˈtæs.trə.fi
humanitarian catastrophe
Meaning
A widespread disaster affecting human life, health, and well-being on a large scale.
Example
The war created a humanitarian catastrophe.
C2 noun /ˈrɛtɪnjuː/
retinue
Meaning
A group of attendants or followers accompanying an important person.
Example
The king entered the hall followed by his retinue.
C1 adjective /ˈærəbəl/
arable
Meaning
suitable for growing crops or farming
Example
The farmer purchased arable land to expand his crops.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈfɛnsəbl̩/
indefensible
Meaning
not able to be protected or justified
Example
The minister’s remarks were considered indefensible by the public.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊ.bɑːr/
Crowbar
Meaning
a heavy iron bar with a curved end used as a lever for prying things apart
Example
He used a crowbar to remove the old nails.
C1 adjective /ˈskwiːmɪʃ/
squeamish
Meaning
easily made to feel sick, faint, or disgusted
Example
She felt squeamish at the sight of blood.
A2 verb /ˈrɛkəɡnaɪz/
recognize
Meaning
To identify someone or something seen before; to acknowledge or accept.
Example
She did not recognize him in the crowd.
B2 adjective ˌpriːhɪˈstɒrɪk
prehistoric
Meaning
Belonging to the time before written records.
Example
The prehistoric era was marked by the rise of early humans.
C1 noun moʊst ˈvʌlnərəbəl ˈneɪʃən
most vulnerable nation
Meaning
A country that is highly exposed to risks and lacks adequate protection or resilience.
Example
Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable nations to climate change.
C1 noun /skɪt/
skit
Meaning
a short, humorous performance or piece of writing
Example
The students performed a funny skit at the event.
C1 adjective /præɡˈmæt.ɪk/
pragmatic
Meaning
Dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than idealistic considerations.
Example
He took a pragmatic approach to solving the financial crisis.
B1 adjective /ˈmiː.nɪŋ.fəl/
Meaningful
Meaning
having significance; purposeful; important
Example
She found meaningful work helping others.
C1 noun /teɪnt/
Taint
Meaning
a stain or mark that spoils something; corruption or contamination
Example
The scandal left a permanent taint on his reputation.
B1 noun /ˈfaɪ.tər/
Fighter
Meaning
a military aircraft designed for attacking other aircraft; a person who fights
Example
The fighter jet flew overhead during the military parade.
A2 adjective /ˈɔː.dɪ.nər.i/
Ordinary
Meaning
normal; usual; not special
Example
It was just an ordinary day at the office.
C1 adjective /frɔːt/
fraught
Meaning
Filled with or likely to result in something undesirable.
Example
The negotiations were fraught with tension and uncertainty.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnænɪmət/
inanimate
Meaning
not alive, especially not in the manner of animals and humans; lifeless
Example
The museum was full of inanimate objects from ancient times.
C1 noun /stents/
stents
Meaning
Small mesh tubes used to treat narrow or blocked arteries.
Example
Stents were successfully placed using robotic techniques.
A2 adjective /ˈjuːs.ləs/
Useless
Meaning
having no beneficial purpose; not useful
Example
This broken computer is completely useless.
C2 verb /ˈvɛəriəˌɡeɪt/
variegate
Meaning
To diversify or mark with different colors or patterns.
Example
The artist used different shades to variegate the design.
B2 noun /ˌrezəˈveɪʃən/
Reservation
Meaning
the action of reserving something; an arrangement whereby something is reserved for a particular person; a qualification to an expression of agreement or approval
Example
I made a reservation at the restaurant for tonight.
C1 noun /ˈrɛt.ər.ɪk/
rhetoric
Meaning
The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing; skillful use of language to influence others.
Example
Political leaders often use rhetoric to influence people.
B1 noun /ˈvæl.juː/
Value
Meaning
the importance or worth of something; the amount of money that something is worth
Example
This antique vase has great sentimental value to our family.
C1 adjective /frəˈtɜːrnəl/
fraternal
Meaning
Relating to brothers or brotherhood; friendly and supportive.
Example
The two nations maintain a fraternal relationship.
C2 adjective /ˈvoʊlənt/
volant
Meaning
able to fly or moving swiftly
Example
The volant bird soared gracefully across the sky.
C2 noun /əˈstɪɡmətɪzəm/
astigmatism
Meaning
An eye defect causing blurred vision due to irregular curvature of the cornea or lens.
Example
She wears glasses to correct her astigmatism.
B2 adjective /ˌnɒnˈprɒfɪt/
nonprofit
Meaning
an organization that does not aim to make a profit, often serving a social or charitable purpose.
Example
She works for a nonprofit organization that helps children.
B2 adjective /ˈkɜːrtiəs/
courteous
Meaning
polite, respectful, or considerate in manner
Example
The staff at the hotel were very courteous to all guests.
A2 noun /ˈbraʊzər/
browser
Meaning
a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web.
Example
I use a web browser to search for information online.
C2 noun /ˈdɛkəˌɡræm/
decagram
Meaning
A metric unit of mass equal to ten grams.
Example
The package weighed exactly one decagram.
B2 verb /ɛksˈheɪl/
exhale
Meaning
to breathe out air from the lungs
Example
She slowly exhaled after holding her breath.
C1 adjective/adverb /əˈmɪs/
amiss
Meaning
Not quite right; inappropriate or out of place.
Example
Something seems amiss with the car's engine.
C2 noun /əˈɡrɒnəmi/
agronomy
Meaning
The science and practice of soil management and crop production, focusing on the principles of plant and soil science to optimize agricultural productivity.
Example
Agronomy focuses on soil management and crop production.
B1 noun /ˈsæm.pəl/
Sample
Meaning
a small part taken as an example of the whole; a specimen
Example
The doctor took a blood sample for testing.
C1 noun /ˈpɔː.pəs/
Porpoise
Meaning
a small toothed whale with a low triangular dorsal fin and a blunt rounded snout
Example
The porpoise jumped gracefully out of the water.
A2 modal verb /ʃæl/
shall
Meaning
used to express the future or indicate an intention or determination
Example
I shall return before sunset.
B2 noun rɪˈpʌb.lɪk
republic
Meaning
A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, with an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
Example
A republic is governed by representatives of the people.
C2 adjective /ˌdaɪəˈtɒmɪk/
diatomic
Meaning
Consisting of two atoms.
Example
Oxygen is a diatomic molecule.
A2 noun /prɪns/
prince
Meaning
a male member of a royal family, especially the son of a king or queen; a ruler of a principality
Example
The prince addressed the nation on his birthday.
B2 adjective /ˈjuː.nɪ.faɪd/
unified
Meaning
Made into a whole or joined together.
Example
A unified approach fosters better outcomes.
B2 noun /vɜːrs/
verse
Meaning
A line of writing in poetry; a section of a song or poem.
Example
She wrote a beautiful verse for the wedding ceremony.
B2 noun /ˈwɪzərd/
Wizard
Meaning
a man who is supposed to have magical powers; a person who is very skilled in a particular area
Example
The wizard performed amazing magic tricks.
C2 noun /ˈaɪdlər/
idler
Meaning
A person who avoids work or spends time lazily.
Example
He was known as an idler who wasted his days.
B1 noun /məˈkænɪk/
mechanic
Meaning
a person who repairs and maintains machines or vehicles
Example
The mechanic fixed the engine in less than an hour.
C2 noun /əˈkwɪtəns/
acquittance
Meaning
a written receipt acknowledging payment or discharge of a debt
Example
He demanded an acquittance after paying the loan.
A2 adjective /ˈleɪ.zi/
Lazy
Meaning
idle; unwilling to work; sluggish
Example
He was too lazy to clean his room on the weekend.
B1 noun /ˈleɪ.ər/
Layer
Meaning
a sheet, quantity, or thickness of material, typically one of several, covering a surface or body
Example
The cake has three layers of chocolate.
C2 noun /ˈdʒaɪrəˌskoʊp/
gyroscope
Meaning
A device consisting of a wheel or disk mounted so it can spin rapidly and maintain orientation, used for navigation and balance.
Example
The airplane's navigation system relies on a gyroscope for stability.
B2 adverb /ˈkrɪtɪkli/
critically
Meaning
in a way that expresses disapproval or a very serious, important way
Example
He was critically injured in the accident.
C1 adjective /ˈpɜːrsənəbl/
personable
Meaning
having a pleasant appearance and manner; attractive and friendly
Example
The new teacher is very personable and easy to talk to.
C2 noun /ˌdʒiː.niˈæl.ə.ti/
geniality
Meaning
the quality of being friendly and cheerful
Example
His geniality made him popular among his colleagues.