A1 noun
B2 noun /ɡreɪv/
Grave
Meaning
a hole dug in the ground to receive a coffin; a place of burial; serious or solemn
Example
The family visited the grave of their beloved grandfather every Sunday.
B2 noun /tɛkˈnɪʃən/
technician
Meaning
a person skilled in the practical aspects of a particular science, art, or job
Example
The technician repaired the computer within an hour.
C1 adjective /ˈtraɪflɪŋ/
Trifling
Meaning
of little importance; trivial; insignificant
Example
Don't worry about such trifling matters.
B2 adjective /sɪˈlek.tɪv/
Selective
Meaning
relating to or involving careful selection; choosy about what to accept
Example
The university has a selective admission process for new students.
B1 noun /rɪˈkɔːdɪŋ/
recording
Meaning
the act or process of recording something
Example
The recording of the interview was clear and loud.
A2 noun /spuːn/
Spoon
Meaning
an implement consisting of a small, shallow bowl on a long handle, used for eating, stirring, and serving food
Example
He used a spoon to eat his soup.
C1 noun /rɪˈpɔːrtɪʒ/
reportage
Meaning
the act of reporting news or describing events in the media
Example
The magazine is known for its detailed reportage of political issues.
C1 adjective /ˈpær.ə.nɔɪd/
paranoid
Meaning
having an unreasonable fear or suspicion of others
Example
She became paranoid after hearing strange noises outside.
B1 adjective /ˈtɛmpərɛri/
temporary
Meaning
Lasting for only a limited period of time; not permanent.
Example
She found a temporary job during the summer break.
C2 noun /θiˈɒsəfi/
theosophy
Meaning
A religious or philosophical belief system that seeks direct knowledge of the mysteries of life and the divine.
Example
Theosophy attracted people interested in mysticism and spiritual growth.
C2 adjective ˌsʌr.əpˈtɪʃ.əs
surreptitious
Meaning
Kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of; done stealthily.
Example
She took a surreptitious glance at his notes.
B2 adjective /ˈflɔːrəl/
floral
Meaning
Relating to flowers or decorated with flowers.
Example
She wore a beautiful floral dress to the party.
B2 noun/adjective /ˌædəˈlɛsənt/
adolescent
Meaning
A young person in the process of developing from a child into an adult.
Example
Adolescents often experience rapid physical and emotional changes.
B2 verb /ɪkˈspɛl/
expel
Meaning
to officially force someone to leave a place or organization
Example
The student was expelled from school for misconduct.
B2 noun /ˈspɔːrtsmən/
sportsman
Meaning
A person who is skilled in sports or enjoys participating in athletic activities.
Example
He is a true sportsman, always fair and respectful to his opponents.
B2 noun /ˈkɔːr.əs/
Chorus
Meaning
a large organized group of singers; a part of a song that is repeated after each verse
Example
The school chorus performed beautifully at the annual concert.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnˌɑːpərˈtuːn/
inopportune
Meaning
Happening at a bad or inconvenient time.
Example
His call came at the most inopportune moment.
B2 noun ˈθrɛʃhəʊld
threshold
Meaning
A point of entry or beginning; the magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction to occur.
Example
Once the threshold for pest population is reached, measures must be taken.
C2 adjective /mjuːˈnɪfɪsənt/
munificent
Meaning
extremely generous; giving freely and abundantly
Example
She made a munificent donation to the orphanage.
C1 noun /ˈkɜːrlər/
curler
Meaning
A small roller used for curling hair.
Example
She used a curler to style her hair for the party.
C1 verb /wɪlt/
wilt
Meaning
To become limp, weak, or drooping, often due to lack of water or energy.
Example
The flowers wilted in the heat of the sun.
B2 noun /ˈstɛriəˌtaɪp/
stereotype
Meaning
A widely held but oversimplified and fixed idea of a particular type of person or thing.
Example
It is a stereotype that all gamers are antisocial.
B2 noun /ʌnˈsɜːrtənti/
Uncertainty
Meaning
the state of being uncertain; doubt or lack of sureness
Example
The uncertainty about the weather delayed our trip.
B2 verb /rɪˈdʒɔɪs/
rejoice
Meaning
to feel or show great joy; to celebrate
Example
The family rejoices at the good news.
B1 noun /lɪd/
Lid
Meaning
a removable or hinged cover for the top of a container
Example
Please put the lid back on the jar.
B2 noun /ˈek.oʊ/
Echo
Meaning
a sound that is reflected back; a repetition or imitation
Example
His voice created a clear echo in the empty cathedral.
C1 noun /ˈpoʊlstər/
pollster
Meaning
a person or organization that conducts surveys to gauge public opinion
Example
The pollster predicted a close election outcome.
B2 adjective /ˈkʌltʃəd/
cultured
Meaning
characterized by refined taste, manners, and education
Example
She is a cultured woman who loves art and literature.
C1 noun /ˌhɑːmənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
harmonization
Meaning
The process of making things compatible or consistent with one another.
Example
The harmonization of different policies ensures consistent results.
C2 noun /ˈklaɪmɪŋ fɪʃ/
Climbing-fish
Meaning
a type of fish that can climb trees and survive out of water for short periods
Example
The climbing-fish can move from one pond to another by climbing trees.
B2 noun /truːp/
Troop
Meaning
a group of soldiers; military personnel organized as a unit
Example
The troop marched in formation across the parade ground.
B2 adjective /dɪˈstrɛst/
distressed
Meaning
feeling or showing extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain
Example
She looked distressed after hearing the bad news.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfɜːrnoʊ/
inferno
Meaning
a large, intense fire that is dangerously out of control
Example
The building turned into an inferno within minutes.
B2 noun /ˈkɑː.bən ˈfʊt.prɪnt/
carbon footprint
Meaning
The amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person, group, etc.
Example
Reducing carbon footprint is essential for combating climate change.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnfəˈlɪsɪtəs/
infelicitous
Meaning
not suitable or well chosen; awkward or unfortunate
Example
His infelicitous remark ruined the atmosphere of the meeting.
B1 noun /twiːt/
Tweet
Meaning
a short high-pitched sound made by a small bird; a post on Twitter
Example
I heard the sweet tweet of a sparrow this morning.
B2 verb /ˈflætər/
flatter
Meaning
to praise excessively or insincerely to gain favor
Example
He tried to flatter his boss to get a promotion.
C1 adjective /ˈɪnbɔːrn/
Inborn
Meaning
existing from birth; natural; inherent
Example
She has an inborn talent for music.
C2 noun /ˈtɛsteɪtər/
testator
Meaning
a person who has made a will
Example
The lawyer read the will of the deceased testator.
C1 noun /ˈfɒdər/
fodder
Meaning
food for livestock such as cattle, horses, or sheep; also something considered of little value but used to supply a demand
Example
The farmer stored enough fodder for the cattle to last through winter.
B2 noun ˈstræt.ɪ.dʒiz
strategies
Meaning
A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim; the art of planning and directing operations.
Example
Effective strategies can mitigate climate change impacts.
B2 adverb /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkli/
economically
Meaning
in a way that relates to economics or is efficient and not wasteful.
Example
The company is trying to operate more economically this year.
B2 adverb /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
essentially
Meaning
Used to emphasize the basic or fundamental nature of something.
Example
The two plans are essentially the same.
C1 adjective /rɪˈmiːdiəl/
Remedial
Meaning
intended as a remedy; corrective; providing a cure;
Example
The students need remedial classes to improve their math skills.
C2 adjective /ˈdoʊlfəl/
Doleful
Meaning
sorrowful; mournful; expressing grief or sadness
Example
She gave him a doleful look when he left.
C2 verb /əˈkuːtər/
accouter
Meaning
to equip or outfit, typically with military or ceremonial attire
Example
The soldiers were accoutered in full battle gear.
C2 noun /ɪˌlɛkˈtrɑː.lə.sɪs/
electrolysis
Meaning
A chemical decomposition produced by passing an electric current through a liquid or solution.
Example
Electrolysis is used to separate hydrogen from water.
C1 verb /ˈdæŋɡəl/
dangle
Meaning
to hang loosely or swing freely
Example
The keys dangled from his belt.
A1 noun /ˈɛərpleɪn/
airplane
Meaning
a powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and engines
Example
The airplane took off smoothly from the runway.
C1 noun, verb /fɔːrd/
ford
Meaning
A shallow place in a river where one can cross; to cross a river at such a place.
Example
The travelers decided to ford the river at dawn.
C2 verb /diːˈfrɑːk/
defrock
Meaning
to officially remove a priest or minister from their position and authority
Example
The church decided to defrock the priest after the scandal.
C1 adjective /ˈɒptɪməm/
optimum
Meaning
Most conducive to a favorable outcome; best.
Example
To achieve optimum results, we need to improve efficiency.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪnjuəm/
continuum
Meaning
A continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other, but the extremes are quite distinct.
Example
Life and death are often seen as part of the same continuum.
B2 noun /ˈvæljuː ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃən/
value proposition
Meaning
A statement that explains the unique benefits or value that a product or service offers to customers.
Example
A clear value proposition attracts more customers.
A2 noun ˈɡeɪ.mɪŋ
gaming
Meaning
The practice of playing video games or competitive games.
Example
Gaming has evolved into a billion-dollar industry.
B2 phrase teɪk ˈpɜː.sən.əl.i
take personally
Meaning
To interpret someone's words or actions as a personal attack or criticism.
Example
Don't take it personally, he didn't mean to upset you.
C1 noun, adjective, verb /səˈbɔːrdənət/ (noun/adjective), /səˈbɔːrdəˌneɪt/ (verb)
subordinate
Meaning
lower in rank or position; to treat as less important
Example
He manages ten subordinates in his department.
B1 noun /θiːm/
theme
Meaning
A subject or topic of discourse or artistic representation.
Example
The theme highlighted resilience and sustainability.
B2 adjective /pɪˈkjuː.li.ər/
Peculiar
Meaning
strange or odd; unusual; belonging exclusively to
Example
She has a peculiar way of speaking.
A1 noun /ɑːrt/
art
Meaning
the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination
Example
She studied art at the university.
C2 verb /ˈdɒɡmətaɪz/
dogmatize
Meaning
To state opinions or beliefs as if they were absolute truths.
Example
The professor tended to dogmatize on political issues.
B1 verb, noun /klɪp/
clip
Meaning
to cut or trim something; a short extract from a film, broadcast, or recording
Example
She clipped the coupon from the newspaper.
C1 noun ɪˈveɪ.ʒən
evasion
Meaning
The practice of avoiding or escaping from something, especially responsibility or duty.
Example
His evasion of responsibilities frustrated his colleagues.
B1 noun /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/
application
Meaning
a formal request for something; the act of putting something into operation; or a software program
Example
She submitted her application for the scholarship.
C1 noun dɪˌtɪə.ri.əˈreɪ.ʃən
deterioration
Meaning
The process of becoming progressively worse; decline in quality, condition, or strength.
Example
Poor maintenance leads to material deterioration.
C1 noun/verb /freɪ/
fray
Meaning
As a noun, a fight or heated dispute; as a verb, to unravel or wear out through friction.
Example
He tried to stay calm, but his nerves began to fray during the argument.
B2 adjective /rɪˈsɔːrsfəl/
resourceful
Meaning
Having the ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties.
Example
She is very resourceful when it comes to solving unexpected problems.
C2 verb /ˈpʌkər/
pucker
Meaning
to tighten or contract into small folds or wrinkles
Example
She puckered her lips before kissing the child.
B2 verb /dæʃ/
dash
Meaning
to move quickly and suddenly; to strike or break something violently
Example
She dashed across the street to catch the bus.
B2 adverb /ˈsmuːð.li/
Smoothly
Meaning
without problems or difficulties; in an even and regular way
Example
The car runs smoothly on the new highway.
C2 noun /ˌdɛkləˈmeɪʃən/
declamation
Meaning
a formal speech delivered with rhetorical or dramatic effect
Example
Her declamation captivated the audience at the competition.
C2 noun /ˈtrʌk.jʊ.ləns/
truculence
Meaning
Aggressiveness or eagerness to fight.
Example
His speech was full of truculence and threats.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfɜːm/
infirm
Meaning
Weak, especially due to old age or illness.
Example
The infirm old man needed assistance to walk.
C1 adjective /təˈrɛstriəl/
terrestrial
Meaning
Relating to the Earth or land as opposed to the sea or air; living or growing on land.
Example
Humans are terrestrial beings who live on land.
B2 noun /fəˈnɒmɪnən/
phenomenon
Meaning
an observable event, fact, or occurrence, often unusual or remarkable
Example
The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon.
B2 verb/adjective /ɑːrˈtɪkjʊlət/
articulate
Meaning
to express thoughts or ideas clearly; having the ability to speak fluently and clearly
Example
She was able to articulate her ideas during the meeting.
B2 adjective /ˈɡrʌm.pi/
Grumpy
Meaning
bad-tempered and irritable; easily annoyed
Example
He was grumpy all morning because he didn't sleep well.
B2 adjective /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/
neighboring
Meaning
situated near or next to another place; adjacent or nearby.
Example
They visited a neighboring village for the festival.
C2 adjective /rɪˈflɛksəbl/
reflexible
Meaning
Capable of being reflected or bent back.
Example
The surface was highly reflexible, bouncing light in different directions.
C2 adjective /bjuːˈkɒlɪk/
bucolic
Meaning
Relating to the pleasant aspects of the countryside and country life.
Example
They enjoyed a bucolic picnic by the river.
B2 adjective /njuːˈmɛrɪkəl/
numerical
Meaning
relating to or expressed in numbers
Example
The report provides numerical data on population growth.
C2 adjective /ˈlæk.ti.əl/
lacteal
Meaning
Relating to or resembling milk; conveying chyle or milky fluid.
Example
The lacteal vessels in the small intestine absorb dietary fats.
A2 noun /ˈmɪr.ər/
Mirror
Meaning
a reflective surface that shows an image of whatever is in front of it
Example
She looked at herself in the mirror.
B2 verb /ˈmeməraɪz/
memorize
Meaning
to learn something by heart; to commit to memory
Example
Students need to memorize important formulas for the exam.
A2 noun /ræt/
Rat
Meaning
a large long-tailed rodent that is typically considered a pest
Example
The rat scurried across the kitchen floor.
C1 adjective /ˈviːəmənt/
Vehement
Meaning
showing strong feeling; forceful; passionate; intense
Example
She gave a vehement denial of the accusations.
B2 adjective /bɪˈliːvəbl̩/
believable
Meaning
Able to be trusted or accepted as true or reasonable.
Example
Her story was so detailed that it sounded believable.
B2 adjective /ˈhɑːrti/
Hearty
Meaning
enthusiastic and friendly; substantial and nourishing
Example
He gave us a hearty welcome when we arrived at his home.
B2 adverb /əˈten.tɪv.li/
Attentively
Meaning
with careful attention; in a focused manner
Example
She listened attentively to her teacher's instructions.
C2 noun /kaɪˈmɪərə/
chimera
Meaning
A mythical creature with parts from different animals; also used to mean a fanciful illusion or unattainable dream.
Example
The idea of a perfect society is often a chimera.
A2 noun /smɔːl boʊl/
Small bowl
Meaning
a round, shallow container of small size used for serving food or liquids
Example
She served the soup in a small bowl.
C2 noun /ˈbiː.təl nʌt/
Betel-nut
Meaning
seed of the areca palm tree, often chewed as a stimulant
Example
Betel-nut is commonly chewed in many South Asian countries.
B2 noun /spaɪn/
Spine
Meaning
the backbone or vertebral column of a vertebrate; the central support of a structure
Example
She injured her spine in the accident.
C1 verb /ɪnˈdʒen.dər/
engender
Meaning
To cause or give rise to a feeling, situation, or condition.
Example
The speech engendered hope among the people.
C2 noun /ˈjuːər/
ewer
Meaning
a large jug with a wide mouth, especially used in the past for carrying water
Example
The servant filled the ewer with fresh water.
C2 noun /ˈduːti/
Dhuti
Meaning
a traditional Indian garment for men consisting of a piece of unstitched cloth worn around the waist and legs
Example
The elderly man wore a white dhuti during the religious ceremony.
C2 verb /ˈpɜːrdʒər/
perjure
Meaning
To knowingly tell a lie in a court of law after swearing to tell the truth.
Example
He was accused of trying to perjure himself during the trial.
C2 noun /θroʊz/
throes
Meaning
intense or violent pain and struggle, often at the beginning or end of something
Example
The country was in the throes of a political crisis.
A2 adjective/noun /ˈɪndiən/
indian
Meaning
Relating to India, its people, or their culture.
Example
She loves Indian food, especially biryani.
C2 noun /ˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/
mutability
Meaning
The quality of being changeable or capable of change.
Example
The mutability of fashion trends makes it hard to keep up.
C2 adjective /ˈprɛfətɔːri/
prefatory
Meaning
serving as an introduction or preface
Example
He made some prefatory remarks before the lecture began.
B2 noun /ˈdɛməˌkræt/
democrat
Meaning
a supporter of democracy or a member of the Democratic Party in the US
Example
He is a strong democrat who believes in equal rights.
B1 noun /ˈæŋɡl/
angle
Meaning
The space between two intersecting lines or surfaces at the point where they meet.
Example
The teacher explained how to measure an angle in geometry.
C2 noun /ˌkɒntrəpəˈzɪʃən/
contraposition
Meaning
the act of placing two things in opposition for contrast or comparison
Example
The contraposition of the two theories highlighted their differences.
C2 adjective /ˈsmɑːrmi/
smarmy
Meaning
Excessively flattering or ingratiating, often insincerely.
Example
The salesman gave a smarmy pitch that felt fake.
C1 noun /ˌrek.ənˌsɪl.iˈeɪ.ʃən/
reconciliation
Meaning
The restoration of friendly relations; the action of making one view or belief compatible with another.
Example
The peace treaty was a major step toward reconciliation.
C2 noun /pæˈstiːʃ/
pastiche
Meaning
a work of art, literature, or music that imitates the style of another artist, period, or genre
Example
The film was a clever pastiche of 1950s detective movies.
A1 adjective /ˈθɜrti/
thirty
Meaning
equivalent to the number 30
Example
He is thirty years old.
B2 noun /skɑːr/
Scar
Meaning
a mark left on the skin after a wound has healed; lasting emotional damage
Example
The accident left a permanent scar on his forehead.
C1 adjective /ˌfɑːrˈfɛtʃt/
far-fetched
Meaning
unlikely to happen or be true; improbable
Example
His explanation for being late was a bit far-fetched.
C1 noun ˈledʒ.ɪ.slə.tʃər
legislature
Meaning
The legislative body of a country or state; the branch of government that makes laws.
Example
The legislature drafts laws for governance.
B2 noun /ˈdrɔː.bæk/
Drawback
Meaning
a feature that renders something less acceptable; a disadvantage or problem
Example
The main drawback of living in the city is the high cost of housing.
B2 noun /kəˈlɪʒ.ən/
Collision
Meaning
an instance of one moving object hitting violently against another; a conflict of opposing ideas or interests
Example
The collision between two cars caused a major traffic jam.
B1 verb/noun /bɔːr/
bore
Meaning
Verb: To make someone feel uninterested or tired; Noun: A dull or tiresome person.
Example
The lecture began to bore the students.
C1 adjective /ˈtɜːrbjələnt/
turbulent
Meaning
Characterized by conflict, disorder, or confusion; not stable or calm.
Example
The country went through a turbulent period of political change.
C2 adjective /ˈrɪz.ə.bəl/
risible
Meaning
so absurd or ridiculous that it deserves to be laughed at
Example
The idea of flying pigs is completely risible.
C2 adjective /həˈmɑː.lə.ɡəs/
homologous
Meaning
Having the same relation, relative position, or structure, especially due to evolutionary origin.
Example
The wings of bats and the arms of humans are homologous structures.
C2 adjective /dɪˈmɒtɪk/
demotic
Meaning
relating to ordinary people or everyday language
Example
The poet used demotic language to connect with common readers.
C2 noun /ˈænɪ siːd/
Ani seed
Meaning
Small aromatic seeds used as a spice and for medicinal purposes, with a sweet licorice-like flavor
Example
Anise seeds are often used in traditional desserts and teas.
B1 noun /ˈwɪtnəs/
Witness
Meaning
a person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident; someone who gives evidence in a court of law
Example
The witness testified in court yesterday.