investment
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B1 noun ɪnˈvestmənt

investment

Meaning
The action or process of investing money for profit or material result.
Example
Investment in waste management infrastructure is essential.
C2 noun /ˈɪnsələns/

insolence

Meaning
rude or disrespectful behavior
Example
The teacher was shocked by the student's insolence.
C2 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈkɒnsɪləbl/

irreconcilable

Meaning
impossible to make compatible or bring into harmony; unable to resolve differences
Example
The couple separated due to irreconcilable differences.
C1 noun ˈɪn.fər.əns

inference

Meaning
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning; logical deduction.
Example
Scientists make inferences based on experimental data.
C2 noun /ˈɪmɪˌteɪtər/

imitator

Meaning
a person who copies the behavior, style, or actions of others
Example
He became famous as an imitator of popular singers.
B1 adjective /ɪnˈvɑːlvd/

involved

Meaning
complicated or engaged in something
Example
She was deeply involved in community service.
B2 adjective /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/

insignificant

Meaning
Too small or unimportant to be worth considering.
Example
The cost was so insignificant that nobody noticed it.
B1 adjective /ˌɪmpəˈlaɪt/

impolite

Meaning
Not showing good manners; rude.
Example
It is impolite to interrupt someone while they are speaking.
A1 noun /ˈaɪs kriːm/

Ice-cream

Meaning
a frozen sweet dessert made from dairy products, usually served cold
Example
Children love to eat ice-cream on hot summer days.
A1 pronoun /ɪt/

it

Meaning
used to refer to a thing, animal, or idea previously mentioned or easily identified
Example
It is raining outside.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfrɪndʒ/

infringe

Meaning
To actively break the terms of a law, agreement, or right.
Example
Copying this software without permission will infringe copyright laws.
B2 adjective, noun /ˌɪn.təlˈɛk.tʃu.əl/

intellectual

Meaning
Relating to the intellect; a person who engages in critical thinking and study.
Example
She enjoys intellectual discussions about philosophy.
C2 noun /ˌɪnədˈvɜːrtəns/

inadvertence

Meaning
Failure to pay attention; carelessness.
Example
The error happened through sheer inadvertence.
C2 adjective /ɪɡˈnoʊ.bəl/

Ignoble

Meaning
dishonorable; not noble in character; base or mean
Example
His ignoble actions betrayed his friends' trust.
C1 verb /ɪnˈhɪbɪt/

inhibit

Meaning
to prevent or restrain someone or something from acting freely; to hinder
Example
Fear can inhibit personal growth.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛfjʊtəbəl/

Irrefutable

Meaning
impossible to deny or disprove; undeniable
Example
The evidence against him was irrefutable.
C1 noun /ˈɪmɪnəns/

imminence

Meaning
the state of being about to happen
Example
The imminence of the storm forced people to take shelter.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfɛst/

infest

Meaning
to overrun in large numbers, especially so as to cause damage or discomfort
Example
The old house was infested with rats.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛl/

impel

Meaning
to drive, force, or urge someone to do something
Example
Her curiosity impelled her to open the mysterious box.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈpɪəriəs/

imperious

Meaning
Arrogantly domineering or overbearing.
Example
Her imperious tone made it hard for others to argue.
C2 adjective /ˌɪmpəˈmɪsəbl/

impermissible

Meaning
Not permitted or allowed.
Example
Such behavior is impermissible in the workplace.
B2 adjective ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs

indigenous

Meaning
Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.
Example
Indigenous plants are well adapted to the local environment.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət/

indiscriminate

Meaning
Done without careful judgment; random or haphazard.
Example
The indiscriminate use of pesticides harms the environment.
A1 noun /aɪs/

Ice

Meaning
water that has frozen and become solid
Example
The ice in my drink melted quickly in the hot weather.
C1 noun ˌɪntədɪˈpɛndənsi

interdependency

Meaning
The dependence of two or more people or things on each other.
Example
The interdependency of the countries led to greater cooperation.
B2 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbəl/

Irresistible

Meaning
too attractive and tempting to be resisted; impossible to resist
Example
The chocolate cake was absolutely irresistible.
A2 verb /ɪɡˈnɔːr/

ignore

Meaning
to refuse to take notice of; to disregard intentionally
Example
She decided to ignore the rude comments.
C1 noun /ˌɪnkjʊˈbeɪʃən/

incubation

Meaning
the process of keeping eggs, cells, or organisms in the right conditions for development
Example
The incubation of the eggs lasted for three weeks.
B2 adjective /ɪˈmɒrəl/

immoral

Meaning
Not conforming to accepted standards of morality; unethical or wicked.
Example
He was fired for his immoral behavior.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsɪdərət/

inconsiderate

Meaning
Thoughtless; showing a lack of concern for others.
Example
It was inconsiderate of him to play loud music late at night.
C2 noun /ˈɪnfəmi/

infamy

Meaning
the state of being well known for some bad quality or deed
Example
His name will live in infamy for the crimes he committed.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɛp(ə)rəbəl/

inseparable

Meaning
Unable to be separated or always together.
Example
The two friends have been inseparable since childhood.
C1 adjective /ɪˈneɪn/

inane

Meaning
lacking sense, meaning, or significance; silly or pointless
Example
The movie was criticized for its inane dialogue.
C2 verb /ɪnˈveɪ/

inveigh

Meaning
To speak or write about something with great hostility and criticism.
Example
He inveighed against the corruption in government.
B2 noun /ˌɪmpərˈfɛkʃən/

imperfection

Meaning
a flaw, defect, or weakness; the state of being imperfect
Example
She accepted her imperfection as part of being human.
C1 noun /ˌɪmpɔːrˈteɪʃən/

importation

Meaning
The act of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad
Example
The importation of luxury goods is strictly regulated.
B2 noun /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/

immigrant

Meaning
a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
Example
The city has welcomed many new immigrants this year.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈplækəbl/

implacable

Meaning
unable to be appeased, calmed, or pacified
Example
The soldiers faced an implacable enemy who refused to surrender.
C2 adjective /ˈɪnˌbrɛd/

inbred

Meaning
existing naturally in a person or animal; also related to reproduction within a limited community
Example
He has an inbred sense of loyalty.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɛd.ɪ.mənt/

impediment

Meaning
A hindrance or obstruction in doing something; something that prevents progress.
Example
Lack of funds is a major impediment to the project.
C2 verb /ɪnˈveɪɡəl/

inveigle

Meaning
To persuade someone to do something by deception or flattery.
Example
She inveigled him into signing the contract.
B1 abbreviation /ˌaɪˈiː/

ie

Meaning
That is to say; used to clarify or explain something more precisely.
Example
Many amphibians, i.e., frogs and salamanders, can live both in water and on land.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.fən.tri/

Infantry

Meaning
soldiers marching or fighting on foot; foot soldiers collectively
Example
The infantry advanced across the battlefield on foot.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv/

Indecisive

Meaning
unable to make decisions quickly; hesitant; wavering
Example
She was indecisive about which university to attend.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnkɒntrəˈvɜːtəbl/

incontrovertible

Meaning
impossible to deny or dispute; unquestionable
Example
The evidence was incontrovertible and proved his innocence.
B2 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrfɪkt/

imperfect

Meaning
Not perfect; having faults or flaws.
Example
The painting was beautiful despite being imperfect.
A1 pronoun /aɪ/

i

Meaning
used by a speaker to refer to himself or herself
Example
I am learning English every day.
C2 noun /ɪnˈvɛktɪv/

invective

Meaning
Insulting, abusive, or highly critical language.
Example
The politician’s speech was filled with invective against his opponents.
C2 noun /ˌɪntərˈlɒkjətər/

interlocutor

Meaning
a person who takes part in a conversation or dialogue
Example
She was a skilled interlocutor during the debate.
A2 adjective/noun /ˈɪndiən/

indian

Meaning
Relating to India, its people, or their culture.
Example
She loves Indian food, especially biryani.
C2 noun /ˈɪsməs/ or /ˈɪsθməs/

isthmus

Meaning
A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas, often with water on either side.
Example
The Panama Canal cuts through the Isthmus of Panama.
C1 adjective /ɪˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

Illogical

Meaning
not reasonable or sensible; lacking logic
Example
It would be illogical to go swimming in such cold weather.
B2 verb /ˌɪntərˈfɪər/

interfere

Meaning
to become involved in something that is not your concern; to hinder or obstruct
Example
Parents should not interfere in their children’s personal choices.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.trəˈspek.ʃən/

introspection

Meaning
The examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes; self-reflection.
Example
Through introspection, she gained insight into her emotions.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsɜːrdʒəns/

insurgence

Meaning
An act of rebellion or uprising against authority.
Example
The government struggled to contain the growing insurgence.
C2 noun /ɪnˈsɪɡniə/

insignia

Meaning
A badge or symbol that shows rank, position, or membership.
Example
The soldier proudly wore the insignia of his regiment.
C2 noun /ˈaɪ.kɒn/

ikon

Meaning
A religious image or symbol, especially in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Example
The church displayed a beautifully painted ikon of the Virgin Mary.
C2 noun /ˈɪd.i.ə.si/

Idiocy

Meaning
extremely stupid behavior or actions; foolishness
Example
The decision to ignore safety protocols was pure idiocy that endangered everyone.
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbl/

irreversible

Meaning
Not able to be undone, changed, or reversed.
Example
The damage caused by the fire was irreversible.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛər/

impair

Meaning
to weaken or damage something, especially a function or ability
Example
Smoking can impair your lung capacity.
B1 verb ɪnˈkriːsɪŋ

increasing

Meaning
Becoming or making greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree; growing.
Example
Increasing awareness about education is necessary.
A2 noun /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən/

invitation

Meaning
a written or spoken request to attend an event or to participate in something
Example
She sent me an invitation to her wedding.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈnaɪt/

ignite

Meaning
To catch fire or cause to catch fire; to start or arouse.
Example
The sparks ignited the dry leaves in seconds.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛvəkəbl/

irrevocable

Meaning
Not able to be revoked, changed, or undone.
Example
She made an irrevocable decision to leave the company.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈpɔːrtʃənət/

importunate

Meaning
Persistent to the point of annoyance or intrusion
Example
The importunate salesman kept calling despite repeated refusals.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnhɒˈspɪtəbl/

inhospitable

Meaning
Harsh and difficult to live in; unfriendly or unwelcoming to guests.
Example
The desert is an inhospitable environment for most plants.
C1 adjective ˌɪn.təˈstel.ər

interstellar

Meaning
Occurring or situated between stars.
Example
Scientists study interstellar travel possibilities.
B2 verb /ˈɪmɪɡreɪt/

immigrate

Meaning
to come to live permanently in a foreign country
Example
He immigrated to Canada five years ago.
B2 verb /ɪmˈpoʊz/

impose

Meaning
to force someone to accept something; to establish or apply by authority
Example
The government imposed new taxes on luxury goods.
B2 adverb /ɪnˈɛvɪtəbli/

inevitably

Meaning
in a way that cannot be avoided or prevented
Example
Inevitably, the team faced challenges during the project.
C2 noun (compound/erroneous entry) /ɪnˈɛksərəbl ɑːrmi/

inexorableinexorablearmy

Meaning
This appears to be a corrupted or concatenated form; interpreted as 'inexorable army' — an unstoppable or relentless force.
Example
The rebels feared the inexorable army approaching their stronghold.
B2 adverb /aɪˈrɒnɪkli/

ironically

Meaning
in a way that is contrary to what is expected or intended
Example
Ironically, the fire station burned down.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpoʊzɪŋ/

imposing

Meaning
having an appearance that is grand, impressive, or commanding
Example
The castle is an imposing structure overlooking the valley.
B2 verb /ɪnˈspekt/

inspect

Meaning
to examine something carefully to check for problems or faults
Example
The engineer will inspect the building for structural damage.
B1 adjective /ɪmˈpeɪʃənt/

impatient

Meaning
Not able to wait calmly; restless and eager for something to happen.
Example
She grew impatient while waiting in the long queue.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɛndɪŋ/

impending

Meaning
about to happen soon, usually something unpleasant or threatening
Example
The villagers were worried about the impending flood.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnəˈfɛnsɪv/

inoffensive

Meaning
Not likely to offend or provoke; harmless.
Example
His inoffensive remarks kept the conversation friendly.
B2 noun /ɪˈluː.ʒən/

Illusion

Meaning
a thing that is or is likely to be wrongly perceived or interpreted; a false idea or belief
Example
The magician created a spectacular illusion that made the elephant appear to vanish.
B1 adjective ˈɪnəveɪtɪv

innovative

Meaning
Featuring new methods; advanced and original
Example
Innovative strategies are required to combat pollution.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɒlvənt/

insolvent

Meaning
unable to pay debts owed
Example
The insolvent firm could not meet its financial obligations.
B2 noun ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən

innovation

Meaning
The action or process of innovating; a new method, idea, product, etc.
Example
Innovation drives solutions to global challenges.
C1 noun /ɪnˈhɛrɪtər/

inheritor

Meaning
a person who receives money, property, or a title when someone dies
Example
She became the inheritor of her family's estate.
C2 verb /ˈɪndjʊˌreɪt/

indurate

Meaning
To harden or make something physically or emotionally tough.
Example
Years of hardship indurated his spirit.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnˈekspɜːrt/

inexpert

Meaning
not skilled or experienced; lacking expertise
Example
The inexpert handling of the machine caused several mistakes.
B2 adjective/noun /ɪˈrɑːki/

iraqi

Meaning
relating to Iraq or its people
Example
The Iraqi culture is rich and diverse.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈflɛksəbl/

inflexible

Meaning
Not able to bend or change; unwilling to change ideas or behavior.
Example
His inflexible attitude made negotiations difficult.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfæləbl̩/

infallible

Meaning
incapable of making mistakes or being wrong
Example
Her judgment seemed infallible in matters of finance.
B1 verb /ɪnˈvɛnt/

invent

Meaning
to create or design something that has not existed before
Example
Thomas Edison invented the electric bulb.
C2 adjective /ˌɪn.ɪˈlʌk.tə.bəl/

ineluctable

Meaning
Impossible to avoid or escape; inevitable.
Example
Death is an ineluctable part of human existence.
C1 noun /ɪnˈækjʊrəsi/

inaccuracy

Meaning
lack of accuracy or precision; an incorrect or wrong detail
Example
The report contained several factual inaccuracies.
C1 noun ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs trəˈdɪʃənz

Indigenous Traditions

Meaning
Cultural practices, beliefs, and customs that have been passed down through generations among native peoples.
Example
Indigenous traditions in the Chittagong Hill Tracts are unique.
B2 adjective /ɪˈmens/

Immense

Meaning
extremely large or great; huge
Example
The immense mountain range stretched across the horizon.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkəʊˈhɪərənt/

incoherent

Meaning
Not clear or easy to understand; lacking logical connection.
Example
His explanation was so incoherent that nobody could follow it.
B2 adjective /ˌɪn.trəˈdʌk.tər.i/

introductory

Meaning
Serving as an introduction; preliminary or preparatory.
Example
The professor gave an introductory lecture on economics.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.səˌbɔːr.dɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

insubordination

Meaning
Defiance of authority; refusal to obey orders.
Example
The soldier was punished for insubordination during the mission.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnænɪmət/

inanimate

Meaning
not alive, especially not in the manner of animals and humans; lifeless
Example
The museum was full of inanimate objects from ancient times.
C1 verb /ɪmˈbɛd/

imbed

Meaning
To fix firmly or deeply in a surrounding mass.
Example
The journalist imbedded himself with the troops to report firsthand.
B2 adjective /ɪnˈkluːsɪv/

inclusive

Meaning
Including all the services, facilities, or items normally expected or required; not excluding any section of society or any party involved.
Example
Inclusive growth benefits all sections of society.
B2 verb /ˌɪntərˈviːn/

intervene

Meaning
To come between people, groups, or events, often to prevent conflict or improve a situation.
Example
The teacher had to intervene to stop the fight between the students.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈperɪʃəbəl/

Imperishable

Meaning
not subject to decay; lasting forever; eternal
Example
The imperishable beauty of classical art continues to inspire generations.
C1 noun /ˈɪnkjʊˌbeɪtər/

incubator

Meaning
a device or environment that provides suitable conditions for eggs, cells, or infants to develop
Example
The premature baby was placed in an incubator for care.
C2 noun /ˌɪməʊˈbɪləti/

immobility

Meaning
The state of being unable to move.
Example
After the accident, she suffered from immobility in her legs.
C1 adjective /ˈaɪərnˌklæd/

ironclad

Meaning
impossible to change, break, or dispute; very strong and firm
Example
The company had an ironclad contract with its suppliers.
B2 adjective ˈɪn.tɪ.ɡreɪ.tɪd

integrated

Meaning
Combining or coordinating separate elements so as to provide a harmonious, interrelated whole.
Example
Integrated systems optimize efficiency.
C2 adjective /ˈɪnmoʊst/

inmost

Meaning
Situated at the very heart or deepest part; most private or secret.
Example
She revealed her inmost thoughts to her closest friend.
C1 noun /ˈɪntərˌluːd/

interlude

Meaning
A short period of time that comes between two events; an interval.
Example
There was a brief musical interlude between the two acts of the play.
B2 noun /ɪnˈdʒɛkʃən/

injection

Meaning
the act of introducing a substance into the body through a needle
Example
The nurse gave me an injection to prevent the infection.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.trəˈvɜːr.ʒən/

introversion

Meaning
The tendency to be inward-looking and shy, preferring solitary activities.
Example
Her introversion made it difficult for her to enjoy large parties.
B2 adjective /ɪˈmjuːn/

immune

Meaning
protected from disease or from the effects of something
Example
Children who are vaccinated are immune to many diseases.
C1 verb /ɪnˈvɜːrt/

invert

Meaning
To turn something upside down or in the opposite position, order, or direction.
Example
He inverted the glass to let the water drain out.
B2 verb /ˈɪnəveɪt/

innovate

Meaning
To introduce new methods, ideas, or products.
Example
The company must innovate to stay ahead of its competitors.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfleɪm/

inflame

Meaning
to arouse strong feelings or provoke anger; to cause inflammation in the body
Example
The politician's remarks served to inflame public opinion.
B2 noun /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/

instinct

Meaning
A natural way of behaving or reacting that does not require learning.
Example
Birds build nests by instinct.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈɪnvəlɪd/ (adjective), /ɪnˈvælɪd/ (noun)

invalid

Meaning
Not valid; having no force or effect. Also refers to a person too weak or ill to care for themselves.
Example
The court declared the contract invalid.
C1 adjective ˈɪn.tər.ɪm

interim

Meaning
In or for the intervening period; provisional or temporary.
Example
Interim governments manage transitional phases.
C2 noun /ˌɪnkænˈteɪʃən/

incantation

Meaning
a series of words used as a magic spell or charm
Example
The wizard chanted an incantation to summon the spirits.
C2 noun /ˌɪnsjəˈlærəti/

insularity

Meaning
The state of being isolated or narrow-minded.
Example
The insularity of the group prevented them from accepting new ideas.
B2 adjective /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd/

irritated

Meaning
feeling annoyed or impatient; having inflamed or sore physical condition
Example
She felt irritated by the constant noise outside her window.
C1 noun (plural) /ˈɪndɪˌsiːz/

indices

Meaning
plural form of index; statistical measures or reference points used for comparison
Example
Stock market indices fell sharply after the announcement.
C2 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈtɜːrmənət/

indeterminate

Meaning
Not exactly known, defined, or established; vague or uncertain.
Example
The project was delayed for an indeterminate amount of time.
B1 adverb /ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli/

increasingly

Meaning
more and more over time
Example
People are increasingly concerned about climate change.