gentile
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C2 noun /ˈdʒɛntaɪl/

gentile

Meaning
A person who is not Jewish
Example
The synagogue welcomed both Jews and Gentiles.
A2 noun /dʒiˈɒɡrəfi/

geography

Meaning
the study of the Earth’s physical features, climates, populations, and the relationships between people and their environments
Example
She studies geography to understand how landscapes and human societies interact.
B2 noun ˈɡaɪd.laɪnz

guidelines

Meaning
Rules or instructions that are given by an official organization telling you how to do something
Example
Guidelines for AI usage are essential.
A2 noun ˈɡʌvəmənt

government

Meaning
The governing body of a nation, state, or community; the system by which a state or community is governed.
Example
The government rejected the demands.
C2 noun /ɡiː/

Ghee

Meaning
clarified butter used in South Asian cooking
Example
She used ghee instead of butter for cooking the rice.
C1 noun /ɡaɪz/

guise

Meaning
An external form, appearance, or manner of presentation, often hiding the true nature
Example
He approached in the guise of a friend.
A2 noun /ˈɡʊdnəs/

goodness

Meaning
the quality of being morally good or virtuous
Example
Her goodness was evident in the way she treated others.
A1 noun /ˈɡrændˌmʌðər/

grandmother

Meaning
the mother of one's father or mother
Example
My grandmother makes delicious cakes.
A2 verb /ɡeɪn/

gain

Meaning
to obtain or acquire something; to increase or improve
Example
He hopes to gain experience from this job.
C1 noun /ɡeɪl/

Gale

Meaning
a very strong wind; a wind of force 7 to 10 on the Beaufort scale
Example
The fishing boats returned to harbor early due to the approaching gale.
A1 noun /ɡɜːrl/

girl

Meaning
a female child or young woman
Example
The girl was playing with her friends in the park.
C1 verb /ɡleɪz/

glaze

Meaning
to cover with a smooth, shiny surface; to coat with a glossy finish
Example
The chef glazed the cake with chocolate.
C1 noun ˈdʒɛnɪsɪs

genesis

Meaning
The origin or mode of formation of something.
Example
The genesis of the internet changed the world forever.
B2 noun /dʒem/

Gem

Meaning
a precious or semi-precious stone, especially when cut and polished or engraved; something prized for its beauty or worth
Example
The antique necklace featured a rare sapphire gem surrounded by diamonds.
C1 noun /ˈɡrɪd.əl/

Griddle

Meaning
a flat heating surface for cooking food, typically made of metal
Example
She cooked pancakes on the hot griddle.
C1 verb/noun /ɡraʊl/

growl

Meaning
To make a low, guttural sound, often in anger (by animals or humans).
Example
The dog growled at the stranger.
B2 adjective /ɡrɪm/

grim

Meaning
very serious or gloomy in appearance or outlook
Example
The future looked grim after the disaster.
B2 noun /ˈɡaɪd.laɪn/

guideline

Meaning
a rule, instruction, or principle that provides direction
Example
The company issued new guidelines for employee safety.
C2 verb /ˌɡeɪnˈseɪ/

gainsay

Meaning
To deny, contradict, or speak against.
Example
No one could gainsay the evidence presented in court.
B2 noun /ɡrɪp/

Grip

Meaning
a firm hold or grasp; the power of holding something firmly; a handle or handhold
Example
The rock climber lost his grip and fell several feet before the safety rope caught him.
C1 noun/verb /ɡæʃ/

gash

Meaning
A long, deep cut or wound; to cut deeply or violently.
Example
He had a deep gash on his leg after the accident.
C1 noun /ˌɡaɪnəˈkɒlədʒi/

gynecology

Meaning
the branch of medicine dealing with women's reproductive health
Example
She decided to specialize in gynecology after medical school.
C2 noun /ɡæf/

gaff

Meaning
A social blunder or mistake; also a hook or device used in fishing or theater.
Example
He made a major gaff during the meeting by forgetting the client's name.
A2 noun ˈɡeɪ.mɪŋ

gaming

Meaning
The practice of playing video games or competitive games.
Example
Gaming has evolved into a billion-dollar industry.
A2 noun/adjective /ˈdʒɜːrmən/

german

Meaning
relating to Germany, its people, or its language
Example
She is learning German to study abroad.
A2 noun /ɡreɪp/

grape

Meaning
a small, round fruit that grows in clusters on vines and is used to make wine or eaten as food
Example
She picked a bunch of grapes from the vine.
B1 noun /ˈdʒɛntəlmən/

gentleman

Meaning
a man who is polite, courteous, and honorable
Example
He opened the door for her like a true gentleman.
B2 noun /ˈɡlɑːs.weər/

Glass-ware

Meaning
objects made of glass, especially drinking glasses and decorative objects
Example
The wedding registry included fine glassware.
C2 noun /ˈɡʊrmənd/

gourmand

Meaning
A person who enjoys eating a lot or has a great appetite for food.
Example
As a true gourmand, he never missed an opportunity to try new dishes.
A2 noun /dʒɪm/

gym

Meaning
a place equipped for physical exercise and fitness training
Example
He goes to the gym every morning to work out.
A1 verb /ɡɪv/

give

Meaning
to freely transfer something to someone
Example
I give gifts to my friends on their birthdays.
C2 verb /næʃ/

gnash

Meaning
to grind or strike the teeth together, often in anger or frustration
Example
He began to gnash his teeth in rage.
C2 verb /dʒɛˈstɪkjʊleɪt/

gesticulate

Meaning
to use gestures, especially dramatic ones, instead of speaking or to emphasize one's words
Example
He gesticulated wildly to get their attention.
B2 noun /ɡɪə(r)/

gear

Meaning
Equipment or apparatus for a particular purpose; also a toothed wheel in machinery.
Example
The climber packed all his gear before starting the journey.
B2 verb /ɡloʊ/

glow

Meaning
To shine with a steady light, often softly; to radiate warmth or happiness.
Example
The lanterns glowed softly in the dark.
A1 noun, verb /ɡruːp/

group

Meaning
A number of people or things considered together; to arrange things or people into categories.
Example
The students formed a study group.
C1 noun /ˈɡæmbɪt/

gambit

Meaning
a calculated move or remark intended to gain an advantage, especially in chess or conversation
Example
His opening gambit in the debate caught everyone by surprise.
C2 verb /ˈɡɑːɡəl/

goggle

Meaning
to stare with wide open eyes, often in surprise or wonder
Example
The tourists goggled at the tall skyscrapers.
C2 verb /ˈdʒɛn.juˌflɛkt/

genuflect

Meaning
to bend one or both knees as a sign of reverence or worship
Example
The worshippers genuflect before the altar.
C1 noun /ɡeɪdʒ/

Gauge

Meaning
an instrument for measuring the magnitude, amount, or contents of something
Example
The pressure gauge showed the tank was full.
B2 adjective /ˈɡlæm.ər.əs/

Glamorous

Meaning
having glamour; attractive in an exciting way; fashionable;
Example
The actress looked glamorous in her designer gown at the awards ceremony.
B2 noun /ˈɡæl.ək.si/

Galaxy

Meaning
a system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction
Example
The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our solar system and Earth.
C2 adverb /ˈdʒɪndʒərli/

gingerly

Meaning
in a very careful or cautious manner
Example
She walked gingerly on the icy path.
B2 verb /ɡrænt/

grant

Meaning
to give or allow someone to have; to admit or agree
Example
The university granted him a scholarship.
B1 adjective /ˈɡɔːr.dʒəs/

Gorgeous

Meaning
extremely beautiful; attractive; visually stunning
Example
The bride looked absolutely gorgeous.
C2 noun /ˈɡlʌt.ən/

Glutton

Meaning
a person who regularly eats or drinks more than is necessary; someone who has an excessive appetite
Example
He was known as a glutton who could finish three large pizzas in one sitting.
A1 verb /ɡoʊ/

go

Meaning
to move or travel from one place to another
Example
I go to school every day.
C1 noun /ɡʌst/

Gust

Meaning
a sudden strong rush of wind; a sudden burst or outburst of feeling
Example
A powerful gust of wind knocked over the outdoor umbrellas at the cafe.
C1 noun/verb /ˈɡlɪmər/

glimmer

Meaning
A faint or wavering light; to shine with a faint light.
Example
A glimmer of hope shone in her eyes.
C2 adjective /ˈɡluː.tɪ.nəs/

glutinous

Meaning
Having a sticky or glue-like texture.
Example
The glutinous rice stuck together in the pot.
C1 noun ˈdʒen.ə.saɪd

genocide

Meaning
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
Example
The allegations of genocide raised global concerns.
C2 noun /ɡɜːrθ/

girth

Meaning
the measurement around the middle of something, especially a person's waist or a tree trunk
Example
The tree's girth measured nearly five feet.
C2 noun /ˈɡloʊmɪŋ/

gloaming

Meaning
The time of day after the sun has set and before it is completely dark; twilight.
Example
We walked home together in the quiet gloaming.
C1 noun /ɡræft/

Graft

Meaning
a shoot or twig inserted into a slit on the trunk of a living tree to form a new growth; corruption in politics or business
Example
The gardener used a graft to combine different varieties of apple trees.
C2 adjective /ɡrʌf/

gruff

Meaning
Rough or stern in manner, speech, or voice.
Example
Despite his gruff manner, he was very kind-hearted.
C1 noun /ˈɡræv.ɪ.tæs/

gravitas

Meaning
Dignity, seriousness, or solemnity of manner or speech.
Example
The judge spoke with great gravitas.
B2 noun /ɡʌlf/

Gulf

Meaning
a deep inlet of the sea almost surrounded by land; a wide gap or difference between people or groups
Example
The Persian Gulf is an important waterway for international shipping and oil transport.
C1 adjective /ɡɔːnt/

gaunt

Meaning
extremely thin, bony, and haggard in appearance, often due to hunger or illness
Example
After weeks of illness, he looked pale and gaunt.
B2 noun ˈɡloʊbəl ɪˈnɪʃətɪvz

global initiatives

Meaning
Worldwide efforts or programs aimed at addressing global challenges or achieving common goals.
Example
Global initiatives inspire better waste management practices.
A2 adjective /ɡlæd/

Glad

Meaning
happy; pleased; delighted;
Example
I am glad to see you after such a long time.
C2 noun /ˈɡrænəri/

granary

Meaning
A storehouse for grain; a region that produces a large amount of grain
Example
The farmers stored their harvest in the village granary.
C2 noun /ɡreɪˈdeɪʃən/

gradation

Meaning
A gradual change from one stage, tone, or degree to another.
Example
The artist used subtle gradation of colors in her painting.
C2 noun /næt/

Gnat

Meaning
a small flying insect that bites people and animals
Example
The gnat buzzed around my head while I was reading.
B2 noun ˈɡeɪm.pleɪ

gameplay

Meaning
The tactical aspects of a game, such as its plot and the way it is played.
Example
The team's gameplay was innovative.
C1 verb /ˈɡlædən/

gladden

Meaning
to make someone happy or bring joy
Example
The news of her recovery gladdened everyone.
C2 noun /ɡlʌt/

glut

Meaning
An excessive supply of something; more than is needed.
Example
There was a glut of cheap smartphones in the market.
C2 noun /ˌɡrɛnəˈdɪə/

grenadier

Meaning
A soldier who specialized in throwing grenades; later used to describe an elite infantryman.
Example
The grenadier stood proudly at the front of the regiment.
C1 noun /ɡeɪt/

gait

Meaning
A person's manner of walking.
Example
His slow gait showed that he was tired.
B1 noun /ˈdʒaɪ.ənt/

Giant

Meaning
an imaginary or mythical being of human form but superhuman size; something of great size or force
Example
The technology giant announced record profits for the third consecutive quarter.
B1 noun /ˈɡræn(d)ˌdɔːtər/

granddaughter

Meaning
the daughter of one’s son or daughter
Example
Her granddaughter visits her every weekend.
B1 noun /ˈɡɪvər/

giver

Meaning
a person who gives something
Example
She was always a generous giver to charity.
B1 noun, verb /ˈɡrædʒuət/ (noun), /ˈɡrædʒueɪt/ (verb)

graduate

Meaning
As a noun: a person who has completed a course of study; As a verb: to complete a course of study successfully.
Example
She will graduate from university next year.
A2 noun /ɡɑːrd/

Guard

Meaning
a person who keeps watch, especially a soldier or police officer; a device worn or fitted to prevent injury
Example
The security guard checked everyone's identification before allowing entry to the building.
A2 noun /ɡʌn/

Gun

Meaning
a weapon that fires bullets or other projectiles from a metal tube
Example
The soldier cleaned his gun after the training session.
A2 noun /ɡreɪps/

Grapes

Meaning
small round fruits that grow in clusters on vines; used to make wine
Example
She bought a bunch of grapes from the market.
C2 adjective /ˈɡlʌt.ən.əs/

gluttonous

Meaning
Excessively greedy in eating or consuming.
Example
His gluttonous appetite shocked everyone at the dinner table.
C2 noun /ɡɑːrˈdiː.ni.ə/

Gardenia

Meaning
a white or yellow fragrant flower with waxy petals
Example
The gardenia bush produced beautiful white flowers with a lovely scent.
C1 verb, noun /ɡɔːrdʒ/

gorge

Meaning
to eat greedily; a narrow valley between mountains or hills
Example
They gorged themselves on pizza after the hike.
C1 adjective /ˈɡraʊnd.ləs/

Groundless

Meaning
without foundation or justification; baseless
Example
His accusations against her were completely groundless.
B1 noun ɡʊdz

goods

Meaning
Merchandise or possessions; things that are bought and sold.
Example
The company produces high-quality goods for export.
C2 noun ˈɡoʊldən ˈbʌtərflaɪ

Golden Butterfly

Meaning
A beautiful species of butterfly with golden coloration, symbolizing beauty and nature.
Example
The Golden Butterfly is a symbol of beauty and nature.
C1 noun /ˈɡʌnˌpaʊdər/

Gunpowder

Meaning
explosive powder used in guns and fireworks
Example
Gunpowder was invented in ancient China.
C1 verb /ɡloʊt/

gloat

Meaning
To take pleasure in someone else's misfortune or to show smug satisfaction.
Example
He couldn't help but gloat over his rival's failure.
B2 adjective /ˈɡreɪs.fəl/

Graceful

Meaning
elegant; smooth; refined; having beauty of movement or manner
Example
The dancer moved with graceful elegance.
B2 noun ˈɡrætɪtjuːd

gratitude

Meaning
The quality of being thankful; readiness to show appreciation.
Example
Gratitude towards the martyrs is a moral duty.
A2 noun /ɡluː/

Glue

Meaning
a sticky substance used for sticking objects or materials together; an adhesive
Example
The children used white glue to attach the colorful paper pieces to their art project.
C1 verb /ɡrʌnt/

grunt

Meaning
to make a low, rough sound, often when exerting effort or expressing annoyance
Example
He grunted as he lifted the heavy box.
B2 noun /ˈɡlæmər/

glamor

Meaning
An attractive or exciting quality that makes something or someone appealing.
Example
The glamor of city life attracts many young people.
B1 adverb /ˈɡrædʒ.u.ə.li/

Gradually

Meaning
slowly and steadily over a period of time
Example
The weather gradually became warmer in spring.
B2 noun /ɡreɪs/

grace

Meaning
simple elegance or refined movement; goodwill and kindness
Example
She moved with grace across the stage.
C2 noun/verb /ɡraʊtʃ/

grouch

Meaning
a person who complains a lot or to complain in a grumpy way
Example
He is such a grouch in the morning before coffee.
C2 noun /ˈɡrɑːtoʊ/

grotto

Meaning
a small picturesque cave, often artificial
Example
Tourists visited the grotto hidden behind the waterfall.
C1 adjective /ˈɡruːsəm/

gruesome

Meaning
Causing horror or disgust.
Example
The police discovered a gruesome crime scene.
B2 adjective /ˈɡrædʒuˌeɪtɪd/

graduated

Meaning
Arranged in steps, levels, or stages; having completed a course of study and received a degree
Example
The scientist used a graduated cylinder to measure the liquid precisely.
C2 verb /ˈdʒɛriˌmændər/

gerrymander

Meaning
to manipulate the boundaries of an electoral constituency to favor one party or class
Example
The ruling party was accused of trying to gerrymander the districts to secure more seats.
B1 noun /ˈɡæsəˌliːn/

gasoline

Meaning
a liquid fuel made from petroleum, used mainly to power engines in vehicles
Example
The price of gasoline has increased significantly this month.
C1 adjective /ˈɡrʌdʒɪŋ/

grudging

Meaning
Reluctant or unwilling; given or allowed only with hesitation.
Example
She gave him a grudging smile after the argument.
B2 noun /ˈɡriːnhaʊs/

greenhouse

Meaning
a glass building used for growing plants, especially in cold climates
Example
The farmers built a large greenhouse to grow tomatoes in the winter.
A1 adjective /ɡreɪt/

great

Meaning
Of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average; very good or important.
Example
She gave a great performance at the concert.
B2 noun ˌɡloʊ.bəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

globalization

Meaning
The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
Example
Globalization has connected economies across the world.
B2 noun /ˈɡreɪv.jɑːrd/

Graveyard

Meaning
an area of land set aside for burial of the dead; a cemetery
Example
The old graveyard near the church dates back to the 18th century.
C1 noun /ˈɡeɪ.ə.ti/

Gaiety

Meaning
the state or quality of being light-hearted or cheerful; festive atmosphere
Example
The wedding reception was filled with gaiety, laughter, and joyful celebrations.
C2 adjective /ɡɑːrˈɡæntʃuən/

gargantuan

Meaning
Extremely large; enormous.
Example
They served a gargantuan meal at the feast.
A1 noun /ˈɡɜːrlfrɛnd/

girlfriend

Meaning
A woman or girl with whom someone is romantically or emotionally involved.
Example
He introduced his girlfriend to his family.
C2 noun /ˈdʒaɪər/

gyre

Meaning
A circular or spiral motion or form, especially a giant circular oceanic surface current.
Example
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is trapped in a gyre.
C2 noun /ˈɡlæsi fɪʃ/

Glassy fish

Meaning
a transparent freshwater fish with a glassy appearance, popular in aquariums
Example
The glassy fish is known for its transparent body and peaceful nature.
A1 noun /ɡaɪ/

guy

Meaning
an informal term for a man; sometimes used to refer to a person in general
Example
That guy over there is my best friend.
B2 adjective ˈɡluːmi

gloomy

Meaning
Dark or poorly lit; depressing or pessimistic.
Example
The atmosphere suddenly turned gloomy.
B2 noun /ˈɡæm.blər/

Gambler

Meaning
a person who gambles regularly, typically someone who cannot resist the urge to gamble
Example
The experienced gambler knew when to fold his cards and when to bet big.
C1 adjective /ˈɡræn.jʊ.lər/

granular

Meaning
Consisting of small grains or particles; detailed and specific.
Example
The report provided a granular analysis of the market data.
B2 noun /ɡriːn ˈtʃɪl.i/

Green Chili

Meaning
unripe chili pepper that is green in color and has a spicy taste
Example
She added chopped green chili to the salad for extra heat.
C1 noun /ɡluːm/

Gloom

Meaning
partial or total darkness; a state of dejection or despondency
Example
The thick clouds cast a gloom over the valley, making everything appear dark and dreary.
C2 noun /ˌɡaɪnəˈkɒkrəsi/

gynecocracy

Meaning
a society or government ruled by women
Example
The ancient tribe was known for its gynecocracy, where women held all positions of power.
B2 adjective /ˈɡreɪ.ʃəs/

Gracious

Meaning
kind; courteous; generous;
Example
She was very gracious and thanked everyone for their help.
A2 noun /ˈɡraʊnd flɔːr/

ground floor

Meaning
the floor of a building at ground level; the starting level of an organization or activity
Example
The grocery shop is located on the ground floor of the building.
A1 adjective /ɡʊd/

Good

Meaning
satisfactory; pleasant; beneficial; of high quality
Example
She is a good student.
B1 noun /ˈɡɑːr.lɪk/

Garlic

Meaning
a strong-smelling pungent-tasting bulb, used as a flavoring in cooking and in herbal medicine
Example
The recipe calls for three cloves of fresh garlic to enhance the flavor.
B2 verb /ɡraɪnd/

grind

Meaning
to crush into small particles; to work hard
Example
She grinds coffee beans every morning.
C1 noun /ˈɡlɒs.ər.i/

Glossary

Meaning
an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with explanations; a brief dictionary
Example
The textbook includes a helpful glossary at the end to define technical terms.
C2 noun /ˈɡræfaɪt/

graphite

Meaning
a soft, black form of carbon used in pencils and as a lubricant
Example
The artist sketched the portrait using a graphite pencil.
B2 noun /ˈɡʌvərnər/

governor

Meaning
An official appointed or elected to govern a state, territory, or organization.
Example
The governor addressed the citizens about the upcoming election.