galvanic
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C2 adjective /ɡælˈvænɪk/

galvanic

Meaning
Relating to electricity produced by chemical action; sudden and dramatic.
Example
The news had a galvanic effect on the audience.
C1 noun /ɡroʊv/

grove

Meaning
A small group of trees growing close together.
Example
They walked through the orange grove.
C1 noun /ˈɡuːs.bʌmps/

goosebumps

Meaning
small raised bumps on the skin caused by cold, fear, or excitement
Example
The horror movie gave me goosebumps.
C1 noun /ˈɡlɒs.ər.i/

Glossary

Meaning
an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with explanations; a brief dictionary
Example
The textbook includes a helpful glossary at the end to define technical terms.
C1 noun /ɡeɪl/

Gale

Meaning
a very strong wind; a wind of force 7 to 10 on the Beaufort scale
Example
The fishing boats returned to harbor early due to the approaching gale.
B2 noun /ˈɡuːs.ber.i/

Gooseberry

Meaning
a small round green or red berry that grows on a thorny bush
Example
Gooseberries are rich in vitamin C and make excellent jams.
B1 noun, verb /ɡreɪd/

grade

Meaning
A level of quality, rank, or performance; to assign a score or mark to work or performance.
Example
The teacher graded all the papers by the weekend.
C2 noun /ˈɡrænəri/

granary

Meaning
A storehouse for grain; a region that produces a large amount of grain
Example
The farmers stored their harvest in the village granary.
C1 noun /ɡlɪtʃ/

glitch

Meaning
A sudden, usually temporary fault or malfunction in a system or device.
Example
The computer crashed due to a minor glitch in the software.
A2 verb /ɡeɪn/

gain

Meaning
to obtain or acquire something; to increase or improve
Example
He hopes to gain experience from this job.
B2 verb, noun /ɡrɪn/

grin

Meaning
to smile broadly, often showing teeth
Example
She grinned happily at the good news.
B2 adverb /ˈdʒɛnjʊɪnli/

genuinely

Meaning
in a truthful and sincere way
Example
She genuinely cares about the environment.
C1 noun ˈdʒen.ə.saɪd

genocide

Meaning
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
Example
The allegations of genocide raised global concerns.
B2 noun /ɡroʊθ ˈmaɪnd.sɛt/

growth mindset

Meaning
A mindset that believes in learning, developing, and improving skills.
Example
A growth mindset helps individuals embrace challenges.
C2 noun /ɡleɪd/

glade

Meaning
An open space in a forest or woods.
Example
They rested in a sunny glade after their long hike.
C1 adjective /ɡɔːnt/

gaunt

Meaning
extremely thin, bony, and haggard in appearance, often due to hunger or illness
Example
After weeks of illness, he looked pale and gaunt.
C2 noun /ˌdʒiː.niˈæl.ə.ti/

geniality

Meaning
the quality of being friendly and cheerful
Example
His geniality made him popular among his colleagues.
B2 noun /ˈɡlɑːs.weər/

Glass-ware

Meaning
objects made of glass, especially drinking glasses and decorative objects
Example
The wedding registry included fine glassware.
B1 adjective /ˈdʒɛntəl/

gentle

Meaning
Kind, mild, or tender in nature or behavior
Example
He was always gentle with children.
A2 adverb /ˈdʒɛnərəli/

generally

Meaning
in most cases; usually; as a rule
Example
He generally arrives at work before 9 a.m.
C2 noun /ˈɡlʌt.ən/

Glutton

Meaning
a person who regularly eats or drinks more than is necessary; someone who has an excessive appetite
Example
He was known as a glutton who could finish three large pizzas in one sitting.
C2 verb /ˈɡʌzəl/

guzzle

Meaning
to drink greedily or excessively
Example
He guzzled three cans of soda in a few minutes.
C1 noun /ɡʌl/

Gull

Meaning
a seabird with webbed feet, long wings, and usually white and gray feathers
Example
The gull swooped down to grab the fish from the water.
A2 noun /ˈɡroʊ.sər.i/

grocery

Meaning
A store that sells food and household supplies.
Example
She went to the grocery to buy vegetables.
C2 verb /ɡɜːrd/

gird

Meaning
to encircle with a belt or band; to prepare for action
Example
The knight girded his sword before battle.
A1 noun, verb /ɡruːp/

group

Meaning
A number of people or things considered together; to arrange things or people into categories.
Example
The students formed a study group.
C1 noun /ˈdʒɛntri/

gentry

Meaning
People of good social position, usually of high birth or wealthy landowners
Example
The gentry of the town gathered for the annual ball.
B2 noun /ˈɡloʊbəl əˈwɛrnɪs/

global awareness

Meaning
Worldwide consciousness and understanding of important issues that affect people globally, leading to informed action and policy changes.
Example
Global awareness of climate change is essential for policy changes.
C1 noun /ˌdʒɛr.iˈætrɪks/

geriatrics

Meaning
the branch of medicine dealing with the health and care of old people
Example
He specialized in geriatrics to care for the elderly.
C2 noun /ˌɡæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

gasification

Meaning
The process of converting solid or liquid fuel into gas.
Example
Gasification is widely used to produce fuel gas from coal.
B1 adjective /ɡrænd/

Grand

Meaning
impressive; magnificent; excellent;
Example
The grand palace impressed all the visitors.
C1 noun /ˈɡæloʊz/

gallows

Meaning
A structure used for hanging criminals who have been sentenced to death.
Example
The criminal was led to the gallows at dawn.
B2 noun /ɡlɪmps/

Glimpse

Meaning
a momentary or partial view; a brief look or sight of something
Example
Through the window, I caught a glimpse of the beautiful garden behind the house.
B1 adjective /ˈdʒɛnjʊɪn/

genuine

Meaning
real and authentic; not fake or artificial
Example
This is a genuine leather bag.
B1 noun /ˈɡrændsʌn/

grandson

Meaning
the son of one's son or daughter
Example
His grandson visits him every weekend.
B2 noun /dʒɜːm/

germ

Meaning
a microscopic organism, especially one that causes disease
Example
Washing your hands helps prevent the spread of germs.
C2 noun /ɡreɪˈdeɪʃən/

gradation

Meaning
A gradual change from one stage, tone, or degree to another.
Example
The artist used subtle gradation of colors in her painting.
B1 noun /ˈɡæl.ər.i/

Gallery

Meaning
a room or building for the display or sale of works of art; an area for spectators
Example
The art gallery featured paintings by famous local and international artists.
B2 verb /ɡloʊ/

glow

Meaning
To shine with a steady light, often softly; to radiate warmth or happiness.
Example
The lanterns glowed softly in the dark.
C1 noun ˌdʒɛriˈætrɪk səˈsaɪəti

geriatric society

Meaning
A society or community where elderly people make up a large proportion of the population
Example
A geriatric society demands specialized healthcare systems.
B2 adjective /ɡrɪm/

grim

Meaning
very serious or gloomy in appearance or outlook
Example
The future looked grim after the disaster.
C2 noun /ˈɡrændɪləkwəns/

grandiloquence

Meaning
Pompous or extravagant language, style, or manner, often intended to impress
Example
The politician’s speech was full of empty grandiloquence.
C1 adjective /ˈɡruːəlɪŋ/

grueling

Meaning
Extremely tiring and demanding.
Example
The athletes faced a grueling training session.
C1 verb/noun /ɡraʊl/

growl

Meaning
To make a low, guttural sound, often in anger (by animals or humans).
Example
The dog growled at the stranger.
C2 noun /ˈɡælvəˌnɪzəm/

galvanism

Meaning
Electricity produced by chemical action, especially in a battery; the therapeutic use of electricity in medicine.
Example
Galvanism played a key role in early experiments with electricity.
C1 noun /ɡluːm/

Gloom

Meaning
partial or total darkness; a state of dejection or despondency
Example
The thick clouds cast a gloom over the valley, making everything appear dark and dreary.
C2 noun /ˈɡɜːrdər/

girder

Meaning
a large, strong beam used to support buildings or bridges
Example
The steel girders held the weight of the bridge.
B2 verb /ɡrænt/

grant

Meaning
to give or allow someone to have; to admit or agree
Example
The university granted him a scholarship.
C2 noun /ˈɡæŋ.ɡriːn/

gangrene

Meaning
The death of body tissue due to lack of blood supply or infection.
Example
If untreated, the wound may lead to gangrene.
B2 noun /ˈɡɑːr.di.ən/

Guardian

Meaning
a defender, protector, or keeper; a person legally responsible for the care of someone unable to manage their own affairs
Example
After her parents died, her uncle became her legal guardian and took care of her.
C1 noun /ɡæsˈtrɒnəmi/

gastronomy

Meaning
The art or science of good eating and fine cuisine.
Example
Paris is famous for its rich tradition of gastronomy.
B2 verb /ˈɡʌvərn/

govern

Meaning
to control and direct the public policy and affairs of a state, organization, or people
Example
The president governs the country wisely.
B1 noun /ˈɡɪvər/

giver

Meaning
a person who gives something
Example
She was always a generous giver to charity.
B2 noun ɡrɪd

grid

Meaning
A network of interconnected lines or a system for distributing electricity over a wide area.
Example
The national power grid must be upgraded.
C1 noun /ˌɡaɪnəˈkɒlədʒi/

gynecology

Meaning
the branch of medicine dealing with women's reproductive health
Example
She decided to specialize in gynecology after medical school.
C1 noun /ˈɡʌnˌpaʊdər/

Gunpowder

Meaning
explosive powder used in guns and fireworks
Example
Gunpowder was invented in ancient China.
B2 adjective /ˈɡreɪ.ʃəs/

Gracious

Meaning
kind; courteous; generous;
Example
She was very gracious and thanked everyone for their help.
C1 noun /ɡɔːrd/

Gourd

Meaning
a climbing plant with large fruits that have hard shells when dried
Example
The bottle gourd curry was delicious and nutritious.
C2 noun, verb /ɡɔːl/

gall

Meaning
Annoyance, boldness, or to irritate.
Example
She had the gall to question his decision.
C2 noun /ˈdʒɛntaɪl/

gentile

Meaning
A person who is not Jewish
Example
The synagogue welcomed both Jews and Gentiles.
C2 noun /ɡəˈruːlɪti/

garrulity

Meaning
Excessive talkativeness, especially about trivial matters.
Example
His garrulity made it hard to focus during the meeting.
B1 noun /ˌɡrædʒ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/

graduation

Meaning
the act of receiving a degree or diploma after completing a course of study
Example
Her parents attended her graduation ceremony with pride.
B2 verb /ɡræsp/

grasp

Meaning
to grip firmly; to understand something
Example
She finally grasped the concept after the explanation.
B2 noun ˈɡrætɪtjuːd

gratitude

Meaning
The quality of being thankful; readiness to show appreciation.
Example
Gratitude towards the martyrs is a moral duty.
B2 noun /ˈɡreɪt.fəl.nəs/

Gratefulness

Meaning
the quality of being thankful; readiness to show appreciation for kindness
Example
She expressed her gratefulness to the doctors who saved her life.
B1 noun /ˈɡæsəˌliːn/

gasoline

Meaning
a liquid fuel made from petroleum, used mainly to power engines in vehicles
Example
The price of gasoline has increased significantly this month.
A2 noun /ɡoʊt/

Goat

Meaning
a farm animal with horns that gives milk and meat
Example
The farmer keeps goats for their milk and cheese.
B2 noun /ɡɪɡ/

gig

Meaning
A live performance by a musician, band, or entertainer; also a temporary job.
Example
The band has a gig at the local club tonight.
B2 verb /ɡraɪnd/

grind

Meaning
to crush into small particles; to work hard
Example
She grinds coffee beans every morning.
C2 noun /ˈdʒaɪənt sneɪk hɛd/

Giant snake head

Meaning
a large predatory freshwater fish with an elongated body and snake-like head
Example
The giant snake head is a fierce predator that can survive out of water for hours.
B2 noun /ˈdʒiː.ni.əs/

Genius

Meaning
exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability; a person who has such ability
Example
Einstein was recognized as a genius for his groundbreaking contributions to physics.
C2 noun /ˈɡræfaɪt/

graphite

Meaning
a soft, black form of carbon used in pencils and as a lubricant
Example
The artist sketched the portrait using a graphite pencil.
B2 adjective ˈɡrædʒ.u.əl

gradual

Meaning
Taking place or progressing slowly or by degrees.
Example
Gradual changes are more sustainable.
B2 noun/verb /ˈɡlɪtər/

glitter

Meaning
To shine with bright, shimmering light; or decorative sparkles.
Example
Her dress glittered under the stage lights.
C1 noun /dʒɪst/

Gist

Meaning
the substance or essence of a speech or text; the main point
Example
I missed the beginning of the lecture, but I caught the gist of the professor's argument.
B2 verb /ɡruːm/

groom

Meaning
to clean, brush, and care for the appearance of someone or something
Example
She spends hours grooming her dog every week.
C2 verb /ˈdʒɛriˌmændər/

gerrymander

Meaning
to manipulate the boundaries of an electoral constituency to favor one party or class
Example
The ruling party was accused of trying to gerrymander the districts to secure more seats.
C1 noun /ˈɡraʊnd kruː/

ground crew

Meaning
a team of people who maintain and service aircraft on the ground
Example
The ground crew prepared the plane for takeoff.
B2 noun /ɡriːf/

Grief

Meaning
deep sorrow, especially that caused by someone's death; trouble or suffering
Example
The family was overwhelmed with grief after losing their beloved pet.
B2 verb /ˈɡrʌmbəl/

grumble

Meaning
to complain quietly or in a low voice
Example
She often grumbles about the traffic.
C1 adjective /ˈɡæst.li/

ghastly

Meaning
Causing great horror or fear; very unpleasant.
Example
The crime scene was a ghastly sight.
A2 noun /ˈɡraʊnd flɔːr/

ground floor

Meaning
the floor of a building at ground level; the starting level of an organization or activity
Example
The grocery shop is located on the ground floor of the building.
A2 noun ˈɡrænˌpɛrənts

Grandparents

Meaning
The parents of one's father or mother.
Example
Grandparents are an important part of the family tree.
C1 noun /ɡruːv/

groove

Meaning
a long narrow cut or depression, or a rhythmic pattern in music
Example
The DJ kept the crowd dancing to the groove.
B2 noun /ɡoʊld rɪŋ/

Gold ring

Meaning
a circular band of gold worn as jewelry, typically on a finger
Example
He gave her a beautiful gold ring for their anniversary.
C1 verb /ˈɡlædən/

gladden

Meaning
to make someone happy or bring joy
Example
The news of her recovery gladdened everyone.
C2 verb /ɡɪld/

gild

Meaning
to cover something with a thin layer of gold or to make something appear more attractive than it really is
Example
The craftsman gilded the frame to give it a luxurious look.
C2 verb /ˈɡlaʊ.ər/

glower

Meaning
To look at someone with an angry or sullen expression.
Example
He glowered at his rival across the room.
A2 noun/adjective /ˈdʒɜːrmən/

german

Meaning
relating to Germany, its people, or its language
Example
She is learning German to study abroad.
C1 adjective /ˈɡɑːrdɪd/

guarded

Meaning
Cautious and careful in speech or action, often to avoid giving too much away.
Example
He gave a guarded reply to the journalist.
B2 noun /ɡʌlf/

Gulf

Meaning
a deep inlet of the sea almost surrounded by land; a wide gap or difference between people or groups
Example
The Persian Gulf is an important waterway for international shipping and oil transport.
C1 noun ˈɡræn.dʒər

Grandeur

Meaning
Magnificence, majesty, splendor; impressive beauty and scale.
Example
The grandeur of the Colosseum attracts millions of visitors.
A2 noun /ɡræs/

grass

Meaning
plants with narrow green leaves, often covering the ground in fields or gardens
Example
Children are playing on the grass.
C2 noun /ɡænˈdʒɛtɪk liːf fɪʃ/

Gangetic Leaf Fish

Meaning
a small freshwater fish species found in the Ganges river system, known for its leaf-like appearance
Example
The Gangetic Leaf Fish is commonly found in the rivers of Bangladesh.
B2 noun /ɡreɪn/

Grain

Meaning
wheat or any other cultivated cereal crop used as food; a single seed of a cereal
Example
The farmer stored large quantities of grain in the barn after the harvest.
A1 verb /ɡɪv/

give

Meaning
to freely transfer something to someone
Example
I give gifts to my friends on their birthdays.
A2 noun /ɡoʊl/

Goal

Meaning
the object of a person's ambition or effort; an aim or desired result; a point scored in sports
Example
Her goal is to become a doctor and help people in underserved communities.
A2 noun/verb /ɡraʊnd/

ground

Meaning
the solid surface of the earth; to prohibit someone (often a child) from going out
Example
The children played on the ground near the house.
A2 verb /ˈɡæðər/

gather

Meaning
to come together or collect in one place; to assemble
Example
People gather in the park for the festival.
B1 noun /ɡæp/

gap

Meaning
An empty space or break between two objects or parts; a difference or disparity.
Example
There is a huge gap between the rich and the poor.
B1 noun /ˈɡræn(d)ˌdɔːtər/

granddaughter

Meaning
the daughter of one’s son or daughter
Example
Her granddaughter visits her every weekend.
B2 noun /ɡaʊn/

Gown

Meaning
a long dress, typically worn on formal occasions; a loose robe worn for comfort or in professional settings
Example
She looked elegant in her evening gown at the graduation ceremony.
B2 noun /ɡreɪv/

Grave

Meaning
a hole dug in the ground to receive a coffin; a place of burial; serious or solemn
Example
The family visited the grave of their beloved grandfather every Sunday.
C2 noun /ˈdʒɪb.ɪt/

Gibbet

Meaning
a gallows for hanging criminals; an upright post with a projecting arm for hanging the bodies of criminals
Example
In medieval times, criminals were often executed on a gibbet as a public warning.
B1 adverb /ˈɡrædʒ.u.ə.li/

Gradually

Meaning
slowly and steadily over a period of time
Example
The weather gradually became warmer in spring.
A2 noun /dʒɪm/

gym

Meaning
a place equipped for physical exercise and fitness training
Example
He goes to the gym every morning to work out.
C1 proper noun ˈɡləʊbəl ˈfaʊndriz

GlobalFoundries

Meaning
A specific company in semiconductor manufacturing.
Example
GlobalFoundries is a leading semiconductor company.
C2 adjective /ˈdʒen.ɪ.tɪv/

genitive

Meaning
relating to or denoting a case of nouns and pronouns indicating possession
Example
In English, the genitive case is often shown with an apostrophe and 's'.
C1 adjective /ˈɡrɪz.li/

grisly

Meaning
causing horror or disgust
Example
The police discovered a grisly scene at the crime site.
B2 noun /ˈɡælən/

gallon

Meaning
a unit of measurement for liquid capacity, equal to 4 quarts or approximately 3.8 liters
Example
He bought a gallon of milk.
B2 noun ˈɡriːn.haʊs ɪˌfɛkt

greenhouse effect

Meaning
The trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.
Example
The greenhouse effect is increasing global temperatures.
C2 noun /ˈɡræn.tɔːr/

grantor

Meaning
A person or entity that makes a grant or transfers property or rights to another.
Example
The grantor transferred the property rights to the nonprofit organization.
C2 adjective /ˈɡluː.tɪ.nəs/

glutinous

Meaning
Having a sticky or glue-like texture.
Example
The glutinous rice stuck together in the pot.
C1 noun/verb /ˈɡlɪmər/

glimmer

Meaning
A faint or wavering light; to shine with a faint light.
Example
A glimmer of hope shone in her eyes.
C1 noun /ˈɡæmbɪt/

gambit

Meaning
a calculated move or remark intended to gain an advantage, especially in chess or conversation
Example
His opening gambit in the debate caught everyone by surprise.
B2 verb /ɡriːv/

grieve

Meaning
To feel or cause deep sorrow, especially due to someone's death.
Example
She continues to grieve the loss of her best friend.
B2 adjective /ɡəʊl ɔːˈrɪəntɪd/

goal-oriented

Meaning
Focused on achieving specific objectives or targets; driven by clear aims.
Example
Being goal-oriented is crucial for achieving success.
A1 adjective /ɡʊd/

Good

Meaning
satisfactory; pleasant; beneficial; of high quality
Example
She is a good student.
C1 verb /ˈɡlɔːrɪfaɪ/

glorify

Meaning
to praise or honor someone or something; to make something seem better than it is
Example
The movie glorifies war heroes.
B2 noun /ˈɡriːnhaʊs/

greenhouse

Meaning
a glass building used for growing plants, especially in cold climates
Example
The farmers built a large greenhouse to grow tomatoes in the winter.
A2 adjective /ɡreɪ/

Grey

Meaning
having a color between black and white
Example
The grey clouds indicated that rain was coming.