C2 noun /fɔːrˈbɛrəns/

forbearance

Meaning

Patient self-control; restraint and tolerance, especially in difficult situations.

Example

She showed remarkable forbearance during the heated argument.

C1 noun /ˈɡʌnˌpaʊdər/

Gunpowder

Meaning

explosive powder used in guns and fireworks

Example

Gunpowder was invented in ancient China.

C2 verb /ˌpriːɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/

preengage

Meaning

To contract or engage beforehand; to arrange in advance.

Example

The workers were preengaged before the project officially started.

C2 noun /ˈæl.ɪ.mənt/

aliment

Meaning

food or nourishment that sustains life

Example

Fruits and vegetables are important aliments for a healthy body.

C1 noun /sleɪ/

sleigh

Meaning

A vehicle pulled by horses or reindeer over snow or ice.

Example

Children were excited to ride in the sleigh through the snowy village.

C1 adjective, noun /ˈdɛrəlɪkt/

derelict

Meaning

in poor condition due to neglect or disuse; a homeless or neglected person

Example

The old factory stood derelict for decades.

B1 verb /əˈsoʊsiˌeɪt/

associate

Meaning

to connect or link things together; to spend time with someone

Example

I associate this song with summer.

C2 noun /ˈbæs.tərd tiːk/

Bastard teak

Meaning

A flowering tree with bright orange-red flowers, also known as flame of the forest

Example

The bastard teak tree blooms with vibrant orange flowers in spring.

A2 noun /ˈfɑː.loʊ.ɪŋ/

following

Meaning

a group of supporters or people who admire something or someone

Example

The singer has a large following around the world.

B2 noun /feɪt/

Fate

Meaning

the development of events beyond a person's control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power

Example

Many people believe that fate determines the course of their lives.

A2 verb/adjective /lɒst/

lost

Meaning

Unable to find the way; no longer in possession of something.

Example

He lost his keys and couldn’t enter the house.

A2 noun /ɪˈfekt/

Effect

Meaning

a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause

Example

The new medicine had a positive effect on the patient's recovery.

B2 noun /ˈʌndərˌteɪkɪŋ/

undertaking

Meaning

A task, project, or responsibility that someone agrees to do.

Example

Starting a new company is a difficult undertaking.

A2 adjective /ˈʌɡ.li/

Ugly

Meaning

unpleasant or repulsive in appearance; morally reprehensible

Example

The old building looked ugly after years of neglect.

C1 noun/verb /ˈrɛprɪˌmænd/

reprimand

Meaning

A formal expression of disapproval; to scold or criticize someone officially.

Example

The teacher reprimanded the student for being late.

B2 adjective /ˈʃæl.oʊ/

Shallow

Meaning

not deep; superficial; lacking depth of knowledge

Example

The shallow water is perfect for children to play.

C2 noun /hɑrˈmoʊniəm/

Harmonium

Meaning

a keyboard musical instrument similar to an organ, using air to produce sound

Example

She played devotional songs on the harmonium at the temple.

B2 noun /dɪsˈmeɪ/

Dismay

Meaning

concern and distress caused by something unexpected; consternation or alarm

Example

To our dismay, the concert was cancelled due to severe weather conditions.

C1 noun /ɒpˈtɒmɪtrɪst/

optometrist

Meaning

A healthcare professional who examines eyes and prescribes corrective lenses.

Example

The optometrist prescribed new glasses for her.

B2 verb /bɑːrk/

bark

Meaning

to make a sharp sound like a dog; to speak angrily

Example

The dog barks at strangers.

C2 verb /sleɪk/

slake

Meaning

To satisfy thirst or desire.

Example

She drank cold water to slake her thirst.

A1 noun/adjective /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

english

Meaning

The language of England, widely spoken around the world; relating to England or its people.

Example

She is learning English to study abroad.

C2 verb /əˈfaɪəns/

affiance

Meaning

to promise or pledge marriage; to formally engage

Example

They decided to affiance after years of friendship.

B1 adjective /ˈhoʊpfəl/

Hopeful

Meaning

feeling or inspiring optimism about a future event; confident; optimistic

Example

He remained hopeful despite the challenges.

C2 verb /aɪˈdɒləˌtraɪz/

idolatrize

Meaning

To worship idols; to regard with excessive devotion or admiration.

Example

They began to idolatrize the statue as a deity.

C1 adjective /ˈʃɪp.ʃeɪp/

Shipshape

Meaning

neat and tidy; in good order; well-organized

Example

Everything was shipshape before the inspection.

C2 noun /ˈænti/

ante

Meaning

a stake put up by a player in poker or similar games before receiving cards; also used figuratively to mean an initial investment or contribution

Example

Each player placed an ante before the game began.

B2 noun /raɪˈnɒs.ər.əs/

Rhinoceros

Meaning

a large, heavy animal with thick skin and one or two horns on its nose

Example

The rhinoceros charged through the grassland.

B2 phrase teɪk ˈpɜː.sən.əl.i

take personally

Meaning

To interpret someone's words or actions as a personal attack or criticism.

Example

Don't take it personally, he didn't mean to upset you.

B1 verb /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/

criticize

Meaning

to express disapproval or find fault with someone or something

Example

The teacher criticized the student's poor handwriting.

A2 verb /ɪˈmædʒɪn/

imagine

Meaning

to form a mental image of; to believe something unreal to be true

Example

Can you imagine living in a different country?

C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæsɪv/

impassive

Meaning

Not showing or feeling emotion; expressionless.

Example

Despite the shocking news, she remained impassive.

C1 noun/verb /ˈhɛmərɪdʒ/

hemorrhage

Meaning

A significant loss of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, or to lose blood heavily.

Example

The patient suffered a severe brain hemorrhage.

C1 verb /drɛntʃ/

drench

Meaning

to make someone or something completely wet

Example

The sudden rain drenched the players on the field.

B1 noun /ˈmeʒərmənt/

measurement

Meaning

the size, length, or amount of something, as determined by measuring

Example

The tailor took my waist measurement before stitching the suit.

B2 verb /dɒdʒ/

dodge

Meaning

to move quickly to one side to avoid something; to avoid dealing with something cleverly or dishonestly

Example

The boxer managed to dodge his opponent's punch.

C2 noun /muˈleθi/

Mulethi

Meaning

licorice root, a sweet-tasting herb used in traditional medicine and cooking

Example

She prepared a herbal tea with mulethi to soothe her sore throat.

B2 noun /ˌɛdɪˈtɔːriəl/

editorial

Meaning

A newspaper article expressing the opinion of the editor or publisher.

Example

The newspaper published an editorial criticizing government policy.

C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzæspəˌreɪtɪd/

exasperated

Meaning

greatly annoyed or irritated

Example

She gave him an exasperated look after his repeated mistakes.

C2 noun /dɪˈmʌrɪdʒ/

demurrage

Meaning

a charge payable to the owner of a ship or vehicle for not loading or unloading on time

Example

The company had to pay demurrage for delaying the unloading of goods.

C1 noun /ˈplʌn.dər.ər/

Plunderer

Meaning

a person who steals goods, especially during war or civil disorder

Example

The plunderers ransacked the village after the battle.

C1 verb /raɪð/

writhe

Meaning

To twist or squirm in pain or discomfort.

Example

He writhed in pain after twisting his ankle.

B2 adjective /ˈfeɪθ.fəl/

Faithful

Meaning

loyal and committed; reliable; true to one's beliefs

Example

She remained faithful to her principles throughout her career.

B2 noun /ˌɛkskləˈmeɪʃən/

exclamation

Meaning

A sudden cry or remark expressing strong emotion or surprise.

Example

She let out an exclamation of joy when she heard the news.

C1 noun /ˌprɑːfɪˈtɪr/

profiteer

Meaning

a person who makes excessive profits, especially unfairly or illegally

Example

The government punished war profiteers.

A1 adverb /ˈɔːl.weɪz/

Always

Meaning

at all times; on all occasions; forever

Example

She always arrives early to work.

C2 adjective /ˈfʊl.dʒənt/

fulgent

Meaning

Shining brightly; dazzling.

Example

The fulgent stars lit up the night sky.

C1 noun /drɑːft/ (UK), /dræft/ (US)

draught

Meaning

a current of cool air in a room or another confined space; also a portion of liquid, especially beer, served from a barrel or cask

Example

She closed the window to keep out the cold draught.

B1 noun riˈæləti

reality

Meaning

The world or the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea.

Example

The reality of the situation was evident.

B2 adjective /æʃ ˈkʌl.ər/

Ash-colour

Meaning

a grayish color resembling ash

Example

The old building had ash-colour walls that needed painting.

B2 adjective /ˌʌndɪˈzaɪərəbl/

Undesirable

Meaning

not wanted or wished for; harmful or unpleasant

Example

The new policy had several undesirable consequences.

B2 verb /vaʊ/

vow

Meaning

to make a serious promise; to pledge solemnly

Example

They vowed to love each other forever.

C2 noun /ˈhen.ə/

Henna

Meaning

a reddish-brown dye made from the powdered leaves of a tropical shrub, used to color hair and decorate skin

Example

The bride's hands were beautifully decorated with intricate henna patterns for her wedding ceremony.

B1 noun /ˈɪnpʊt/

input

Meaning

information, advice, or data that is put into a system, device, or process

Example

The manager asked for everyone's input on the new project.

B2 noun /ˈæltɪtuːd/

altitude

Meaning

the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level

Example

The airplane is flying at an altitude of 30,000 feet.

A2 noun /ˈaɪtəm/

item

Meaning

A single thing, object, or unit, often part of a list or collection.

Example

Each item on the list must be checked carefully.

B2 adjective /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kəl/

cynical

Meaning

Believing that people are motivated by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity.

Example

She was cynical about the politician's promises.

B2 noun /slɒt/

slot

Meaning

a narrow opening into which something fits or is placed

Example

Insert the card into the slot to open the door.

B2 verb /ɪnˈspekt/

inspect

Meaning

to examine something carefully to check for problems or faults

Example

The engineer will inspect the building for structural damage.

B1 adjective /ˈɔːkwəd/

awkward

Meaning

causing or feeling embarrassment; difficult to deal with

Example

There was an awkward silence after his joke.

C1 adjective dʒuːˈdɪʃ.əs

judicious

Meaning

Having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense; wise and careful.

Example

A judicious decision can prevent future problems.

C1 noun /ˈkɒz.moʊs/

Cosmos

Meaning

a colorful annual flower with daisy-like blooms and feathery foliage

Example

The cosmos flowers swayed gently in the summer breeze across the meadow.

C1 adjective ˈsɪŋ.krə.nəs

synchronous

Meaning

Existing or occurring at the same time.

Example

Synchronous learning involves live online classes.

B2 noun /ˈbrʌðərhʊd/

brotherhood

Meaning

The relationship between brothers; an association of people with common interests

Example

The soldiers shared a strong sense of brotherhood.

C2 adverb /bɪˈtaɪmz/

betimes

Meaning

early; in good time

Example

She rose betimes to finish her work.

B1 noun /ˈbeɪsɪs/

basis

Meaning

the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process

Example

Trust is the basis of any strong relationship.

B2 noun, verb /ˈriːteɪl/

retail

Meaning

the sale of goods to the public in small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale

Example

The company specializes in the retail of clothing and accessories.

C2 adjective /ɪnˈæpt/

Inapt

Meaning

not suitable; inappropriate; unfit

Example

His comment was inapt for the formal meeting.

B2 noun /ˈdel.ɪ.ɡət/

Delegate

Meaning

a person chosen or elected to act for or represent others; representative

Example

Each country sent a delegate to participate in the international conference.

B1 adjective /aɪˈdiːəl/

ideal

Meaning

the best possible; perfect for a situation

Example

This place is ideal for a picnic.

B1 noun

Kingdom

B2 adjective /kəmˈpʌlsəri/

compulsory

Meaning

Required by law or a rule; obligatory.

Example

Wearing seat belts is compulsory in most countries.

C2 noun /ɪˈskʌtʃən/

escutcheon

Meaning

a shield or emblem bearing a coat of arms

Example

The family crest was displayed on the escutcheon above the fireplace.

B2 verb /ˈstʌmbəl/

stumble

Meaning

to trip or lose balance while walking or running; to make a mistake or falter

Example

He stumbled on the uneven pavement.

C1 noun ˈkɑːr.bən ˌsiː.kwəˈstreɪ.ʃən

carbon sequestration

Meaning

The process of capture and long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide to mitigate or defer global warming.

Example

Forests play a key role in carbon sequestration.

C2 adjective /ˈeɪ.li.ə.nə.bəl/

alienable

Meaning

Able to be transferred or surrendered, usually referring to rights or property.

Example

Property rights are alienable and can be sold or transferred.

B2 noun /ˈtiːmmeɪt/

teammate

Meaning

a member of the same team

Example

He congratulated his teammate after scoring the goal.

B1 noun ˈstrʌɡ.əl

struggle

Meaning

A forceful or violent effort to get free of restraint or resist attack; a determined effort under difficult circumstances.

Example

The struggle for independence united the nation.

C1 noun /ɪˌreɡjəˈlærɪti/

irregularity

Meaning

lack of regularity or consistency; a deviation from what is normal, expected, or orderly

Example

The audit revealed several financial irregularities in the company’s records.

B2 noun /koʊl/

coal

Meaning

a black or dark brown rock used as fuel, formed from decomposed plant matter

Example

The factory still uses coal as its main source of energy.

B2 adverb /ðɛrˈæftər/

thereafter

Meaning

from that time on

Example

He moved to Canada and thereafter started a new life.

B2 noun /ˈtʌndrə/

tundra

Meaning

A vast, flat, treeless Arctic region where the subsoil is permanently frozen.

Example

Polar bears roam across the icy tundra.

A2 adjective /ɪmˈpɑːsəbl/

impossible

Meaning

not able to occur, exist, or be done

Example

It is impossible to finish this work in one day.

B2 adjective /ˌfɪl.əˈsɒf.ɪ.kəl/

philosophical

Meaning

relating to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence

Example

She maintained a calm and philosophical attitude during the crisis.

C2 noun /ˌætəlˈjeɪ/

atelier

Meaning

A workshop or studio, especially for an artist or designer.

Example

The painter invited us to his atelier to view his new collection.

B2 noun /ˈaʊtskɜːrts/

outskirts

Meaning

The outer parts of a town or city, away from the center.

Example

They moved to the outskirts of the city for a quieter life.

C1 adjective /ˈkɔː.stɪk/

caustic

Meaning

able to burn or corrode by chemical action; severely sarcastic

Example

Her caustic remarks hurt his feelings.

B2 noun /ˈhʌrɪkən/

hurricane

Meaning

A violent tropical storm with very strong winds and heavy rain.

Example

The hurricane destroyed hundreds of homes along the coast.

C1 adjective ˌɪn.təˈmɪt.ənt

intermittent

Meaning

Happening irregularly, not continuously.

Example

The rain was intermittent throughout the day.

B1 noun /ˈæbsəns/

Absence

Meaning

the state of being away from a place or person; lack or non-existence

Example

His absence from the meeting was noticed by everyone.

C2 noun /ˌbækəˈneɪliə/

bacchanalia

Meaning

A Roman festival of Bacchus celebrated with dancing, drinking, and revelry; any occasion of wild and drunken revelry.

Example

The novel describes the party as a bacchanalia of excess and joy.

B1 noun ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən

conservation

Meaning

The protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effects of human activity.

Example

Conservation of forests is crucial for climate stability.

A2 adjective, noun /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

favorite

Meaning

Preferred over all others; something or someone especially liked.

Example

Chocolate is my favorite ice cream flavor.

B1 noun ˌhjuː.mən ˈraɪts

human rights

Meaning

A right that is believed to belong justifiably to every person.

Example

Human rights protect individual freedoms.

C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈprɛsəbl̩/

irrepressible

Meaning

Impossible to control or restrain.

Example

She had an irrepressible urge to laugh during the speech.

B2 noun ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm

ecosystem

Meaning

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Example

A balanced ecosystem is crucial for environmental sustainability.

C1 noun /ˈsɔːjər/

Sawyer

Meaning

a person who saws wood, especially as an occupation

Example

The skilled sawyer cut the logs into planks.

C1 noun /woʊz/

woes

Meaning

great sorrow or distress; troubles

Example

The company faced financial woes after the market crash.

C2 noun /ˈnɛkrəˌmænsi/

necromancy

Meaning

the practice of communicating with the dead, often to predict the future

Example

Ancient texts described rituals of necromancy performed by priests.

A2 noun /ˈdɛsktɒp/

desktop

Meaning

a computer designed to be used on a desk, typically with a separate monitor, keyboard, and mouse

Example

I keep my documents on the desktop for easy access.

C1 adjective /ˈdɑːsəl/ or /ˈdəʊsaɪl/

docile

Meaning

easily managed, taught, or controlled; submissive

Example

The docile puppy quickly learned new tricks.

C1 noun /traɪˈbjuːnəl/

tribunal

Meaning

a court of justice or body established to settle disputes

Example

The case was heard in an international tribunal.

C1 verb /ˈskʌt.əl/

scuttle

Meaning

To run hurriedly with short, quick steps; or to deliberately sink a ship.

Example

The children scuttled back to their seats when the teacher entered.

A1 adjective /bɪɡ/

big

Meaning

large in size, extent, or importance

Example

They moved into a big house with plenty of space.

C2 verb /ˈvɛəriəˌɡeɪt/

variegate

Meaning

To diversify or mark with different colors or patterns.

Example

The artist used different shades to variegate the design.

C1 noun ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən ˈstrætədʒiz

mitigation strategies

Meaning

Plans and actions designed to reduce the severity or impact of problems or risks.

Example

Governments must adopt mitigation strategies for climate change.

A2 noun /ˈjuːnɪt/

unit

Meaning

an individual thing or person regarded as a single and complete entity

Example

Each unit in the production line is carefully tested.

A2 verb /ˈdraɪvɪŋ/

driving

Meaning

the act of controlling and operating a vehicle; guiding or motivating something forward

Example

She loves driving along the coast on weekends.

B1 noun /ˈmɪlk.mæn/

Milkman

Meaning

a person who delivers milk to homes or businesses

Example

The milkman delivers fresh milk to our house every morning.

C1 noun /mɔːˈtæləti/

mortality

Meaning

the state of being subject to death; the death rate of a population

Example

Advancements in medicine have reduced child mortality significantly.

B2 noun /əˈroʊmə/

aroma

Meaning

A pleasant, distinctive smell.

Example

The aroma of freshly baked bread filled the kitchen.

A1 pronoun /miː/

me

Meaning

Used by a speaker to refer to themselves as the object of a verb or preposition.

Example

She gave me a beautiful gift.

C2 noun /dɪˈkrɛpɪˌtjuːd/

decrepitude

Meaning

the state of being old, weak, and worn out

Example

The once-great empire fell into decrepitude.

C1 noun /ˈprɒmɪnəns/

prominence

Meaning

The state of being important, famous, or easily noticed.

Example

Her work gained prominence after the award.

C1 adjective /ˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪʃənl̩/

representational

Meaning

Relating to or depicting something in a realistic or symbolic way.

Example

The artist preferred a representational style of painting.

C1 noun /ˈsteɪtəs kwoʊ/

status quo

Meaning

The existing state of affairs, especially regarding social or political issues.

Example

The government decided to maintain the status quo until further review.

B2 noun /kənˈdenst mɪlk/

Condensed milk

Meaning

milk from which water has been removed and sugar added, creating a thick, sweet product

Example

The recipe calls for a can of condensed milk to make the dessert extra creamy.

C2 noun /ˌsɒ̃ˈfrwɑː/

sangfroid

Meaning

Composure or coolness under pressure.

Example

She impressed everyone with her sangfroid during the interview.

C1 noun /ˈbreɪkər/

breaker

Meaning

A person or thing that breaks something; a large sea wave that breaks into foam near the shore; a device that interrupts an electric circuit.

Example

The breaker tripped during the storm, cutting off electricity.

C2 noun /ˌprɒdɪˈɡæləti/

prodigality

Meaning

the quality of being wastefully extravagant

Example

His prodigality with money left him bankrupt.

B1 noun /rɪst/

Wrist

Meaning

the joint connecting the hand with the forearm

Example

He wore a watch on his wrist.