A1 adjective/adverb /ˈɜːrli/

early

Meaning

before the usual or expected time

Example

She arrived early to the meeting.

B2 verb /soʊ/

sow

Meaning

to plant seeds in the ground; to scatter seeds for growing

Example

The farmer will sow wheat seeds in the field tomorrow.

C2 verb /ˈkæstɪˌɡeɪt/

castigate

Meaning

To criticize someone severely or to punish harshly.

Example

The teacher castigated the students for their poor behavior.

C2 verb /ɪmˈbɪtər/

embitter

Meaning

To make someone resentful or angry; to cause bitterness.

Example

The unfair treatment embittered the employees.

B2 verb /hɔːlt/

halt

Meaning

to stop or bring to a stop

Example

The train suddenly halted at the station.

C2 noun /ˈkɪləˌliːtər/

kiloliter

Meaning

a unit of capacity equal to 1,000 liters

Example

The tank can hold up to three kiloliters of water.

C2 noun /ˌrɛprɪˈhɛnʃən/

reprehension

Meaning

The act of rebuking or criticizing severely.

Example

The teacher’s reprehension of the student’s behavior was justified.

C2 verb ɪmˈbaɪb

imbibe

Meaning

Absorb or assimilate ideas or knowledge. To drink or take in.

Example

He tried to imbibe the wisdom from his mentor.

B1 noun /ˈmɛdəl/

medal

Meaning

a piece of metal given as an award for achievement

Example

She won a gold medal in the 100-meter race.

A2 noun/verb /puːl/

pool

Meaning

a small body of still water, or a game played in a rectangular table with balls

Example

The children swam in the pool all afternoon.

C2 noun /ˈbærəˌɡræf/

barograph

Meaning

an instrument that records changes in atmospheric pressure

Example

The scientist checked the barograph for pressure variations.

C2 noun /ˈdʒɪb.ɪt/

Gibbet

Meaning

a gallows for hanging criminals; an upright post with a projecting arm for hanging the bodies of criminals

Example

In medieval times, criminals were often executed on a gibbet as a public warning.

C1 noun /ˈlæd.i/

laddie

Meaning

A young boy or lad.

Example

The old man gave the young laddie a kind smile.

B2 adjective /dɪˈsɛptɪv/

deceptive

Meaning

Giving an appearance or impression different from the truth; misleading.

Example

Appearances can be deceptive.

C1 adjective /steɪd/

staid

Meaning

Serious, respectable, and unadventurous.

Example

He came from a staid family background.

C1 noun /ˌɪntɪˈmeɪʃən/

intimation

Meaning

A subtle or indirect hint or suggestion.

Example

She gave no intimation of her plans.

B1 noun /ˈhɛlθˌkɛər/

health-care

Meaning

the organized provision of medical services to maintain or improve health

Example

Access to quality health-care is essential for every citizen.

C2 adjective /juːˈnɪsənənt/

unisonant

Meaning

Sounding together or in harmony.

Example

The unisonant voices created a powerful effect.

C1 verb /bɒmˈbɑːrd/

bombard

Meaning

to attack continuously with bombs, questions, or other forces

Example

Reporters bombarded the minister with difficult questions.

C2 noun /ˈvaɪəl/

viol

Meaning

A stringed musical instrument of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, played with a bow and similar to but distinct from the violin family.

Example

The musician played an old viol in the chamber music concert.

B1 noun /ˈkɪləɡræm/

kilogram

Meaning

the base unit of mass in the metric system equal to 1,000 grams

Example

The bag of rice weighs five kilograms.

C2 noun /əˈdɛpt.nəs/

adeptness

Meaning

Skill and dexterity in a task.

Example

His adeptness in negotiations helped close the deal successfully.

C2 adjective /ˈfrɒlɪksəm/

Frolicsome

Meaning

joyful; playful; merry; cheerful

Example

The frolicsome children laughed and played in the park.

B2 adjective /ˈvɪʃ.əs/

Vicious

Meaning

deliberately cruel or violent; having a savage nature

Example

The vicious dog attacked anyone who came near its territory.

B2 verb /ˈprɒspər/

prosper

Meaning

to succeed or flourish, especially in financial or business matters

Example

With hard work and determination, she managed to prosper in her career.

A1 verb /ˈfɪnɪʃ/

finish

Meaning

to complete or bring to an end; to reach the final point

Example

She finished her homework before dinner.

C2 noun /sfɛˈrɪsɪti/

sphericity

Meaning

The quality or state of being spherical; roundness.

Example

The sphericity of the ball made it roll smoothly on the ground.

C2 verb /ˌsuːpərˈæd/

superadd

Meaning

to add something to what has already been added

Example

The author chose to superadd a new chapter to the revised edition.

B2 noun /ˌɡriːn ˈen.ə.dʒi/

green energy

Meaning

Energy derived from renewable sources that have minimal environmental impact.

Example

Green energy reduces environmental harm.

C2 adjective, noun /səbˈmɜːrsəbl/

submersible

Meaning

capable of being submerged; a small underwater craft

Example

The scientists explored the deep ocean using a submersible.

C2 noun /ˈfɜːrlɔːŋ/

furlong

Meaning

a unit of distance equal to 220 yards or about 201 meters

Example

The horse ran a furlong before slowing down.

C2 adjective /ˈklɔɪ.ɪŋ/

cloying

Meaning

too sweet, rich, or sentimental, making it unpleasant

Example

The dessert was so cloying that I couldn't finish it.

C2 adjective /ˈvɪndɪkeɪtɪv/

vindicative

Meaning

showing a tendency to vindicate or justify; inclined to defend

Example

Her vindicative tone showed that she strongly believed in her innocence.

B2 adjective, noun /ˈsɪŋɡjələr/

singular

Meaning

Remarkable, extraordinary; or grammatical form referring to one person or thing.

Example

She has a singular talent for painting.

A2 noun /ˈkoʊkənʌt/

Coconut

Meaning

a large brown seed with hard shell containing white flesh and coconut water

Example

We drank coconut water directly from the coconut.

B1 noun /ˈsɪtɪzən/

citizen

Meaning

a legally recognized subject or national of a state

Example

Every citizen has the right to vote.

B2 noun /iˈkɒlədʒɪst/

ecologist

Meaning

A scientist who studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment.

Example

The ecologist studied the effects of pollution on the forest ecosystem.

B2 noun /ˈlɪstɪŋ/

listing

Meaning

a series of items or names written or printed in a specific order

Example

The listing of available jobs was updated daily.

C2 noun /kɪln/

kiln

Meaning

a furnace or oven for burning, baking, or drying, especially one for firing pottery or bricks

Example

The potter placed the clay pots into the kiln for firing.

B1 noun /prəˈfeʃ.ən/

Profession

Meaning

a type of job that requires special education, training, or skill

Example

Teaching is a noble profession that shapes future generations.

A2 verb /ˈloʊər/

lower

Meaning

to move something to a lower position or to reduce

Example

The company decided to lower the prices.

C1 noun /ˈhɛrətɪk/

heretic

Meaning

a person who holds beliefs that go against established religious teachings or accepted beliefs.

Example

The church declared him a heretic for his radical ideas.

B1 noun /ˈkwɒn.tə.ti/

Quantity

Meaning

an amount or number of something; the measurable property of something

Example

The quantity of water in the bottle is sufficient for the trip.

C1 noun /ˈɔr.i.ənt/

Orient

Meaning

the East, especially countries of eastern Asia; to determine one's position or direction

Example

Many spices come from the Orient.

C2 verb /dɪsˈkaʊntənəns/

discountenance

Meaning

To disapprove of or discourage something.

Example

The teacher strongly discountenanced cheating in exams.

B2 verb /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃər/

manufacture

Meaning

to produce goods in large quantities using machinery; to make or create something

Example

The company manufactures electronic devices for global markets.

B1 adjective /ˈɜːrbən/

urban

Meaning

related to, characteristic of, or situated in a city or town

Example

Urban areas often have higher population density than rural areas.

C2 noun /ɪɡˈzɔːrbɪtəns/

exorbitance

Meaning

The quality of being excessive, unreasonable, or going beyond proper limits.

Example

The exorbitance of the hotel's prices shocked the tourists.

A2 noun /trɪk/

Trick

Meaning

a cunning act intended to deceive; a skillful action performed for entertainment

Example

The magician performed an amazing card trick that fooled everyone.

B2 noun /ˈɒp.tɪ.mɪ.zəm/

optimism

Meaning

Hopefulness and confidence about the future or the successful outcome of something.

Example

Her optimism helped her overcome difficult times.

B2 noun /ˈpɑː.tɪ.klz/

particles

Meaning

Minute portions of matter.

Example

PM2.5 particles harm respiratory health.

C1 verb /eɪl/

ail

Meaning

to be ill or suffer from a physical or mental problem; to trouble or afflict

Example

She has been ailing since last winter.

C2 adjective /ˈtɔːrʃəs/

tortious

Meaning

Relating to or involving a wrongful act leading to legal liability.

Example

The company was found guilty of tortious interference with contracts.

B1 noun /fiː/

fee

Meaning

A payment made for a service or privilege.

Example

The lawyer charged a high fee for his services.

C1 noun /ˈɛstjʊəri/

estuary

Meaning

the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream

Example

The city is located near the estuary of the river.

B1 noun /doʊˈneɪ.ʃən/

Donation

Meaning

something that is given to a charity, especially a sum of money; the act of giving

Example

The generous donation helped the hospital purchase new medical equipment.

C2 adjective /ɪnˈsɛnseɪt/

insensate

Meaning

lacking physical sensation or empathy; without feeling or sensitivity

Example

The dictator's insensate cruelty shocked the world.

C2 noun /ˈhæbɪtənt/

habitant

Meaning

An inhabitant; a person or animal that lives in a particular place.

Example

The habitants of the village were friendly and welcoming.

C2 verb /ɪˈluːmɪn/

illumine

Meaning

to light up or make clear

Example

The rising sun illumined the mountain peaks.

B2 noun /ɪsˈlɑːm/

islam

Meaning

the religion founded by the Prophet Muhammad, based on belief in one God (Allah)

Example

Islam emphasizes peace, justice, and compassion.

B2 noun /ˈbeə.rər/

Bearer

Meaning

a person who carries or brings something; holder of a document

Example

The bearer of this message must deliver it quickly.

C2 noun /ˈpjuːɪsəns/

puissance

Meaning

Great power, strength, or influence.

Example

The empire showed its puissance through vast armies.

C2 noun /ˈmeɪsə/

mesa

Meaning

An isolated flat-topped hill with steep sides, found in arid regions.

Example

The hikers stopped to admire the mesa rising above the desert floor.

B2 noun ˌriːfɔːˈreɪʃən

reforestation

Meaning

The natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted.

Example

Reforestation efforts are crucial to restoring ecosystems.

C2 noun /ɪˌlɛkˈtrɑː.lə.sɪs/

electrolysis

Meaning

A chemical decomposition produced by passing an electric current through a liquid or solution.

Example

Electrolysis is used to separate hydrogen from water.

C1 adjective ˈkʌm.bə.səm

cumbersome

Meaning

Heavy, unwieldy, difficult to handle or carry.

Example

The cumbersome luggage slowed him down.

C2 adjective /ˈflæs.ɪd/

Flaccid

Meaning

soft and limp; lacking firmness; drooping

Example

The plant's leaves became flaccid after days without water.

C1 verb /kənˈvɜːrdʒ/

converge

Meaning

to come together from different directions; to meet at a point

Example

The roads converge at the city center.

B1 noun /twiːt/

Tweet

Meaning

a short high-pitched sound made by a small bird; a post on Twitter

Example

I heard the sweet tweet of a sparrow this morning.

C1 adverb /ˈheɪs.tɪ.li/

Hastily

Meaning

in a hurried or rushed manner; quickly and carelessly

Example

She hastily packed her bags before leaving for the airport.

C1 verb /prɒd/

prod

Meaning

to poke or push someone or something with a finger, foot, or pointed object

Example

She prodded him in the arm to get his attention.

C2 noun /lɔːŋ ˈpepər/

Long pepper

Meaning

a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit which is used as a spice

Example

Long pepper was more valuable than black pepper in ancient times.

A2 verb /ˈrɛkəɡnaɪz/

recognize

Meaning

To identify someone or something seen before; to acknowledge or accept.

Example

She did not recognize him in the crowd.

C2 adjective /ɔːˈrɪkjʊlər/

auricular

Meaning

Relating to the ear or hearing.

Example

The doctor used an auricular thermometer to check the patient's temperature.

C2 noun /ˈɡæŋ.weɪ/

gangway

Meaning

A narrow passage or walkway; also an exclamation used to clear the way.

Example

The sailors lowered the gangway for passengers to board.

B1 verb /sərˈvaɪv/

survive

Meaning

To continue to live or exist after a difficult event or situation.

Example

He managed to survive the storm.

C1 verb /ˈsɪvɪlaɪz/

civilize

Meaning

to bring a society or group to a more developed, organized, or socially acceptable state; to educate and refine behavior

Example

Education can help civilize communities by promoting shared values and respect.

C1 noun /mɪkst ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi/

mixed economy

Meaning

An economic system where both government and private sector operate together.

Example

Most countries today follow a mixed economy model.

C1 noun /əˈrɪs.tə.kræt/

Aristocrat

Meaning

a member of the aristocracy; a person of noble rank or birth

Example

The aristocrat lived in a magnificent castle.

A2 noun /skɪl/

skill

Meaning

the ability to do something well through training or experience

Example

Her skill in painting impressed everyone.

C1 adjective /prəˈfeɪn/

profane

Meaning

showing disrespect or contempt for sacred things; irreverent or vulgar

Example

His jokes were considered too profane for the ceremony.

B2 noun /ˈwel.wɪʃ.ər/

Well-wisher

Meaning

a person who desires happiness or success for another

Example

Many well-wishers came to congratulate her on her graduation.

C1 verb /ɪnˈstɪl/

instill

Meaning

to gradually but firmly establish an idea, attitude, or habit in someone's mind

Example

Parents try to instill good values in their children.

C1 noun

Peck

C1 adjective /ˌæn.ɪkˈdoʊ.t̬əl/

anecdotal

Meaning

Based on personal accounts rather than facts or research; characterized by anecdotes.

Example

The book was filled with anecdotal evidence rather than data.

C2 noun /dʒɔːnt/

jaunt

Meaning

A short journey or excursion, usually taken for pleasure.

Example

They went on a weekend jaunt to the countryside.

B2 noun ˈprɑː.sest fuːdz

processed foods

Meaning

Foods that have been altered from their natural state through various methods such as canning, freezing, refrigeration, dehydration and aseptic processing.

Example

Excessive consumption of processed foods leads to health issues.

C2 noun /ˈpɒliˌkreɪsi/

polycracy

Meaning

rule by many; government by multiple authorities

Example

The nation experienced a polycracy after decentralization reforms.

A2 noun /ˈsɪɡəˌrɛt/

cigarette

Meaning

a small roll of finely cut tobacco wrapped in paper for smoking

Example

He lit a cigarette after dinner.

B1 adjective /æθˈlɛtɪk/

athletic

Meaning

physically strong, fit, and active; related to athletes or sports

Example

She has an athletic body because she exercises regularly.

C1 adjective /ˈheɪ.nəs/

Heinous

Meaning

extremely wicked or evil; abominable; morally reprehensible

Example

The heinous crime shocked the entire community.

B1 adjective /ɪnˈtaɪər/

Entire

Meaning

complete; whole; not divided or in parts

Example

She read the entire book in one sitting.

C2 adjective /ˈkɒnfluənt/

confluent

Meaning

Flowing together or merging; coming together at one point.

Example

The confluent streams formed a mighty river.

C2 adjective /ˈrɛstɪv/

restive

Meaning

unable to stay still or silent; restless and impatient

Example

The crowd grew restive as they waited for the concert to begin.

B2 adjective /ˈsændi/

Sandy

Meaning

covered with sand; containing sand; having the texture of sand

Example

The sandy beach stretched for miles along the coast.

C2 noun /ˈkuː.li/

Cooly

Meaning

a laborer who does physical work for wages

Example

The cooly carried heavy bags at the railway station.

B2 noun bækˈtɪə.ri.ə

bacteria

Meaning

A member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus.

Example

Specialized bacteria aid in waste decomposition.

C2 noun /ˈrɛlɪkwɛri/

reliquary

Meaning

a container for holy relics

Example

The ancient reliquary was decorated with gold and precious stones.

A2 verb /klaɪm/

climb

Meaning

to go up using hands and feet; to ascend

Example

We decided to climb the mountain.

C2 noun /ˈɔːɡjʊri/

augury

Meaning

A sign or omen that is believed to predict future events.

Example

The dark clouds were seen as an augury of an approaching storm.

C1 verb /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪt/

instigate

Meaning

To bring about or initiate an action, often something negative.

Example

He was accused of instigating the riot.

C1 noun nɪˈmɒnɪks

mnemonics

Meaning

A technique to aid memory; a device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations

Example

Mnemonics help in remembering complex concepts easily.

C2 noun ˈɔː.tɑː.ki

autarky

Meaning

Economic independence or self-sufficiency; a policy of establishing a self-sufficient national economy.

Example

Some nations aim for autarky to reduce reliance on imports.

A2 noun /ɪˈfekt/

Effect

Meaning

a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause

Example

The new medicine had a positive effect on the patient's recovery.

B2 verb /dɪˈsɛnd/

descend

Meaning

To move or fall downward; to come or go down from a higher place.

Example

The hikers descended the steep mountain path.

C1 noun /ˈblæs.fə.mi/

blasphemy

Meaning

the act of speaking disrespectfully about God or sacred things

Example

In some countries, blasphemy is a punishable offense.

B2 noun /ˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪʃən/

representation

Meaning

the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or something

Example

Her representation of the team was impeccable.

C1 adjective /mjuːˈnɪsɪpəl/

municipal

Meaning

relating to a city or town or its local government

Example

The municipal authority is responsible for maintaining the park.

C2 noun /læŋ'ɡʊər/

Langoor

Meaning

a long-tailed monkey found in Asia, especially India and Southeast Asia

Example

The langoor was sitting on the tree branch eating fruits.

B2 noun /ˈlaɪv.stɒk/

livestock

Meaning

farm animals such as cattle, sheep, and pigs that are kept for use or profit

Example

The farmer raised livestock to supply meat and milk for the market.

C2 adjective /ˈtrʌŋkeɪtɪd/

truncated

Meaning

shortened by cutting off a part; cut short

Example

The meeting was truncated due to time constraints.

C2 noun /əˌpɒθiˈoʊsɪs/

apotheosis

Meaning

The highest point of development; the perfect example of something; the elevation of someone to divine status.

Example

Many see the Renaissance as the apotheosis of art and culture in Europe.

C2 noun /ˈseɪpiəns/

sapience

Meaning

Wisdom or intelligence.

Example

Her sapience in solving problems earned her the respect of her colleagues.

A2 verb /mɪks/

mix

Meaning

To combine different substances or elements together.

Example

She likes to mix different colors to create new shades.

C2 noun /wɛlp/

whelp

Meaning

a young offspring of a dog or other carnivorous mammal; sometimes used to mean an impudent young person

Example

The farmer found a wolf whelp hiding near the barn.

B1 noun /wiːt/

wheat

Meaning

a cereal plant whose grain is used to make flour for bread and other foods

Example

Farmers harvested the wheat in early summer.

B1 adjective /ʌnˈlaɪk/

Unlike

Meaning

different from; not similar to

Example

Unlike his brother, he prefers quiet activities.

A2 noun /prəˈfɛsər/

professor

Meaning

a senior teacher or academic at a college or university

Example

The professor explained the theory clearly.

B2 adjective /əˈdʒeɪsənt/

Adjacent

Meaning

পার্শ্ববর্তী; সংলগ্ন; নিকটবর্তী;

Example

The hotel is adjacent to the shopping mall.

B2 noun /ˈplænər/

planner

Meaning

a person who makes plans or a book used for organizing schedules and tasks

Example

She uses a daily planner to organize her meetings.

C2 adjective /ɪmˈperɪʃəbəl/

Imperishable

Meaning

not subject to decay; lasting forever; eternal

Example

The imperishable beauty of classical art continues to inspire generations.